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Habibullah Janyaro,* Juan Wan,* Adnan H Tahir, Manoj K Shah, Xiao-Jing Li, Ming-Xing Ding College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China *These authors contributed equally to this work. Background: Visceral pain is a common symptom of several gastrointestinal disorders. Despite tremendous progress in understanding its basic mechanisms, it remains a significant health challenge for clinicians. The present study quantified the intensity of visceral pain using ileocecal ligament traction on an inflamed ileum in goats.Materials and methods: A total of 36 male goats weighing 20.05±2.1 kg were randomly allocated equally into a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) group (n=18) and a saline group (n=18). Ileitis was induced via the injection of 30 mg TNBS dissolved in 30% ethanol into the ileal wall through a laparotomy. An equal volume of normal saline was injected into the ileal wall of the saline goats. Behavioral responses to traction (2, 4, and 6 N) on the ileocecal ligament were observed on days 3, 7, and 14. Six goats from each group received a laparotomy and partial intestinal resection for ileal sample collection immediately after behavioral testing on days 3, 7, and 14. Ileal histopathological changes were assessed and concentrations of myeloperoxidase, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The TNBS-treated goats exhibited remarkably increased macroscopic scores, mast-cell counts, myeloperoxidase, and TNFα concentrations on days 3 and 7 compared to the saline group, and increased microscopic scores and IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations on days 3–14. The TNBS-treated goats exhibited behavioral changes in response to traction in the same pattern as their microscopic changes and cytokine levels. The traction force correlated positively with pain-behavior responses.Conclusion: Traction on the ileocecal ligament of goats with ileitis provoked an apparent, stable, and reproducible ileum-derived pain. The current model may be helpful in evaluating the efficacy of new drugs for the management of visceral pain and in investigating its underlying mechanisms. Keywords: goats, ileitis, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, traction, cytokines

HEV is a single-stranded, positive RNA virus. The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causing agent of hepatitis, with a high prevalence rate in low-income countries due to poor sanitary conditions. It can exhibit acute, continuous, or extrahepatic consequences in immunocompromised individuals such as those undergoing organ transplantation and having HIV infection. HEV infection is either self limiting (silent), meaning the patient will possibly recover on his own, or symptomatic, causing acute liver injury or fulminant hepatitis and may eventually cause death. It can also cause chronic hepatitis that can progress to cirrhosis or recovery. Pregnancy-related HEV infection has an incidence rate of 30%. HEV escape from innate immunity, hormonal imbalances, defective monocyte–macrophage function, downregulation of the T-cell-mediated immune system, high cytokine production, nutritional factors, and socioeconomic conditions may play fundamental roles in the prevalence of HEV infection. It is necessary to take particular measures to reduce the incidence burden of HEV infection in high endemic locations as the incidence data, not the prevalence data, is more accurate at estimating disease dynamics. The purpose of this study is to throw light on several aspects of the hepatitis E virus and to discuss the incidence of HEV infection concerning other diseases. HEV molecular features, clinical features, epidemiology, extrahepatic manifestations, and multiple available diagnostics and treatment strategies for HEV are debated in the current review.

Abstract Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) are serious brain and spine birth defects. Although NTDs are primarily pregnancy complications, such as abortion and stillbirth, they also contribute to under-five morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term disability and psychological impact. Despite these negative outcomes, the determinants of NTDs are not widely studied in Ethiopia, particularly in the country’s east. As a result, we sought to identify the risk factors for NTDs in neonates born in public referral hospitals in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A facility-based unmatched case-control study was carried out at Hiwot Fana Comprehensive Specialized Hospital and Sheik Hassen Yabare Jigjiga University Referral Hospital in Eastern Ethiopia. We included 59 cases identified in the selected facilities between September 10, 2021, and February 5, 2022, and 118 control neonates, with a case-to-control ratio of 1:2. Data were gathered through the use of interviewer-administered questionnaires and medical record review. To identify determinant factors of NTDs, a multivariable logistic regression model was used, which included all predictor variables from the bivariable analysis. The results were reported using an Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval. A p-value of

Abstract Background It is well known that the magnitude of undernutrition in Ethiopia is unacceptably high. The burden of co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency, on the other hand, has received less attention. Thus, in this study, we looked at the prevalence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency in pregnant women in eastern Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 397 pregnant women in Haramaya district, eastern Ethiopia. An interview-assisted questionnaire and blood serum were collected from pregnant women using standard techniques and shipped to an EPHI for micronutrient analysis. Factors associated with the co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency were identified using binary and multiple logistic regressions. Results According to this study, 81.6% of the participants were deficient in at least one micronutrient, and 53.53.2% were deficient in two or more. Women who did not receive iron-folic acid supplementation (AOR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.52–3.92), did not attend Antenatal care (ANC) follow up (AOR = 2.88; 95% CI = 1.81–4.61), and reported low consumption of diversified diet (AOR = 2.18 (95% CI = 1.35–3.51) had a higher risk of co-occurrence of iron, folate, and vitamin A deficiency. Conclusion This study found that more than half of pregnant women were in multiple micronutrients, indicating a major public health issue. In addition to the IFA supplementation programs that are already in place, there is a need for multiple micronutrient supplementation.

The Hoffa fracture is an uncommon fracture. There is a lot of confusion about its diagnosis and management with several conflicting reports in literature. We reported a 25-year-old patient with non-union of Hoffa fracture, and meanwhile tried to develop an algorithm-based treatment for Hoffa fractures. A systematic review of the available literature was performed. Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library and PubMed were searched for relevant articles. Fifty-five articles were reviewed, and the clinical knowledge base was summarized. The understanding of the mechanism of trauma has become more nuanced. The literature has also evolved to classify the fracture with the purpose of surgical management in mind. This can be used to plan approach and fixation with preservation of blood supply. Classification can also prognosticate the outcomes in Hoffa fracture.

Objectives: The evidence on utilization of immediate postpartum intrauterine contraceptive devices (IPPIUCDs) and its associated factors are limited in Ethiopia. Hence, this study intended to assess IPPIUCD utilization and related factors among women who gave birth in Adama town public hospitals, Ethiopia. Method: A facility-based cross-sectional study was done among 493 postpartum mothers at selected government health facilities in Adama town from January 20 to February 20, 2021. All women who gave birth in selected government health facilities and within 48 h of postpartum were included in the study. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression models were used to identify the factors associated with IPPIUCD utilization. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to measure the strength of association and statistical significance was declared at p

Objective: To access the knowledge, attitude and practices towards exclusive breast feeding among postnatal mothers. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Mohi-ud-din tertiary-care hospital Mirpur, Azad-Kashmir, from Mar 2017 to Feb 2018. Methodology: Study was conducted among 200 postnatal mothers at tertiary care hospital, using a structured questionnaire by ‘recall since birth’ method. Analysis was done using SPSS version 17. Results: Majority of the mothers were breast feeders, 27% were exclusive breastfeeding and 73% initiated breast feeding within 24 hours. The multivariate logistic regression showed that females who know exclusive breast feeding duration (95%CI-014, 1.381), breastfeeding better than artificial feed (95% CI-075, 1.182), mothers with hepatitis B, exclusive breastfeeding prevents pregnancy (95% CI-134, 1.220) and colostrum helps in immunity (95% CI-233, 1.436) were more educated and favored exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: The majority mothers having good exclusive breastfeeding knowledge, initiated breastfeeding within 24 hours, had more positive attitude and practice towards exclusive breastfeeding than non-breastfeeding mothers.

Objective: To study the Impact and Comparison of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension and Obesity on Fetal and Maternal Outcome in our set up. Study Design: Comparative cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Kharian, from May 2017 to May 2018. Methodology: A total of 210 pregnant women were divided into healthy, overweight and obese groups according to WHO classification and normal, mild to moderate and severe hypertensive groups on blood pressure basis. The maternal and neonatal morbidity including Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, post prandial hemorrhage, eclampsia, acute renal failure, birth weight, small for gestation, admission to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit or neonatal death were recorded. Results: The mean age was 26.15 ± 3.22 years, mean blood pressure 128.57 ± 10.09/86.91 ± 5.89 mmHg, and mean BMI 21.33 ± 2.52. Most female were between 25-30 years age, were house wife, and delivered by spontaneous vaginal delivery. Among severe pregnancy induced hypertension and obese women, eclampsia (16.7% vs. 13%), Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (25% vs. 13%), and maternal mortality (5.6% vs. 8.6%) was seen respectively, while neonatal morbidity including Neonatal Intensive Care Unit admissions (38.9% vs. 52.2%), small for gestation (25% vs. 30.4%), low birth weight (13.9% vs. 13%), and death (11.1% vs. 13%) respectively. Conclusion: The obese women showed a higher fetal (small for gestation, neonatal intensive care unitadmission and neonatal death) and maternal risk (acute renal failure, post-partum hemorrhage, Critical Care Unit admission, and maternal mortality) than women with severe pregnancy induced hypertension.