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Crime is one of the problems faced by countries worldwide. Theft, gambling, drug, fraud, persecution, and conflict are among the crimes that commonly occur in Indonesia, which may be accounted for by a range of factors, including economic ones. Land use also emerges as another factor leading to crimes. Land use at the village level can be divided into three categories: undiversified, moderately diversified, and diversified. This work applied two analysis models. First, it employed logistic regression to capture the criminal possibility of each land use category. Second, it applied Ordinary Least Square to view crimes holistically in each land use category. This paper suggests that mixed land use and public space could significantly lower crime probability. Meanwhile, using land as a business and industrial center was found to trigger crimes. The existence of prostitution areas in villages/subdistricts raises the possibility of a rise in human trafficking and sexual Harassment. This study showed that using land as a public space potentially increases conflicts in Indonesia. This study provided the Indonesian government with a new insight to consider when developing an area by taking land use diversity into account in order to minimize crime risks.

Many North American jurisdictions have legalized the operation of recreational marijuana dispensaries. A common concern is that dispensaries may contribute to local crime. Identifying the effect of dispensaries on crime is confounded by the spatial endogeneity of dispensary locations. Washington State allocated dispensary licenses through a lottery, providing a natural experiment to estimate the causal effect of dispensaries on neighborhood-level crime. Combining lottery data with detailed geocoded crime data, we estimate that the presence of a dispensary has no significant impact on local crime in the average neighborhood. We estimate a small rise in property crime in low-income neighborhoods specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze land-use regulation and the determinants thereof across Swiss municipalities. We construct several residential development stringency indices based on a comprehensive survey. These indices capture various aspects of local regulation and land-use coordination across jurisdictions. Combining these indices, we construct an index that provides harmonized information about what local regulation entails and the local regulatory environment across municipalities. Our analysis shows that historical building density, natural amenities, socio-demographic factors, cultural aspects and municipal competition are important determinants of local land-use regulation. However, a large share of land-use regulation variation remains unexplained. Moreover, our results indicate that more stringent land-use regulation is associated with steeper house price increases but less urban sprawl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State intervention in the housing market can take many different forms. In Poland, in 2018, a lex specialis regulation was introduced to the general principles of spatial policy in terms of special privileges for developers operating in the housing market. As the entity responsible for local spatial policy, the municipality has been deprived of its decision-making power by granting developers who build residential buildings the right to act against local planning rules. The article aims to determine the preparation of the largest Polish cities to negotiate with developers through the adoption of local urban standards, the scale of use of lex developer solutions in these cities, and the analysis of the level of non-compliance in privileged investments with local planning rules. The study used desk research methods (critical literature analysis, source materials - texts of legal acts and statistical data), case studies, and comparative analysis. The conducted research allows for answering the research question posed in work: the level of completion of lex specialis purposes indicated by the legislator.

This paper provides an overview of the challenges of management of facilities at public universities in Africa. Results reveal that: poor condition and the overcrowding of facilities, limited skills and capabilities of facility management departments, and lack of financial resources are the main challenges which the management of facilities at public universities in Africa faces. In worse situations, these problems have adversely affected the quality of the learning and teaching environment at the institutions and also threatened their existence. Prioritization of funding for the provision and improvement of quality facilities at public universities by governments, employment of well qualified and trained staff in the facility management departments at the public universities, and creation of innovative and smarter public-private partnerships aimed at the improvement of existing facilities and provision of new ones were identified as the key solutions that can be implemented to address the challenges that public universities in Africa are facing in relation to facilities. Findings will support public universities in Africa to address challenges of management of their facilities so that they can continue to achieve their intended objectives of offering high quality higher education, research and community engagement in order to accelerate socio-economic development of their countries on the continent in the future.

The concept of market absorption and carrying capacity in economic terms are adequate to the real estate market, even though the legislator uses only the concept of the absorptive capacity of the area in the planning process. The aim of the study is to discuss the concept of carrying capacity and absorption of the real estate market in economic and planning terms as well as the application of conclusions from literature studies and determination of capacity and absorption on a specific selected local market.

Urban expansion in advanced countries is the result of inherent transformations in settlement forms and socioeconomic functions leading to new metropolitan configurations. Assessing latent shifts from mono-centric structures to more fragmented, low-density and spatially-decentralized models was complicated by emerging processes of urban sprawl. In these regards, the present study proposes an original approach to the analysis of metropolitan configurations using a Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) to investigate changes in the spatial distribution of specific urban functions over time. This framework was applied to long-term (1920–2010) evolution of three functions (population density, building density and per cent share of built-up area in total municipal area) in a Mediterranean city (Athens, Greece) moving from a mono-centric configuration to a more dispersed settlement model. Local GWR parameters (adjusted R2, intercept, slope, standard residuals) estimated at 4 time points (1920, 1950, 1980 and 2010) constituted the input of a Multiway Factor Analysis reconstructing the intimate dynamics of urban growth in the study area. Local regression slopes and intercepts evidence a non-linear expansion path with the highest spatial polarization in urban and rural districts observed in the early 1980s. Model's goodness-of-fit increased progressively over time moving from central to peripheral locations. Results of this study contribute to a comparative analysis of the relationship between urban functions and distance from inner cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leading local legislation act defining the spatial policy is the local development plan, the financing of which is the commune’s responsibility. The beneficiary of activities aimed at the transformation of the intended property use is its owner or its perpetual lessee – with lessees incurring the costs of adopting the local development plans through so-called zoning fees, the amount of which, often controversial, has become the source of numerous lawsuits. The presented problem of an outside-business and often radical change of land value corresponds to the market dilemmas in determining equivalent markets, and establishing price-setting factors and their impact on the value of real estate.

It can be argued that sustainable urban land development depends on the long-term viability and management success of local economic development. It can be further argued that here, economic sustainability is the key. This would furthermore signify a paradigm change to long-term administrative behavior (via an institutional approach), long-term market behavior (heterodox economics approach), and human behavior in actors’ consumption and location choices (behavioral approach). This article examines two criteria within this discourse: innovativeness and social cohesion. In doing so, it proposes a framework for empirical analysis where it is suggested that western, post-socialist and low developed cases choose different strategies due to their different starting points.

This paper aims to quantify the municipal tax-revenue effects of increases in built-up areas. The assumed existence of these effects is one of the key reasons for ongoing land consumption on the part of the municipalities. Some previous case studies have however suggested that these effects may not be large enough, especially in rural municipalities, and would thus make land development unprofitable. We estimate the effect of built-up industrial and commercial (BIC) area change on business tax revenues in cross-sectional instrumental variable estimations. Based on detailed data for Bavaria, we find that an increase in municipal BIC area has a significant and positive tax-revenue effect. The size of this effect differs sharply between urban and rural municipalities and between cities with different population densities. The positive overall effects become much smaller when large cities are excluded from the sample. Based on these findings, we reflect on the tradable planning permits scheme recently discussed in the literature on land use in the context of policies aiming to limit land consumption. In addition, we relate our estimates to the average municipal costs for land development and undertake a number of robustness checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the optimal size of a residential area within a municipality under different market structures. We find that under a private duopoly the optimal size of the residential area depends on the ratio between transportation costs and a negative externality due to congestion. The optimal size is the whole municipality when the ratio is low enough and a small area of the municipality when the ratio is high enough. The transition from a flat residential area to a more compact one is not continuous, so some large-enough residential areas are never optimal. Under a mixed duopoly the transition from a flat residential area to a more compact one is continuous as the ratio increases. By comparing the two cases we find that for intermediate values of this ratio a flat city is optimal for a private duopoly while compact cities emerge under a mixed duopoly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper sets out key challenges for spatial planning in the twenty-first century—with a particular focus on the quest for making the most effective and efficient use of land, in order to ensure sustainable urban development. In doing so, it provides an international comparative analysis, exploring the potential steering of development through fiscal powers—complementary to planning powers and instruments in Germany and Brazil. In this context, it addresses some of the apparent weaknesses in the context of statutory planning. Fiscal instruments can contribute to an effective steering of spatial development, a feature not yet actively exploited in Germany. This paper analyses the municipal and state options to enhance its land tax (Grundsteuer) regime, drawing from the Brazilian municipal property tax example and exploring the potential for adaptation. In Brazil, the constitution explicitly defines the property tax as an instrument for spatial planning. Research into problems and success factors of this Brazilian model of land development are rare and don’t exist in the international discourse. This research analyzes important elements to be considered in any tax reform aiming to increase environmental protection through sustainable development of urban areas. It therefore contributes to the international theoretical discourse of planning and fiscal law and also has relevance for planning practice, particularly for decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Satisfying residents’ needs is the main purpose of local authorities. Given that of the most fundamental of needs is the possibility of receiving fair income from work, local authorities should create an attractive investment climate, consistent with the directions of development described in strategic documents. One of the main directions, both for Poland as well as its individual regions and local units-gminas (communes), is the development of the tourism sector. To achieve this goal, local authorities possess tools that allow social-economic conditions to be shaped. The realization of particular tasks is a very complex process, and requires rational and active spatial and real estate management, coherent with the principles of spatial order and sustainable development.

Urban sprawl is a common phenomenon in cities that have grown following the generalized use of private vehicles as the main means of transport. Although it has not been a frequent phenomenon in Europe, many cities on the old continent have begun to sprawl in recent decades. This paper analyses the case of Madrid using Geographical Information Systems, interpreting the results within the theoretical framework of a monocentric city model (Alonso, Toward a general theory of land rent. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1964). Georeferenced digital maps built from the integration of information from different photogrammetric flights made between 1974 and 2002 were used to carry out the study. Several indicators were developed that report on the rate of urban growth and the density and the degree of sprawl. Our analysis shows that Madrid is still essentially a compact city, although its more recent development has begun to correspond to the pattern of urban sprawl. We also found that the city tends to grow in the periphery before using up available land in areas closer to the centre, showing the leapfrogging behaviour identified in other cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Space, and in particular public space for movement and leisure, is a valuable and scarce resource, especially in today's growing urban centres. The distribution and absolute amount of urban space-especially the provision of sufficient pedestrian areas, such as sidewalks-is considered crucial for shaping living and mobility options as well as transport choices. Ubiquitous urban data collection and today's IT capabilities offer new possibilities for providing a relation-preserving overview and for keeping track of infrastructure changes. This paper presents three novel methods for estimating representative sidewalk widths and applies them to the official Viennese streetscape surface database. The first two methods use individual pedestrian area polygons and their geometrical representations of minimum circumscribing and maximum inscribing circles to derive a representative width of these individual surfaces. The third method utilizes aggregated pedestrian areas within the buffered street axis and results in a representative width for the corresponding road axis segment. Results are displayed as city-wide means in a 500 by 500 m grid and spatial autocorrelation based on Moran's I is studied. We also compare the results between methods as well as to previous research, existing databases and guideline requirements on sidewalk widths. Finally, we discuss possible applications of these methods for monitoring and regression analysis and suggest future methodological improvements for increased accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most spatial problems are multi-actor, multi-issue and multi-phase in nature. In addition to their intrinsic complexity, spatial problems usually involve groups of actors from different organizational and cognitive backgrounds, all of whom participate in a social structure to resolve or reduce the complexity of a given problem. Hence, it is important to study and evaluate what different aspects influence the spatial problem resolution process. Recently, multi-agent systems consisting of groups of separate agent entities all interacting with each other have been put forward as appropriate tools to use to study and resolve such problems. In this study, then in order to generate a better level of understanding regarding the spatial problem group decision-making process, a conceptual multi-agent-based framework is used that represents and specifies all the necessary concepts and entities needed to aid group decision making, based on a simulation of the group decision-making process as well as the relationships that exist among the different concepts involved. The study uses five main influencing entities as concepts in the simulation process: spatial influence, individual-level influence, group-level influence, negotiation influence and group performance measures. Further, it explains the relationship among different concepts in a descriptive rather than explanatory manner. To illustrate the proposed framework, the approval process for an urban land use master plan in Zanjan-a provincial capital in Iran-is simulated using MAS, the results highlighting the effectiveness of applying an MAS-based framework when wishing to study the group decision-making process used to resolve spatial problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems of housing affordability have been afflicting parts of the UK, especially the South East of England, for a number of years. The problem is closely related to shortages in housing supply, which are, in turn, largely associated with constraints imposed by the English land planning system. A leading theory for explaining these constraints posits that they reflect political economy forces that convey the interests of current homeowners to planning decisions in disproportionate and excessively influential ways. We test this theory by examining survey data on public attitudes to house building in local communities; and by investigating whether these attitudes are related to local planning decisions. We find that there is a tendency for owner-occupiers to express greater opposition to local house building and that, in the decade to 2011, the housing stock grew significantly less in local authorities with higher proportions of owner-occupiers among local households. The results suggest the risk that planning decisions might have been distorted in favour of current homeowners is real and economically significant. We discuss a range of historical, socio-economic and policy trends that help explain why successive governments of various stripes have been reluctant to address head-on problems in housing supply and put a curb on house prices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We examine the effect that public facilities moratorium and minimum lot size zoning have on the conversion of rural land to residential subdivisions in fast-growing exurban areas using a natural experiment approach. Zoning ordinances are the most common growth control policy at the local level and are hypothesized to be one of the most important factors in determining the likelihood of residential development. We investigate the role of minimum lot size zoning by taking advantage of plausibly exogenous changes in zoning policies that altered the developable status of some rural land parcels in an exurban county of Ohio. A discrete-choice econometric model of land use conversion is estimated with a parcel-level temporal dataset, using conditional maximum likelihood estimation to account for the panel structure of the data and fixed effects to control for unobserved heterogeneity. Empirical evidence indicates that minimum lot size zoning has a negative effect on the likelihood of rural land conversion and that this effect is large in magnitude. Specifically, we find that a parcel that is subject to a minimum lot size zoning is between 4.4 and 6.4% less likely to be converted to residential land use. In comparison, results from a pooled model, in which the unobserved heterogeneity is left uncontrolled, suggest that minimum lot size zoning has a relatively small negative effect on the conversion probability of undeveloped land parcels. Thus, estimates that do not control for unobserved heterogeneity are likely biased toward zero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between alternative metropolitan land use patterns, including those characterized as 'sprawl,' and Black residential segregation. Previous studies have explored this question using limited attributes and empirical measures of both land use and segregation. This econometric study advances the understanding of that relationship in several ways. First, the paper defines land use as a countervailing, multi-dimensional, phenomenon. Metropolitan areas do not generally exhibit high-sprawl (or low-sprawl) characteristics across multiple measures; rather, they typically exhibit some combination, or 'configuration,' of low-sprawl and high-sprawl attributes. Second, the paper examines the relationship between such configurations and several of the segregation dimensions suggested by Massey and Denton (1988). Third, the paper analyzes results using the 2010 decennial Census. This study explores the contribution and transmission of countervailing spatial land use patterns to changes in Black segregation levels, and the implications of such changes for land use policies and regulations. These complex effects bring new precision and insights to the analysis of racial inequality in an age of rapid demographic change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades, urban areas have expanded into agricultural areas. To contain outward spatial expansion and regulate urbanisation, policy-makers should continually review and evaluate their plans. Planners may use conformance-based approaches in which they examine the relationships between plans and physical outcomes. This paper analyses land-use changes and their links to seventeen municipal master plans approved during the 1990s in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area. We evaluated the conformity of land-use changes to municipal master plans and identified the major measurable factors conducive to land allocation, conforming changes, and nonconforming changes. We created three logistic-regression models to estimate the probabilities of plot development in three different land-use pathways: (i) intended for development within municipal plans (conversion decision path); (ii) subsequently converted in conformity with the plan (conforming conversion path); (iii) converted in disagreement with the plan which had assumed the land plot could not be developed (transgression path). Results show that previous urban dynamics and distances from Lisbon are the main drivers of all models. Transport networks affect policy decisions−as well as conforming and transgressive conversions. The political orientations of local governments significantly influence land-use evolution. Land-preservation policies and municipal decisions do not reduce transgression. This study is a contribution to the body of research literature regarding the evaluation of plan implementation. It is shown how regression models can be used to refine conformance-based analyses. More than simply quantifying nonconformity, its determinants are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely acknowledged that landscape features can play a major role in determining tourism demand. The present article assesses the impact of vinery landscape and high-quality wine production on regional tourism flows in Tuscany, an important tourist region in Italy and renowned for its enchanting countryside. Thus, vinery landscape and high-quality wine production have been included as explanatory variables in our model for tourism flows. This model has been estimated for both international and domestic markets for the whole region of Tuscany. Estimation results confirm that land areas devoted to the production of these superb Tuscan wines, in the particular case of Siena including the Brunello di Montalcino, play an important role in explaining international tourism flows. In this context, we estimate climate-change-induced impacts on vinery landscape and quality wines in the tourism sector. These are estimated to cause a loss in the tourism revenues of nearly 15 and 20 million Euros a year, respectively, for 2020 and 2050, for the Tuscany region. Such losses are quite significant, and reiterate the urgency to identify and implement adequate policy options so as to moderate such land use changes, and respective negative welfare impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land value tax has been thoroughly scrutinized as a potential tool in mitigating urban sprawl. However, most studies that have measured the impact of land value tax on land development have focused mainly either on purely new development on vacant land, or on land development on partially developed land such as subdivision development. This study tries to incorporate these two types of residential development conceptually and empirically to make an accurate assessment of the impact of land value tax on land development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Most measures of inequality focus on the distribution of income and resources. A potentially important additional source of inequality stems from unequal property rights protection. The aim of the present paper was to examine the existence and patterns of systematic within-country inequalities in effective land rights in Rwanda. While a large qualitative literature discusses the comparative land rights of different groups, there is a lack of systematic quantitative evidence on the existence of land right inequalities. The results of estimations drawing on data on the land tenure arrangements of over 17 000 Rwandan households do indeed suggest within-country inequalities in land rights. In particular, despite recent reform efforts to improve women's land rights, a gender gap in land rights was observed that persisted throughout the 2005–2011 period studied, highlighting that institutional development takes time and that changes inde jurelegislation do not automatically translate into changes in effective rights. Moreover, conflict-displaced households and households resettled to newly constructed village settlements all report weaker land rights than their respective comparison groups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Conservation Reserve Program ( CRP) is the largest land-based agricultural policy in the US. Several economic studies have studied this programme; however, only a few have studied its implications for non-enrolled land, that is, its regional effects on land use decisions. This paper examines the CRP's indirect effect on the conversion of non-agricultural land to agriculture, phenomenon known as land slippage. Building on earlier studies, I model county-level slippage empirically using satellite imagery, which allows observation of specific land cover changes (e.g., forest to agriculture). Results suggest the existence of CRP slippage, but at varying rates according to initial land covers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We pose the central problem of defining a measure of complexity, specifically for spatial systems in general, city systems in particular. The measures we adopt are based on Shannon's (in Bell Syst Tech J 27:379-423, 623-656, ) definition of information. We introduce this measure and argue that increasing information is equivalent to increasing complexity, and we show that for spatial distributions, this involves a trade-off between the density of the distribution and the number of events that characterize it; as cities get bigger and are characterized by more events-more places or locations, information increases, all other things being equal. But sometimes the distribution changes at a faster rate than the number of events and thus information can decrease even if a city grows. We develop these ideas using various information measures. We first demonstrate their applicability to various distributions of population in London over the last 100 years, then to a wider region of London which is divided into bands of zones at increasing distances from the core, and finally to the evolution of the street system that characterizes the built-up area of London from 1786 to the present day. We conclude by arguing that we need to relate these measures to other measures of complexity, to choose a wider array of examples, and to extend the analysis to two-dimensional spatial systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1945 and 2007, the United States lost 19.3 % of its agricultural land. Over the same time period, the construction of the 42,500 mile interstate highway system lowered transportation costs and opened large tracts of land for development. This paper assesses the impact of the interstate highway system on agricultural land loss in Georgia and uses the empirical estimates to simulate agricultural land loss resulting from the construction of additional interstate highways. Using a historical data set of agricultural land and interstate highway mileage, empirical estimates indicate that each additional mile of interstate highway reduces agricultural land by 468 acres. The impact of interstate highways is heterogeneous across initial level of county development. Urban counties convert 70 % more land than the full sample estimates. Simulation results show that additions to the interstate system create further loss of agricultural land. The results imply that future conservation programs need to consider how to mitigate the impact of the interstate highway system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local land use regulations have been adopted to restrict population growth and urban sprawl in an attempt to prevent future problems like congestion, pollution, and loss of open space. However, when regulations become widespread in a region, it can be difficult for young workers and newcomers to find appropriate housing in the region. Because local governments may neglect the effects of their policies on the rest of the region, the resulting population size can be inefficient. We show that local adoption of housing regulations tends to over-restrict population growth when there are strong agglomeration economies in the regional production. On the other hand, when there is congestion in production, coordination among jurisdictions is undesirable if business interests are neglected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The law and economics literature commonly justifies the state's taking power on the grounds that it is necessary to overcome holdouts and, thus, allow efficient development projects to move forward (A development project is efficient when the benefit it generates exceeds its cost.). By permitting the government to take private property rights non-consensually, the taking power limits the ability of private property owners to engage in strategic bargaining with the government and puts a cap on their ability to extract payments from the government in exchange for agreeing to transfer their rights. In this paper, I will argue that the standard story is highly incomplete and, therefore, inaccurate. It conveniently ignores the ability of politically powerful groups to block development projects by exercising their de facto veto power over proposed projects. Such groups do not necessarily have rights in any properties directly affected by the project. Once these groups, whom I call 'political holdouts', are added to the analysis, it becomes clear that the payment of just compensation-or any other aspect of eminent domain law and regulatory takings jurissprudence-will not help to remove their opposition and, a fortiori, cannot guarantee efficient development. I will explore the phenomenon of 'political holdouts' and analyze its causes. As I will show, political holdouts are ubiquitous. Political holdouts may arise with respect to most of what passes for public policy projects, under either the aegis of eminent domain or the government's police power, and also with respect to non-NIMBY projects. This observation may seem counterintuitive at first. However, one should consider that efficient development projects create a surplus over which powerful interest groups compete. As should be clear, what is of interest to localities and political groups is not the overall utility of a particular development project, but rather their payoff from it. Municipalities may oppose projects that benefit them simply to increase their share of the overall surplus generated by the project. Hence, the problem I point out is significant and acute. In the remainder of this paper, I will discuss in depth how the problem of political holdouts affected the construction of a fast train line (the Lyon-Torino-Milano-Trieste-Khoper-Ljubljana-Budapest TGV line) in northern Italy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to extend the urban growth model to address issues of managing urban growth with regard to different types of public infrastructure. The finding indicates that the interplay between the provision of infrastructure and the efficient rate of urban growth depends on the attributes of public infrastructure. With congestible facilities, imposition of an efficient fee designed to counterbalance the externality effects on the urban amenity will induce the city less dispersed, leading to efficient urban growth. On the other hand, in the case of incrementally expandable facilities, a dual obligation regime, under which new residents have to pay for the replacement as well as expansion costs of infrastructure, can ensure the efficient growth of the city. By contrast, with lumpy infrastructure, efficiency in urban growth is attainable when new residents bear the expansion costs only, with the entire burden of replacing the outdated parts left on existing residents. The difference in efficiency condition between incremental facilities and lumpy infrastructure is validated with recourse to the unique attributes of relevant infrastructure and the external confirmation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines where and how to impose floor area ratio (FAR) regulations in the presence of negative externalities engendered in population density, e.g., traffic congestion and noise, using a simple static closed city model. Results indicate that FAR regulation is the second-best policy and that there is a need for “ minimum FAR regulations,” in addition to the currently used “ maximum FAR regulations.” Thus, the imposition of only maximum FAR regulations, a practice common in actual city planning, is concluded to be insufficient for a closed city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Developers attempting land assembly often face a potential holdout problem that raises the cost of development. To minimize this extra cost, developers will prefer land whose ownership is less dispersed. This creates a bias toward development at the urban fringe where average lot sizes are larger, resulting in urban sprawl. This paper examines the link between the holdout problem and urban sprawl and discusses possible remedies, including the use of eminent domain for urban redevelopment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]