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Objective: This research aims to know the influence of fluoride in drinking water towards Fluorosis and the Intelligence Level of Elementary School Students in Palu City. Method: This cross-sectional study was performed through descriptive analysis on 100 students aged 6–12 years old selected by stratified random sampling from two different areas with different levels of fluoride in drinking water in Palu City. The samples were collected from two different elementary schools which were SDN 2 Talise and SDN Inpres 1 Birobuli. The examination was performed by a dentist using Dean's Fluorosis Index and philology, who measured students’ IQ using Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices. Results: High level of F in drinking water affects the fluorosis status of students (p = 0.001), in which among 40 students (40%) who experienced fluorosis, 38 (38%) of them are from the area whose F level is high. The high level of F also affected the children's IQ, obtaining a p-value of 0.001, showing that there were no students with low IQ found in the area with low F level. For the status of Fluorosis and IQ, p = 0.001 was obtained. Among the 60 students who did not experience fluorosis, 96.6% of them had a high IQ level. Conclusion: The recent research found that fluorosis was found more often in the area of which F level was high, where the IQ level of the students was found to be lower compared to the students who loved in the area with low F level.

Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the risk factors of anemia among pregnant women. Method: We used an observational analytic study with a matched case-control study design. The sampling method used in this study is a simple random sampling technique. The sample size in this study is 138 samples that consist of 46 cases and 92 controls. The data obtained from patient medical records and analyzed statistically using the chi-square test. Results: Nutritional status is a risk factor of anemia among pregnant women in Community Health Center (Puskesmas) Singgani and Puskesmas Tipo. The risk of pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency (CED) developing anemia is higher in Puskesmas Singgani compared to in Puskesmas Tipo. Conclusion: Prevention can be done by counseling the bride and groom about pregnancy preparation and counseling the pregnant women to pay attention to the nutritional intake, particularly the consumption of folic acid supplements and iron.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to reveal the effect of providing education by video and modification of iron tablet packaging on young women's behaviour in the iron supplementation intake in SMPN 2 and SMPN 1 – Parigi. Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental design with pretest–posttest control group design along with stratified random sampling, which was SMPN 2 Parigi as an Intervention group and SMPN 1 Parigi as a control group. The total sample of 62 respondents in each group. Result: In the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test analysis, the Intervention group (video + modification of iron tablet packaging) valued p = 0.001

Objective: There is a declining trend in the use of modern contraception in the community. The stagnation of family planning services is due to the lack of optimal family planning counseling. Family Planning Balanced Counseling Strategy (FP-BCS) is a family planning counseling that is practical, interactive, and encourages client participation. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the FP–BCS on attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions on modern contraception in the working area of Singgani Health Center, Palu, Indonesia. Method: This research was a quasi-experimental with non-randomized pretest-posttest along to control group design. The sample of the study was third-trimester pregnant women who did antenatal care in the working area of the Singgani Community Health Center. The total sample was 17 respondents for each group; intervention group (treated by Maternal and Child Health (MCH) book and FP-BCS) and control group (treated by MCH Book without FP-BCS). The influence of FP-BCS toward attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions on modern contraception was statistically analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, McNemar, Mann–Whitney, and Chi-Square. Result: The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and McNemar analysis on the intervention group showed an increase in attitude (p = 0.000), subjective norms (p = 0.000), and intention (p = 0.000). The control group showed an increase in intention (0.031), subjective norms (p = 0.005), but there was no increase in attitude (p = 0.081). The Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square analysis showed differences in attitudes (p = 0.000), subjective norms (p = 0.021), and intentions (p = 0.010) between groups, which were given an FP-BSC and those not given an FP-BCS. Conclusion: All in all, it is expected that Family Planning-Balanced Counseling Strategy will be an option in providing family planning counseling.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the sexual behavior relationship with HIV/AIDS on homosexuals in Palu City and its risk factors. Method: The study was held using a case-control with a retrospective study. The number of samples on the case–control group is 90 respondents with 1:1 comparison. Sampling techniques and data collection based on the medical record of VCT in Anutapura Hospital by using the questionnaire. The data is processed using the univariate analysis, bivariate analysis by using chi-square, and multivariate analysis by using logistic regression analysis. Results: Based on bivariate analysis gained that there is a significant relationship of sexual behavior in homosexuals with HIV/AIDS in Palu City. Dependent variable is HIV/AIDS while the independent variable are the number of pairs p = 0.004 (OR = 12.6); Anal sex p = 0.003 (OR = 3.6); Oral ejaculation p = 0.002 (OR = 14.2); Oral sex-licking/rimming p = 0.035 (OR = 2.5); Fingering p = 0.019 (OR = 2.8); and interfemoral coitus p = 0.011 (OR = 3.0). Based on the modeling of multivariate logistic regression analysis obtained, dominant variables are the number of pairs, anal sex, and interfemoral coitus, so the most dominant variables are the number of pairs with OR = 20.8. Homosexuals that have more than one couple do bareback sex, and interfemoral coitus have an estimated probability of HIV/AIDS in Palu City is 83.7%. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between sexual behavior against HIV/AIDS in homosexuals at Palu City in 2020.

Objective: menstrual pain is a common gynecological symptom at women on or near their menstrual period. Two third of them experienced moderate to severe pain. However, just several seek for medical help. This research aims to know the effect of ginger oil used on decreasing menstrual pain scale. Materials and methods: this cross over experimental study was held from February until May 2020 on 64 grade XI high school students at Palu city. Participants were grouping cluster randomly into group A which applied 5 ml ginger oil five days before until the second day of the first menstrual period, and group B that given the same treatment in the next period. A visual pain scale measured the pain scale on the second day of the menstrual period. Result: most participants were in the age of 17 years old. The study found a lowering of pain scale significantly at both groups after treatment. The main menstrual pain scale were 6.87 ± 1.817 and 6.46 ± 1.362 decreased to 3.48 ± 1.928 and 4.24 ± 2.010 after treatment (p = 0.0001). Differences between the two groups were significant in the first period (p = 0.0001) but not significant in the second period (p = 0.410). Conclusion: the use of ginger oil several days before menstruation can reduce menstrual pain scale on students with primary dysmenorrhea; therefore, its use can be recommended to prevent the pain.

Objective: This morbidity rate has increased compared to the results of a survey in 2012, which were 16,110 cases of STDs, and 11,141 cases in 2010. This study aimed at determining the relationship between knowledge and personal hygiene and the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents at the Community Health Center Talise, Palu. Methods: This study utilized a case–control study design to assess the relationship between knowledge and personal hygiene and the occurrence of sexually transmitted diseases. There were 84 samples in this study involving 42 cases and 42 controls. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. Result: The variable of personal hygiene showed that the Chi-Square test results provided a value of p = 0.016, which means that the difference between individual hygiene and the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in adolescents was significant (p

Objective: Postpartum hemorrhage is one of the factors causing maternal mortality in Indonesia. In Indonesia, at least 128.000 women suffer from hemorrhage, causing them to death. Data from the Anutapura Public Hospital in Palu showed that the rate of postpartum hemorrhage within 2015–2017 was fluctuated and still caused maternal mortality. This study aimed to determine the risk factors of the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage in maternal mothers at Anutapura Public Hospital, Palu. Method: The type of study was observational with a case-control approach. The subject of the study was mothers having a postpartum hemorrhage. The total sample of this study was 50 people as the case group and 100 people as the control group by adjusting the types of labor. Sampling was done using a total sampling technique. The data were analyzed using an odds ratio test with α = 5%. Result: This study showed that anemia (OR = 2.874 and CI = 1.421–5.812), parity (OR = 3.995 and CI = 1.952–8.174), age (OR = 2.874 and CI = 1.421–5.812) were the risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage in women. Conclusion: The anemia, parity, and age are the risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage in women. The importance of increasing ANC (antenatal care) visits is to control maternal and fetal health and provide information through a medical consultation about the importance of planning a good pregnancy.

Objective: This study aimed at determining factors associated with the incidence of unmet need for family planning among couples of reproductive age in the working area of Marawola Health Center, Sigi Regency. Method: This research was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional study design. The variables in this study included age, education, family planning history, husband's support and unmet need. Data were in the form of primary and secondary data. Data were collected using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis utilizing the Chi-Square test. Population in this study were 4715 couples of reproductive age in the working area of Marawola Health Center. By using Lemeshow's calculation technique and simple random sampling, a sample of 90 people was obtained. Result: The results demonstrated a relationship between age and the incidence of unmet need with p value = 0.004 (p-value ≤0.05); education and the incidence of unmet deed with p value = 0.005 (p-value ≤0.05); family planning history and the incidence of unmet need with p value = 0.002 (p-value ≤0.05); as well as husband's support and the incidence of unmet need with p value = 0.001 (p-value ≤0.05). Conclusion: This study concludes that there is a relationship between age, education, family planning history, and husband's support and the incidence of unmet need for family planning in the working area of Marawola Health Center, Sigi Regency. Therefore, health workers, local governments, and traditional institutions are expected to provide education about family planning to couples of reproductive age (husband and wife) as an attempt to reduce the number of unmet needs in the working area of Marawola Health Center.

Objective: One of the indicators in measuring the nutritional status of a particular community is the nutritional status of pregnant women. A nutritional deficiency occurs if nutritional input for pregnant women from food is not balanced with their body's needs. Several determinants are related to nutritional status. This study aimed to determine the relationship between socioeconomic and nutritional status of pregnant women in temporary shelter, Talise, Palu. Methods: This research was a quantitative observational study with a cross-sectional study approach. Sampling was done by random sampling technique, which obtained 85 pregnant women. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire. Results: Based on the Chi-Square test, p-value = 0.001, which means that difference between socioeconomic status and nutritional status in pregnant women was significant (p

Objective: This study aims to determine the risk factors of asphyxia neonatorum in two PONED Public Health Centers of Nosarara and Pantoloan, in Palu City, Central Sulawesi. Methods: This study used a case-control study design. Sampling was conducted by a simple random sampling technique. The sample size in this study was 60 samples. The data collected was secondary data from medical records at Nosarara and Patoloan Public Health Centers, Palu City. Multivariate analysis used to determine the main risk of the incidence of neonatal asphyxia. Results: The results showed the Prolong Parturition OR = 5.714 (95% CI 1.724–18.944); Prematurity OR = 4.333 (95% CI 1.203–15.605); LBW OR = 7.000 (95% CI 1.381–35.487). Conclusion: risk factors for neonatal asphyxia were prolonged labour, prematurity, and LBW. The main factors causing neonatal asphyxia were LBW.

Objective: This study aimed to map pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies based on age, parity, pregnancy history, childbirth history, illness history, and CED status history as well as the relationship between the six factors. Method: This study utilized a survey method with descriptive data without the intervention of variables but observed phenomena or sought the relationship between phenomena and other variables. The survey was conducted with an approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). There were 243 respondents obtained using the Lemeshow formula, while the data were analyzed using spatial techniques and Chi-Square test with p > 0.05. Results: The results of spatial analysis using a 1: 50,000 scale map showed that; (1) high-risk and very high-risk pregnancies dominated Talise, (2) based on age, parity, pregnancy history, childbirth history, illness history, and CED status, cases of high-risk pregnancies were all detected in Talise, (3) age (p = 0.000). Furthermore, pregnancy history (p = 0.004) correlated with a high-risk pregnancy. Besides, parity, childbirth history, illness history, and CED status did not correlate with high-risk pregnancy since the p-value > 0.05; (4) age and pregnancy history influenced the high-risk pregnancy.

Objective: The objective of this research is to know the effect of oxytocin massage and breast care on the increase of breast milk production. Method: This pre-experimental research was performed through the One Group Pretest–Posttest design. The sampling was done through non-probability sampling and purposive sampling, obtaining 30 samples. The data were collected in the form of a questionnaire, which was then analyzed using the Mc Nemar test. Result: It was known that the production of breast milk during pre-intervention was poor on 18 respondents and adequately a lot on the other 12 respondents. Meanwhile, during the post-intervention, the production of breast milk on the 18 respondents whose previously breast milk production was poor then become adequate on the seven respondents, while the remaining 11 respondents still produced less breast milk. The statistical test result showed a P value of 0.016, which means that the P is less than 0.05. Conclusion: Oxytocin massage and breast care affected the increase of breast milk production considered based on the frequency and duration of breastfeeding as well as the infants’ weight in Lawanga Public Health Center, Poso District.

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the level of service satisfaction in public hospitals and private hospitals in Central Sulawesi. Methods: This was an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach. This research was conducted in 10 hospitals in Central Sulawesi. There were 1070 samples, which were 107 patients in each hospital. The level of patient satisfaction was measured using the Community Satisfaction Index (CSI) Questionnaire, which comprises of 38 closed questions. Results: The average overall satisfaction level was 75.99 (±11.28), which fell into category B for service quality and “Good” for service performance. The highest level of satisfaction was in competencies, reaching 78.25 (±13.48) and the lowest was in Handling Complaints, Suggestions and Feedback, reaching 73.90 (±14.01). In all categories, the level of satisfaction fell into category B for service quality and “Good” for service performance. Conclusions: The level of satisfaction of patients who sought treatment at private hospitals was higher than at public hospitals for all categories.

Objective: Knowing the effectiveness of peer tutoring methods in pharmacology learning for medical students. Method: This was a quasi-experimental study with a post-test only design. Subjects were second-year medical students who were divided into four control groups and four experimental groups. Students in the experimental group experienced peer tutoring methods. The difference in motivation and performance scores in both groups was analyzed using t-tests. Results: Motivation in the experimental group was higher than in the control group, for interest motivation (79.09 ± 13.11 vs 75.24 ± 13.46; p = 0.411), value motivation (80.89 ± 11.57 vs 76.54 ± 12.20; p = 0.292), perceived motivation (66.26 ± 7.44 vs 666.20 ± 10.09; p = 0.977), and as well as total (76.33 ± 9.33 vs 73.31 ± 10.30; p = 0.159). The performance score in the control group was higher than the treatment group (60.45 ± 6.39 vs 60.67 ± 4.72; p = 0.649). Conclusion: Quality control, monitoring, and evaluation are required to produce an effective peer tutoring program. One of which is through rigorous peer tutor recruitment, tutor training, and ensuring the commitment of the peer tutors.