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V Sloveniji se zaradi edinstvene geografske lege na izredno majhnem prostoru prepletajo najrazličnejši dejavniki in vplivi sosednjih naravnih enot, ki puščajo sledi na geomorfometričnih, podnebnih in hidroloških lastnostih ter značilnostih pokrovnosti in rabe tal po posameznih hidrografskih območjih. S pomočjo zelo dobro razvitega in strukturiranega sistema šifriranja padavinskih/hidrografskih območij in uvozom pred pripravljenih prostorskih baz podatkov je določevanje iskanih značilnosti porečij z uporabo geografskih informacijskih sistemov razmeroma enostavno. V diplomski nalogi so izračunane in predstavljene osnovne morfometrične lastnosti in značilne rabe tal, povprečna letna količina prejetih padavin (1980-2010), numerična organiziranost rečnih sistemov ter erozijska faktorja LS in R za hidrografska območja v Sloveniji na 3. nivoju. Tako pripravljeni podatki so podlaga za nadaljnje primerjalne analize, hidrološke študije ter hidrološko modeliranje. V nadaljevanju smo naredili primerjavo rezultatov lastnosti med posameznimi območji, ki pripadajo istemu glavnemu porečju. Narejena je tudi analiza medsebojne odvisnosti izbranih lastnosti porečij s pomočjo Pearsonovega koeficienta korelacije. Rezultati oz. lastnosti hidrografskih območij so v veliki večini pokazali veliko odvisnost od geografske lege. Višje ležeča območja, ki se nahajajo na severnem in zahodnem delu Slovenije (Julijske Alpe), izkazujejo sorazmeroma precej višje povprečne vrednosti geomorfometričnih lastnosti kot območja, ki segajo v panonsko ravnino. Obenem pa po rezultatih erozijskih faktorjev RUSLE (LS, R) sodijo med območja v Evropski Uniji z najvišjimi vrednostmi faktorjev za določevanje stopnje letne erozije. Due to its unique geographical location and extremely small area, various factors and influencing factors of neighbouring geographical landscapes are intertwined in Slovenia. This in turn, affects the geomorphometric, climatic and hydrological features, as well as the land cover and land use on each hydrographic unit/area. In favour of a very well developed and structured Slovenian watershed coding system and with the use pre-prepared spatial databases in geographic information systems, the determination of watershed characteristics is relatively simple. In the diploma thesis, the basic morphometric characteristics and typical land uses, average annual precipitation (1980-2010), stream order and erosion factors LS and R are calculated and presented for each Slovenian hydrographic unit on the 3rd level. So prepared data are the basis for further comparative analyses and hydrological studies and modelling. Furthermore, we compared the results of characteristics between individual hydrographic areas belonging to the same main watershed. Additionally, an analysis of the dependence of individual watershed characteristics using the Pearson correlation coefficient was conducted. The results of the characteristics of the hydrographic areas showed, in the vast majority, a high dependence on the geographical location and a large influence of the geographical landscape to which they belong. Higher areas located in the northern and western part of Slovenia (Julian Alps) showed relatively higher average values of geomorphometric characteristics than areas belonging to the Pannonian plain. According to the results of erosion factors RUSLE (LS, R), the Alps are also one of the areas in the European Union with the highest values of factors for determining the soil erosion rate.

V diplomskem delu so predstavljene in analizirane spremembe kategorij dejanske rabe na območju Krvavca za leti 2002 in 2020. Uporabljeni so bili podatkovni sloji iz Evidence dejanske rabe kmetijskih zemljišč in gozdnih zemljišč, ki jo upravlja Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. Cilj dela je bil z metodo markovskih verig v programskem orodju TerrSet napovedati rabo tal za leto 2030. Napovedane spremembe smo nato primerjali z dejansko rabo iz leta 2020 in izdelali karte sprememb izbranih kategorij rabe tal. Opisali smo tudi naravne in družbeno-geografske dejavnike, ki imajo vpliv na spremembe rabe tal in z njimi argumentirali napovedane spremembe rabe prostora. The bachelor's thesis presents and analyses the changes in the categories of actual land use on Mount Krvavec for the years 2002 and 2020, using data layers from the Register of Actual Use of Agricultural and Forest Land managed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food. The aim of the thesis was to predict land use in 2030 using the Markov chain method in the TerrSet software tool. The predicted changes were then compared with the actual land use in 2020 and maps of changes in selected land-use categories were created. We also described the physical- and human-geographical factors that influence land-use change and used them to justify the predicted land-use changes.

Uradni podatki dejanske rabe tal Ministrstva za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano zajemajo stanje od leta 2002. Metodologija in kategorizacija zemljišč dejanske rabe tal sta se od takrat do danes spreminjali in se dopolnjevali. V nalogi so opisane in analizirane spremembe kategorij dejanske rabe zemljišč v škofjeloški občini za leta 2002, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2017 in 2020. Spremembe smo ugotavljali s pomočjo geografskega informacijskega sistema, v katerem smo izdelali tudi karte dejanske rabe zemljišč. Za vsako leto zajema dejanske rabe tal smo ustvarili preglednico površin vsake kategorije dejanske rabe zemljišč in njihovih sprememb. Dejansko rabo tal Ministrstva za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano smo primerjali z Občinskim prostorskim načrtom Občine Škofja Loka in kategorije poenotili za bolj pregledno primerjavo obeh rab tal. Za lažje razumevanje sprememb kategorij dejanske rabe tal je zaželeno poznavanje Interpretacijskega ključa in Občinskega prostorskega načrta Občine Škofje Loke. Official data on actual land use, from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food, have been collected since 2002. The methodology and categorization of actual land use have changed and supplemented over the years. This undergraduate thesis describes and analyzes the changes in the categories of actual land use, in the Municipality of Škofja Loka, for 2002, 2005, 2009, 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2020. The changes were determined using a geographic information system in which we also made maps of actual land use. For each year of actual land use, we created a table of areas for each category of actual land use and their changes over the years. The actual land use of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food was compared with the Municipal land use plan of Škofja Loka and the categories were simplify for an easier comparison of the two land uses. To better understand the changes in the categories of actual land use, it is useful to know the Interpretation Key and the Municipal land use plan of Škofja Loka.

Ker se novi trendi vse bolj nagibajo k sonaravnemu urejanju vodotokov oziroma obvodnega prostora, smo se v nalogi ukvarjali z ukrepom živih mej kot ene od predstavnic le teh, za zmanjšanje erozijske nevarnosti na poplavnih območjih. Sonaravni ukrepi imajo poleg zaščitne tudi ekološko funkcijo, saj izboljšajo življenjske pogoje za vodni in obvodni živelj. Za izbrano poplavno območje reke Hudinje smo s hidravličnim modelom preverili vpliv rabe tal ter različne scenarije uporabe živih mej, ugotovitve pa podkrepili s številnimi prikazi. Vpliv izbranih ukrepov smo primerjali z obstoječim stanjem in tako upravičili njihovo izbiro. Prikazali smo primerjave globin, gladin, hitrosti ter strižnih napetosti za različne pretoke. Ugotovili smo, da raba tal pomembno vpliva na samo odpornost. Zaradi podnebnih sprememb in napovedi večanja tako intenzitete kot pogostosti visokih voda je potrebno skrbno načrtovati rabo prostora ter ukrepe na poplavnih območjih. Due to latest trends which are more oriented to the sustainable regulation of watercourses or riparian space, we focused in this master thesis on the measure of hedgerows, as one of their representatives, to reduce the erosion risk in flood areas. Sustainable measures have beside protection, also ecological function as they improve living conditions for aquatic and riparian life. For the selected flood area of Hudinja river we, used a hydraulic model to check the impact of land use and various scenarios for the use of hedges and supported the findings with numerous demonstrations. We compared the impact of the selected measures with the existing conditions and thus justify their choice. We presented comparisons of depths, levels, velocities, and shear stresses for different flows. We discovered that land use has a significant impact on resilience itself. Due to climate change and the forecast of an increase in both the intensity and frequency of high waters, it is necessary to carefully plan the use of space and measures in flood areas.

Radgonsko-Kapelske gorice so že v srednjem veku slovele kot vinogradniška pokrajina. Vinogradi so pomenili pomembno tržno blago, gričevju pa so dajali značilno veduto. Delež vinogradniških površin je bil med najvišjimi v severovzhodni Sloveniji, le v Vzhodnih Ljutomersko-Ormoških goricah je bil višji. Na velik delež vinogradniških površin so vplivale tudi ugodne naravno-geografske razmere, predvsem primerno lokalno podnebje, ugodne lege in kakovostne prsti. Delež vinogradov se je do danes sicer znižal, vendar za razliko od ostalih vinogradniških pokrajin v severovzhodni Sloveniji (Haloze, Svečinske gorice, Mariborske gorice) bistveno manj., Radgonsko-Kapelske gorice was already known as a wine-growing region in the Middle Ages. Vineyards were an important market commodity, and the hills were given a characteristic veduta. The share of vineyards was among the highest in northeastern Slovenia, only in Vzhodne Ljutomersko-Ormoške gorice it was higher. A large share of vineyards was also influenced by favorable natural and geographical conditions, especially the suitable local climate, favorable locations and quality soils. The share of vineyards has decreased to date, but unlike other wine-growing regions in northeastern Slovenia (Haloze, Svečinske gorice, Mariborske gorice) significantly less.

Prostorsko planiranje sodi med vrste negradbenih protipoplavnih ukrepov. Visokovodni dogodki so s spremljajočo erozijo naraven pojav, ki v okviru prostorskega načrtovanja predstavljajo omejitev rabe prostora. Raba tal skupaj z lastnostmi vodnega toka vpliva na strižne napetosti, ki se pojavijo pri toku vode preko poplavnih območij v času visokovodnih dogodkov. Ko vrednosti strižnih napetosti presežejo mejne strižne odpornosti, pride do erozije. Erozijske nevarnosti ob objektih, kjer se lahko pojavijo večje hitrosti vodnega toka, nismo obravnavali. Planiranje rabe obvodnega prostora mora biti premišljeno in skladno z veljavnimi predpisi. Ključno je, da izberemo rabe, ki so po svoji zasnovi odpornejše na erozijsko delovanje vode. Od rabe tal je odvisna hidravlična hrapavost, zato lahko s spreminjanjem le-te vplivamo na zadrževanje vode, zmanjšanje hitrosti vodnega toka, na lokalno globino in obseg poplavne vode. Z evidentiranjem prekoračenih strižnih obremenitev smo pokazali vzročno posledične zveze med rabo prostora in visokovodnimi procesi. Izbiro in spreminjanje rabe tal uvrščamo med sonaravne ukrepe, saj poleg hidravlične vključujejo tudi ekološko funkcijo. Upoštevanje varstvenega vidika v postopku urejanja prostora sledi ciljem trajnostnega prostorskega razvoja. Skladno s tem in veljavnimi predpisi smo v magistrskem delu podali predloge scenarijev s sonaravnimi ukrepi. V scenarijih je predvidena celovita ureditev obvodnega prostora, ki poleg zagotavljanja boljše odpornosti vključuje obravnavano območje v sistem zelenih površin Šoštanja. Spatial planning is one of the non-structural flood protection measures. High water events and the accompanying erosion are natural phenomena, which in the context of spatial planning represent a restriction when it comes to land use. Land use together with water flow properties influences the shear stresses that occur when water flows through floodplain areas during the high water events. Erosion occurs when the value of the shear stresses exceed limits of the shear resistance. Erosion hazards near buildings, where higher water flow velocity could occur, were not dealt with. Planning of the use of the riparian space has to be thought-out and in accordance with the applicable regulations. The key is to choose uses, which are more resistant to water erosion. Hydraulic roughness depends on land use and by changing the land use, we can influence water retention, reduce the speed of the water flow, the local depth, and extent of the flood prone areas. By recording exceeded shear loads, the cause and effect links between land use and high water processes have shown. The selection and change of land use are classified as sustainable measures because, in addition to the hydraulic function, they also include an environmental function. Consideration of the environmental aspect in the process of spatial planning follows the objectives of sustainable spatial development. In accordance with this and the applicable regulations, this master's thesis presents the proposals for scenarios with sustainable measures. A comprehensive arrangement of the riparian area is envisaged in the scenarios, which, in addition to ensuring better resilence, includes the area in the system of green areas of Šoštanj.

Ugotavljali smo vpliv hidromorfoloških spremenljivk različnih ravni na združbe bentoških nevretenčarjev (BN) v vodotokih Slovenije in ekoregij: Alpe, Dinaridi in Panonska nižina. Uporabili smo podatke o združbah BN s 302 mest vzorčenja, pridobljenih med leti 2005 in 2011. Za vsako mesto vzorčenja smo zbrali podatke o 49 okoljskih spremenljivkah in jih razvrstili v štiri skupine: raba tal, regionalne pokrajinske značilnosti (tipologija), lastnosti kakovosti rečnih habitatov (RHQ) in lastnosti spremenjenosti rečnih habitatov (RHM). Povezave med združbami BN in okoljskimi spremenljivkami smo ugotavljali s kanonično korespondenčno analizo (CCA). S spremenljivkami RHQ smo večinoma pojasnili precej večji delež variabilnosti združb BN kot s spremenljivkami RHM. Ugotovili smo razlike v pomembnosti okoljskih spremenljivk glede na ekoregijo. Porazdelitev pojasnjene variabilnosti združb BN med skupine okoljskih spremenljivk smo ugotavljali s parcialno CCA (pCCA). Dobro smo razlikovali med vplivi tipoloških spremenljivk ter RHQ in RHM spremenljivk. Tipološke spremenljivke do neke mere oblikujejo procese na nižjih ravneh, vendar je velik delež zgradbe združb BN odvisen od lastnosti kakovosti habitata ne glede na tipološke dejavnike. S pCCA med spremenljivkami rabe tal in ostalimi skupinami okoljskih spremenljivk smo največje presečne deleže pojasnjene variabilnosti združb BN ugotovili s tipološkimi spremenljivkami. Dobro smo lahko ločili med vplivi rabe tal ter lastnostmi kakovosti in spremenjenosti rečnih habitatov na združbe BN. Na podlagi ekološko pomembnih morfoloških spremenljivk smo za štiri glavne evropske regije določili vodilno sliko rečnih habitatov, ugotovili značilne razlike med alpsko, nižinsko, mediteransko in kraško regijo ter podali usmeritve za upravljanje z ekosistemi tekočih voda. Preverili smo še povezanost kombinacij že prej analiziranih morfoloških spremenljivk z združbami BN in večinoma z njimi pojasnili večji delež variabilnosti združb BN kot s posameznimi spremenljivkami morfoloških značilnosti. The influence of hydromorphological variables on benthic invertebrate (BI) assemblages was studied in Slovenian rivers and ecoregions Alps, Dinaric western Balkan and Pannonian Lowland. Data on BI assemblages were obtained from 302 sampling sites between the years 2005 and 2011. For each sampling site data on 49 environmental variables were collected and were assigned to four environmental variable groups: regional natural characteristics (typology), land use, river habitat quality variables (RHQ), and river habitat modification variables (RHM). The relation of environmental variables on BI assemblages was analyzed using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). In general, RHQ variables explained higher share of BI assemblages% variability than RHM variables. The importance of environmental variables was dependent on ecoregion. The explained variability of BI assemblages was devided among groups of environmental variables using partial CCA. The effects of tipological variables and RHQ or RHM variables were well discerned. Tipological variables constrain the processes on smaller scales, but a considerable part of BI assemblage composition is dependent on habitat quality features irrespective of typological characteristics. pCCA between land use variables and other environmental variable groups showed the highest joint effects of explained variability of BI assemblages with tipological variables. We have well discerned among land use effects and RHQ or RHM variables on BI assemblages. Using ecologically relevant morphological variables the guiding images of river habitats of four major European regions were defined. Significant differences were observed among river habitats of alpine, lowland, mediterranean and karst region, and guidance for river management was presented. The relationship between BI assemblages and different combinations of previously used morphological variables was also analysed and generally more variability of BI assemblages was explained than with individual morphological variables.

Raba tal je delovanje človeka v pokrajini in opis njenega stanja ter njenih značilnosti. Dodatne informacije o pokrajini lahko pridobimo s primerjanjem rabe tal v različnih časovnih obdobjih. Dobro poznavanje zgodovine in pokrajine nam omogoča ugotavljanje vzrokov in razlogov za spremembe rabe tal. V magistrskem delu smo skušali ugotoviti, na katerih območjih je prišlo v zadnjih 100 letih do sprememb v rabi tal in poraščenosti z gozdom ali rušjem ter hkrati ugotoviti vzroke zanje. Za obravnavano območje, ki se v večjem delu nahaja na planoti Velike planine, smo zbrali ustrezne podatke, kartografsko gradivo in starejše fotografije. S pomočjo geografskih informacijskih sistemov smo analizirali podatke o dejanski rabi tal in digitalne ortofoto posnetke proučevanega območja. Izveden je bil tudi terenski pregled območja, med katerim smo opravili metodo ponovljenih fotografij pokrajine, ki je bila izvedena na 24 lokacijah. Na podlagi vseh metod so bile kot končni rezultat izdelane tri karte, ki prikazujejo območja, na katerih je prišlo do največjih sprememb v rabi tal ter poraščenosti z gozdom ali rušjem. Izdelana je bila tudi preglednica, ki prikazuje pozitivne in negativne učinke krčenja gozda in rušja na proučevanem območju. Glavna ugotovitev je, da se na območju Velike planine površine porasle z rušjem in gozdovi krčijo, kar pa je posledica zlasti človekovega delovanja in v manjši meri tudi narave, predvsem vetrolomov. Krčenje gozdov in rušja pa omogoča širjenje travnikov in pašnikov, ki so naravni habitat ogroženih rastlinskih vrst ter endemitov, kot je kamniška murka (Nigritella lithopolitanica), kamniški luk (Allium kermesinum), Zoisova zvončica (Campanula Zoysii) in navadna arnika (Primula auricula), ki so značilni za proučevano območje Velike planine. Land use is the human activity in the landscape and description of the conditions and characteristics of the landscape. Additional information of the landscape can be obtained by comparing land use at different periods. Good knowledge of history and landscape enables us to identify causes and reasons for change of land use. With master's thesis, we tried to determine in which areas there were changes in the land use and areas covered with forest or dwarf mountain pines in the last 100 years, and at the same time, we tried to identify the causes for them. For the studied area, which is mostly on the plateau of Velika planina, we have collected relevant data, cartographic material and old photographs. Using geographic information systems, we analyzed the land use and orthophotos of the studied area. A fieldwork was performed on the studied area, during which we performed the method of repeat photography of the landscape, which was done in 24 locations. Based on all methods, three maps were produced as the result, showing the areas in which the largest changes of land use and changes of areas covered with forest and dwarf mountain pine occurred. A table was also produced showing the positive and negative effects of the deforestation of forest and dwarf mountain pines in the studied area. The main finding is that on the plateau of Velika planina the areas covered with dwarf mountain pines and forest are shrinking, due human activity and because of nature, especially because of windstorms. The deforestation of forests and dwarf mountain pines enables the spread of meadows and pastures, which are natural habitat of endangered plants and endemites, such as Kamnik Orchid (Nigritella lithopolitanica), Kamnik Leek (Allium kermesinum), Zois's Bellflower (Campanula Zoysii) and auricula (Primula auricula), which are typical for plateau of Velika planina.

Spremembe rabe tal, kot posledica naših dejavnosti, imajo pomemben vpliv na različne okoljske prvine, kot npr. raven biotske raznovrstnosti in erozijo tal. V tem delu se ukvarjamo s spremembo rabe tal v prihodnosti na širšem območju Regijskega parka Škocjanske jame, z uporabo geografskih informacijskih sistemov, statistike in prostorskega modeliranja. Najprej smo z uporabo zbirke različnih lokacijskih dejavnikov (nadmorska višina, naklon reliefa, ekspozicija tal, oddaljenost od cest, naselij, pedološke profile tal itd.) statistično analizirali prostorsko razporeditev rabe tal s pomočjo logistične regresije. Njivske površine se pojavljajo predvsem na območjih psevdoglenih distričnih tal, trajni nasadi pa niso odvisni od tipa tal. Zaraščene površine in gozd se pojavljajo na celotnem območju, brez močnega vpliva posameznih spremenljivk. Na podlagi različnih dokumentov in uradnih statistik smo zatem razvili tri različne scenarije rabe tal do leta 2035. V prvem se travniške in kmetijske površine obnovijo na raven iz leta 1985, drugi se osredotoča na širitev poselitvenih in industrijskih površin, tretji pa upošteva smernice trajnostnega razvoja. Po simulaciji z modelom DynaCLUE lahko ugotovimo, da se posamezne rabe tal, neodvisno od velikosti scenarija pojavljajo na podobnih mestih. Ne glede na to dejstvo razviti scenariji pomagajo določiti območja, kjer je večja verjetnost za širjenje naselij ali pa kjer je večja verjetnost opuščanja kmetijskih površin. Land use changes as a result of our activities have a significant impact on various environmental elements, such as the level of biotic diversity and soil erosion. This thesis analyses future land use changes in the entire area of Škocjan caves Park, using geographic information systems, statistics and spatial modelling. First, the spatial distribution of current land use was analyzed with logistic regression and a collection of different driving factors (such as altitude, slope, distance from roads and settlements, pedological soil profiles, etc.). Croplands can be found mainly on Dystric Planosol soil, whereas permanent crops are not dependent on the soil type. Overgrown areas and forests appear throughout the area, without the strong influence of any individual variable. Based on various documents and official statistics, we then developed three future land use scenarios. In the first land use scenario meadow and agricultural areas are restored to the same level as in the year 1985, the second focuses on the expansion of settlement and industrial areas, and the third scenario takes into account the guidelines for sustainable development. Simulation of DynaCLUE model in every scenario shows that, individual land use, irrespective of the size of the modified surface, occurs in relatively similar places. Nevertheless, the scenarios help us identify areas where there is a greater likelihood of the spread of settlements, or the abandonment of agricultural land.

Onesnaženost tal je eden izmed devetih procesov degradacije tal. Evropska unija nima enotne zakonodaje za varstvo tal, posamezne članice pa imajo svoje nacionalne standarde kakovosti tal, ki vključujejo tudi vsebnosti potencialno toksičnih kovin (PTK). Za vrednotenje onesnaženosti tal v splošnem obstajajo tri normativne vrednosti: mejna, opozorilna in kritična, ki se med državami razlikujejo v vsebnostih PTK ter v upoštevanju oz. neupoštevanju rabe tal. Poleg rabe tal, so pri vrednotenju onesnaženosti pomembne tudi talne lastnosti, ki vplivajo na prenose in biodosegljivost PTK v tleh. V nalogi smo primerjali zakonodajo izbranih EU držav: Slovenije, Švice, Nemčije, Nizozemske in Švedske. Razlike v zakonodajah smo praktično prikazali na primeru Mežiške doline. Merjene vsebnosti svinca, cinka in kadmija v tleh Mežiške doline, ki smo jih pridobili iz javno dostopnih podatkov, smo primerjali z normativnimi vrednostmi omenjenih evropskih držav, da bi ugotovili po kateri zakonodaji ima Mežiška dolina največji delež preseženih kritičnih oz. opozorilnih vrednosti. Ugotovili smo, da je najbolj stroga zakonodaja Švedske, saj ima najmanjše normativne vrednosti, sledita ji Slovenija in Nizozemska, največje kritične vrednosti pa imata Švica in Nemčija, ki pa pri opredeljevanju stopnje onesnaženosti tal upoštevata največ različnih načinov rabe tal. Nemčija opredeljuje šest rab tal (igrišče, stanovanjska raba, park, industrijska raba, njive in vrtovi, trajno travinje), Švica tri rabe (kmetijska raba, vrt, igrišče), Nizozemska dve rabi (stanovanjska, industrijska), Švedska ima določene tri vrednosti glede na občutljivost rabe tal (občutljiva, manj občutljiva in manj občutljiva raba brez zaščite podtalnice), Slovenija pri določanju normativnih vrednosti rabe tal ne upošteva. Soil pollution is one of the nine soil degradation processes. The European Union does not have a common soil protection law, but individual member states have their own national soil quality standards, which include also contents of potentially toxic metals (PTM). In general, there are three standard values for the evaluation of soil pollution: (i) background/precaution, (ii) warning/trigger and (iii) critical/action value, which differ among countries in the PTM contents and in the (non-) land use consideration. Soil characteristics, which affect the mobility and bioavailability in soil are also important in the evaluation of soil pollution in addition to land use. In the thesis we compared the legislation of selected European countries: Slovenia, Switzerland, Germany, the Netherland and Sweden. The differences in the legislations between selected countries were shown on the example of the Meža Valley. Data of lead, zinc and cadmium contents in soils of the Meža valley, obtained from publicly accessible databases, were compared to the normative values of selected EU countries. We find out that Sweden has the most stringent legislation, it has the lowest PTM normative values, followed by Slovenia and the Neterlands. The highest critical values have Germany and the Switzerland, but their legislation considers the highest number of different land uses at the determining of the level of soil pollution. Germany has the normative values for six different types of land use (play ground, residential, park, industrial, gardens and agriculture, greenland), Switzerland three (agricultural, garden, play ground) and the Netherlands two (residential and industrial). Sweden has three PTM normative values according to the sensitivity of land use (sensitive, less sensitive and less sensitive use without groundwater protection), just Slovenia does not take land use into account for soil pollution assessment.

Intenziteta in pogostost visokovodnih dogodkov v Sloveniji v zadnjem času narašča, kar pomeni, da se pogosteje srečujemo tudi s posledicami poplav. Odnašanje materiala oz. erozija površja je le ena izmed njih, nastane pa kot posledica preseženih strižnih obremenitev vodnega toka. Poplavne površine imajo sicer določeno strižno odpornost, ki je določena glede na rabo tal oz. pokrovnost terena. Z modeliranjem poplavnega toka lahko določimo doseg visokih voda in preučimo njihov vpliv na površje. Glede na rezultate dvodimenzionalnega hidravličnega modela lahko določimo erozijsko ogrožena območja, z umeščanjem ekoremediacij pa je nevarnost odnašanja materiala mogoče omejiti. Za namen diplomske naloge je bila narejena analiza 100-letnega visokovodnega dogodka na Selški Sori pri naselju Praprotno. Poplavne razmere so bile modelirane v programu HEC-RAS, obdelava in prikaz rezultatov pa sta potekala s pomočjo GIS orodij. Obravnavana je bila ureditev za omejitev erozijske nevarnosti, in sicer z umestitvijo sonaravnih ukrepov v prostor. Slovenia has been experiencing greater flood intensity and frequency in the last couple of years. Therefore, the country has also been dealing with flood consequences more regularly. One of the flood effects is also soil erosion, which arises due to surpass of shear stress of the water flow. Each floodplain area has a particular shear resistance, which is defined also through the land use, respectively land cover. Information of the high-water’s reach is gained through the flood event modelling, which enables the examination of its impact on the land. The two-dimensional hydraulic model specifies the erosion-exposed areas, while the ecoremediation measures helps restricting the erosion’s negative impact. This thesis focuses on the analysis of a 100-year high-water event on the river Selška Sora by the village of Praprotno. The flood conditions were modelled in HEC-RAS 2D software, while the processing and graphical demonstration of the results were performed using GIS tools. A regulation with hedges to restrict erosion hazard was analysed.

The hyporheic zone has been recognised as a functionally important component of streams and rivers. Due to increasing human impact on ecosystems, studies that assess ecological responses of the hyporheic zone are of great importance. The objectives of the thesis are to study the responses of abiotic parameters, sediment biofilm characteristics (the in situ respiration (R), potential respiratory activity (ETSA), protein content), and invertebrate assemblages (analysed as total assemblages, EPT assemblages and Copepoda assemblages) in the hyporheic zones related to different land use patterns (forest, agricultural and urban areas). The focus of study also includes the impact of clogging. This research is comprised of three sampling campaigns conducted in summer (2013), winter (2013) and spring (2014) in five pre-Alpine Slovenian rivers. For each river, three or six sampling locations were chosen in the downwelling hyporheic sections of three dominant land uses (forest, agriculture and urban) within a 250 m wide impact zone. Three sampling points per location were sampled from two depths (5 –15 cm and 20 – 40 cm) using PVC tube and Bou-Rouch method. The results indicate a significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity of measured hyporheic zone components. Physical and chemical parameters of water revealed moderate response to land use. The effect of land use on the amounts of suspendable fine sediments in the hyporheic zone was observed only in the spring season. The effect of land use was significant for in situ R during summer and spring and for ETSA and protein content in all seasons, indicating that land use, such as agriculture, near a stream can affect biogeochemical processes. A relatively high diversity of invertebrates was recognised in the hyporheic zone. Groups such as Nematoda, Oligochaeta, Copepoda and Chironomidae were found in all samples. Within EPT taxa as representatives of occasional hyporheic invertebrates, 35 taxa were identified. Within Copepoda, as representatives of permanent hyporheic invertebrates, 14 Cyclopoida and 19 Harpacticida taxa were identified. Both assemblages were characterised by high abundance of widespread taxa, such as Baetis sp., Leuctra sp., Diacylops cladestinus and Acanthocyclops hispanicus. Statistically significant differences were observed among land uses in Copopoda assemblages but not for EPT assemblages. Calculated metrics on EPT assemblages showed statistically significant differences in land use in the number of EPT taxa, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index. Within Copepoda assemblages, the numbers of Copepoda taxa were significantly higher at forest sites. The hyporheic assemblages were relatively well explained by environmental parameters. This thesis presents a comprehensive study of the hyporheic zone, where both structural and functional measures reflected the ecological integrity of the hyporheic zone. The in situ R and ETSA were generally higher in agriculture stream reaches, indicating that hyporheic functioning responded to nutrients and carbon runoff-derived inputs from agricultural activities within the 250 m impact zone. Thus functional parameters in situ R and ETSA were more efficient indicators of land use impacts in the hyporheic zone than physical and chemical parameters. The potential of using hyporheic invertebrates as bioindicators of environmental conditions was confirmed but should be tested with wider gradients of environmental parameters. The results obtained by this study underlined that the hyporheic zone should be integrated as an additional ecological element by assessing the ecological conditions of surface water bodies. Hiporeična cona je prepoznana kot funkcionalno pomembna komponenta potokov in rek. Zaradi povečanega človeškega vpliva na ekosisteme so študije, ki ocenjujejo stanje hiporeične cone s strukturnimi in funkcionalnimi elementi, zelo pomembne. Cilji raziskave so bili oceniti odziv abiotskih parametrov, odziv biofilma na sedimentih in odziv vodnih nevretenčarjev na rabo tal v prispevnem območju. Odziv biofilma smo izmerili z in situ respiracijo (R), respiratornim potencialom (ETSA) in vsebnostjo proteinov. Združbo vodnih nevretenčarjev smo analizirali bodisi kot celoto na višjem taksonomskem nivoju, EPT združbo (enodnevnice, vrbice, mladoletnice) in združbo ceponožcev (harpaktikoidi, ciklopoidi). Osredotočili smo se tudi na učinek finih suspendiraih delcev kot rezultat rabe prostora v prispevnem območju. Raziskava je potekala v treh časovnih obdobjih: poleti (2013), pozimi ( 2013) ter pomladi (2014) v petih predalpskih slovenskih rekah. Na vsaki reki smo izbrali 6 ali 3 vzorčna mesta, glede na prevladujočo rabo tal v 250 m širokem prispevnem območju. Na vsakem vzorčnem mestu smo nabrali po 3 vzorce na dveh globinah (5 − 15cm, 20 − 40cm). Zgornji sloj smo vzorčili s posebnim plastičnim vzorčevalnikom, spodnji sloj pa z Bou-Rouch metodo. Rezultati potrjujejo veliko prostorsko in časovno heterogenost merjenih parametrov hiporeične cone. Fizikalni in kemijski parametri vode kažejo zmeren odziv na rabo tal. Učinek rabe tal je bil statistično značilen za in situ R poleti in pomladi, medtem ko je za učinek rabe tal na ETSA in vsebnost proteinov statistično značilen v vseh sezonah kar kaže, da kmetijstvo ob reki vpliva na biogeokemične procese. V hiporeični coni smo prepoznali razmeroma veliko diverziteto nevretenčarjev. Gliste, maloščetince, ceponožce in trzače smo našli v vseh vzorcih. Med predstavniki EPT (občasni nevretenčarji v hiporeiku) smo določili 35 taksonov, med ceponožnimi raki pa 14 ciklopoidov in 19 harpaktikoidi. Za obe združbi je značilno veliko generalistov kot so Baetis sp., Leuctra sp., Diacylops cladestinus in Acanthocyclops hispanicus. Med različnimi rabami tal so bile ugotovljene razlike v združbi ceponožcev, ne pa za EPT združbe. Izračunane metrike so pokazale statistične razlike med rabami tal v številu EPT taksonov, Simpsonovem indeksu in Shannon-Wienerjevem indeksu. Med ceponožci smo določili več vrst na mestih, kjer je prevladoval gozd. Združbe nevretenčarjev so bile razmeroma dobro pojasnjene z okoljskimi parametri. Disertacija predstavlja kompleksno raziskavo, kjer strukturni in funkcionalni elementi odražajo stanje hiporeične cone. In situ R in ETSA sta bili na območjih s prevladujočim kmetijstvom višji kar kaže na odziv biofilma na antropogen vir hranil. Funkcionalni parametri so se izkazali za bolj učinkovite pokazatelje vpliva rabe tal kot fizikalno-kemijski parametri vode. Ugotovili smo tudi odziv vodnih nevretenčarjev na rabo prostora, vendar bi bilo potrebno raziskavo ponoviti na širšem gradientu okoljskih parametrov. Rezultati dobljeni pri tej študiji so potrdili, da bi morala biti hiporeična cona vključena kot dodaten element za ocenjevanje stanja površinskih voda.

Urbani toplotni otoki so rezultat antropogenega delovanja v mestnih območjih in predstavljajo temperaturno razliko med urbano in ruralno krajino. Kot urbane toplotne otoke smo v tej raziskavi določili tista območja, znotraj katerih je temperatura površja najtoplejše četrtine leta višja vsaj za 0,1 °C od temperature okolice, velikost območja pa je večja od 50 ha. Analizirali smo urbane toplotne otoke različnih velikosti in različnih rab tal (kmetijska, pozidana, zelena in gozdna raba tal, vodna telesa). Obravnavali smo vpliv rabe tal (delež gozdov, delež pozidanih zemljišč in fragmentiranost gozdnih površin) na intenziteto urbanih toplotnih otokov na dveh ravneh. Vpliv rabe tal na intenziteto urbanega toplotnega otoka smo obravnavali za celotno območje Slovenije ter tista območja sosednjih držav, od koder urbani toplotni otoki segajo na njeno območje. V prostorski analizi pojavljanja urbanih toplotnih otokov smo uporabili podatke o povprečni temperaturi najtoplejše četrtine leta, ki izhaja iz satelitskih posnetkov MODIS ter evropske podatke o rabi tal CORINE LAND COVER (CLC). Ugotovili smo, da ima delež gozdov znotraj urbanega toplotnega otoka 1. reda šibek vpliv na intenziteto urbanih toplotnih otokov, vpliv deleža gozdov na intenziteto urbanega toplotnega otoka 2. reda pa je večji (r2 = 0,38 p < 0,001). Intenziteta urbanih toplotnih otokov 1. in 2. reda statistično značilno narašča z deležem pozidanih površin (r2 = 0,35 p < 0,001). Intenziteta urbanih toplotnih otokov se z večanjem gostote gozdnega roba in večanjem fragmentiranosti gozdnih površin znotraj območja urbanega toplotnega otoka niža. Urban heat islands are the result of anthropogenic activity in urban areas and represent a temperature difference between urban and rural area. Urban heat islands in this study are determined as areas, within the temperature of the surface in the warmest quarter of the year is higher than 0,1 °C and the area is larger than 50 ha. We analysed urban heat islands of different sizes and different land uses (agricultural, built-up, green, forest areas and water bodies). We analysed the impact of land use (forest share, share of built-up areas, forest fragmentation) on the intensity of urban heat islands on two levels. The impact of land use on the intensity of the urban heat island was considered for the entire territory of Slovenia. The method of work was based on the analysis of the European land use map CORINE LAND COVER (CLC) and the satellite images MODIS of the average temperature of the warmest quarter of the year. We found, that share of forest within urban heat islands of level 1, has a weak influence on the intensity of urban heat islands the influence of forest share on level 2 is higher (r2 = 0,38 p < 0,001). The intensity of urban heat islands of both levels is statistically significantly increasing with the share of built-up areas (r2 = 0,35 p < 0,001). Intensity of urban heat islands increases by increasing the edge density and by increasing the fragmentation of forest areas within the urban heat island.

Vsebina dela obravnava analizo izbranih naravnogeografskih dejavnikov v pomurski statistični regiji, ki potrjuje veliko razpoložljivost ugodnih potencialov za kmetijstvo. Izbrani dejavniki so funkcijski nakloni, ekspozicije, pedološke enote in talno število, vključena pa je tudi analiza strateško pomembnih površin za pridelovanje in kmetijstvo. Trendi v izkoriščanju teh potencialov so prikazani z ugotovitvami sprememb rabe tal med letoma 2000 in 2017. Slednji prikazujejo proces ekstenzifikacije, kjer se zemljišča v zaraščanju, gozdovi in pozidane in sorodne površine širijo na račun krčenja obdelovalnih površin, predvsem njiv z vrtovi in vinogradov. Do neugodnih procesov spreminjanja rabe tal, ki jih vrednotimo z vidika ustreznega (ne)izkoriščanja potencialov za kmetijstvo, prihaja v veliki meri na površinah z najugodnejšimi razmerami za obdelovalne površine. Slednje odraža negativen trend, ki odstopa od državne paradigme doseganja prehranske samooskrbnosti. The content of following the work analyses chosen physical-geographical indicators in Pomurje Statistical Region, which have proven to be great potentials for agriculture. Chosen indicators include functional inclination, exposition, pedological units, floor number and analysis of strategically important areas for cultivation and agriculture. The trends of exploitation of these potentials are demonstrated with observations of land use changes in the period between 2000 and 2017. The latter show occurring process of extensification, where lands in overgrowth, forests and build-up lands are expanding due to reduction of fields with gardens and vineyards. Most of these unfavourable processes occur in areas with most favourable condition for cultivation. This reflects negative trends and deviates from national paradigm in food self- sufficiency.

Članek predstavlja trende v spreminjanju rabe tal na območjih z veliko poplavno nevarnostjo v Sloveniji med letoma 2000 in 2016. Poudarek je predvsem na sondnih območjih Dolinsko, Krško- Brežiško polje in Ljubljansko barje. Analizirali smo rabo tal na proučevanih sondnih območjih ter v sedmih slovenskih občinah z največjo površino območij z veliko poplavno nevarnostjo za obe obravnavani leti. Osredotočili smo se predvsem na neustrezne oblike rabe tal, ki se pojavljajo na območjih z veliko poplavno nevarnostjo v Sloveniji. The article presents trends in transformation of land use in areas of great flood hazard in Slovenia between years 2000 and 2016. Focus is mainly on probe areas Dolinsko, Krško-Brežice Field and Ljubljana Marshes. We analysed the land use in probe areas and in seven Slovenian municipalities with the largest combined surface of areas of great flood hazard for both years of this study. Our focus was mainly on inappropriate land use in the areas of great flood hazard in Slovenia.

Članek obravnava naravne značilnosti območja Pohorskih planj ter spreminjanje kulturne pokrajine iz vidika rabe tal. Naravne razmere so analizirane in prikazane z ozirom na zemljiške kategorije. Prikazane so tudi spremembe zemljiških kategorij v obdobju med letoma 2000 in 2014. Ugotovljeno je spreminjanje kulturne pokrajine – širjenje gozda ter ekstenzifikacija kmetijskih površin. The article treats natural characteristics of Pohorske Planje area and the changes in cultural landscape because of land use. The natural characteristics are analysed and shown on the evidence of land categories. The changes in land categories from the year 2000 to 2014 are also shown. The analysis shows a change in cultural landscape. The changes can be seen in expansion of forest and in extensification of agricultural areas.

Članek obravnava rabo tal in izbrane naravnogeografske značilnosti na območju občine Lovrenc na Pohorju. Posamezne naravnogeografske značilnosti so bile statistično analizirane in kartografsko prikazane v GIS okolju. Analizirani so bili njihova povezanost in vplivi na rabo tal. Metodologija pridobivanja podatkov in iskanja statističnih povezav med spremenljivkami je pojasnjena v prispevku. Na območju občine Lovrenc na Pohorju je relief z nadmorsko višino, naklonom in ekspozicijo površja glavni naravnogeografski dejavnik rabe tal oziroma oblikovanja kulturne pokrajine. The article treats land use and selected physical geographical characteristic in the municipality of Lovrenc na Pohorju area. Selected physical geographical characteristics were statistically analysed and presented cartographically in GIS environment. The connection between characteristics was also analysed, as well as their impact on land use. Methodology of gathering data and statistical analysis is presented. Relief is with surface height, surface slope and surface aspect the main physical geographical factor of land use and the shape of cultural landscape.