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Background: Pneumonia is the leading cause of infection-related death in children globally. East Java, Indonesia, is one of the provinces with the discovery achievement of pediatric pneumonia cases under 70%. Nganjuk Regency, located in East Java, has low discovery achievement of pediatric pneumonia cases (34.64%). Nganjuk Regency also requires an up-to-date study to determine the current state of pneumonia risk factors. Objective: This study aimed to examine the occurrence of pneumonia in toddlers and its risk factors in Nganjuk Regency East Java, Indonesia. Methods: The design of this study was a cross-sectional using a rapid survey. The participants of this study were 210 housewives or other adult household members having children under five in Nganjuk Regency. The study procedure began by collecting data from seven districts wherein each district comprised 30 houses that were chosen purposely. Data analysis was carried out using bivariate and multivariate analysis. The data were analyzed using the statistical software STATA. Results: This study revealed that 18 (7.96%) toddlers had developed pneumonia. The main risk factors for pneumonia among toddlers in Nganjuk Regency were the nutritional status of toddlers (OR=6.787; 95%CI=1.417-32.525; p=0.017), house cleaning (OR=3.381; 95%CI=1.160-9.851; p=0.026), and room occupancy density (OR=4.191; 95%CI=1.371-12.809; p=0.012). Conclusion: The incidence of toddler pneumonia can be reduced by educating mothers about pneumonia and its risk factors, monitoring toddler growth and nutritional status, and conducting routine surveillance of toddler pneumonia alongside sanitation inspections. Keywords:Children; Pneumonia; Risk Factors; Survey

Pemerintah telah mencanangkan Percepatan Target Program Sanitasi dan Air Minum Aman Tahun 2024 melalui Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) dan Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2024–2030. Salah satu capaian SDGs 2030 yaitu meminimalisasi penyakit berbasis lingkungan. Dari total 21.829 Sarana Air Minum (SAM) di Indonesia, proporsi rumah tangga untuk keperluan minum menurut mata air tidak terlindungi adalah 2,5%. Kecamatan Karangrejo, Kabupaten Tulungagung memiliki satu mata air yang digunakan secara komunal dan berpotensi tercemar. Pencemaran air dapat berdampak pada kesehatan masyarakat, yaitu terjadinya penyakit bawaan air seperti diare. Penerapan teknologi tepat guna dapat menjadi salah satu teknik pengelolaan air untuk memenuhi standar mutu air bagi kebutuhan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan pemanfaatan teknologi tepat guna portable chlorinator pada sistem pengolahan air bersih komunal menjadi sehat dan aman bagi masyarakat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian terapan sebagai solusi pemecahan masalah yang ditemukan. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah pengambilan sampel air di lima titik pemantauan dan data pendukung berupa angka kejadian diare dan pemberdayaan masyarakat di Desa Sukodono sebelum dan sesudah pemasangan alat. Hasil penelitian menemukan adanya Coliform pada saat sebelum pemasangan alat, yaitu 20–41 MPN/100 ml. Setelahnya, alat mampu mendesinfeksi air dan menghasilkan 0 MPN/100 ml Total Coliform dan E. coli. Jumlah kasus diare pada kategori balita di Puskesmas Jeli mengalami kenaikan di tahun 2020. Hingga September 2021, kasus diare pada balita sebanyak 57,6% dari kasus diare pada semua umur. Kegiatan sosialisasi membuat masyarakat paham akan pentingnya air bersih dan salah satu upaya pencegahan penyakit waterborne disease melalui teknologi tepat guna.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease that globally spreads and has the potential to become an epidemic. In Indonesia, the incidence of leptospirosis tends to increase with case fatality rate ranged from 5 to 12%. Ponorogo is one regency in Province of East Java, Indonesia that has high incidence of leptospirosis. The objective of this study was to identify sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental factors associated with incidence of leptospirosis in highlands of Ponorogo regency. The study used case control design conducted in 15 villages in the highlands of Ponorogo regency. The sample was composed of 28 cases of leptospirosis and 112 nonleptospirosis. The variables of this study were sociodemographic, behavioral factors, environmental factors, and incidence of leptospirosis. Data was collected by interview using questionnaire and observation of environmental conditions. Data was analyzed using chi square and logistic regression. The result showed that factors associated with the incidence of leptospirosis were education (p = 0.019), occupation (p = 0.003), health practice (p = 0.007), house density (p = 0.013), livestock ownership (p = 0.004), distance from house to cowshed (p = 0.024), cow ownership (p = 0.010), and the presence of rats in the house (p = 0.050). The result of logistic regression analysis showed that the variables dominantly associated with the incidence of leptospirosis were livestock ownership, education (low), house density (crowded), and distance from house to cowshed (less than 10 m). In conclusion, sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental factors were associated with the incidence of leptospirosis in highlands of Ponorogo Regency.

Background: Indonesia is one of the countries where 35% of the population lives in areas with a high risk of malaria infection. Trenggalek is one of the malaria-endemic regions in East Java. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the malaria cases in Trenggalek based on the epidemic triangle and identify the vulnerability status of Anopheles vagus mosquito against Permethrin 0.75% in Pandean Village, Trenggalek. Methods: This study is a type of descriptive observational study. The data used in this study is secondary data obtained from the The Center of Environmental Health and Disease Control Agency Surabaya. The data consists of characteristics of malaria cases in Trenggalek and Anopheles vagus resistance test data against Permethrin 0.75% in Pandean Village, Trenggalek. Results: Trenggalek is considered as low malaria endemicity area, with malaria incidence dominated by imported malaria cases, because recently there is no cases of autochthonous malaria have been found. Data on malaria case trends in 2014-2017 tended to fluctuate, the majority of malaria patients were male group counting of 97.34% which consist of farmers (59.88%) and private sector worker (29.79%). The Anopheles vagus was found 100% death in one hour of the treatment, but there was no death incidence in the control group. Conclusion: Most malaria patients dominated by male, migrant workers, and most of them work as farmers and the private sector which have a high potential for the emergence of autochthonous malaria. Anopheles vagus is still susceptible to Permethrin 0.75% in Pandean Village, Trenggalek

Background: Hepatitis A outbreaks were reported by the Lamongan District Health Office to the Surabaya Center for Environmental Health and Disease Control Engineering on January 16, 2018, indicated by an increase in hepatitis A cases in of G and S areas, B village. One of initial sufferer was students in High School X.. Purpose: This study aims to identify the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis A outbreaks that occur in High School X and the risk factors. Methods: The investigation was carried out in an observational manner with a cross sectional approach. Data were collected by structured interviews, hepatitis A antibodies in blood samples assay, environmental observation, and water samples assay. Data were collected with purposive determination of respondents. Results: Hepatitis A outbreaks at High School X in Lamongan District take place from November 2017 to january 2018, with a target group of 33 students. The epidemic cased tends to be extend common source. Risk factors are contact history with patients, eating habits together in same place, mutual exchange and sharing same eating utensils, the lack of hygiene habit (such as washing hands with soap for students and food handlers), lack of hand washing facilities, bad sanitation, bad food hygiene management, and inadequate clean and hygienis water source. Conclusion: The outbreaks of hepatitis A was extended with the most important risk factors, i.e. lack of personal hygiene and sanitation of water sources.