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Background & Aims Patients with leukemia face mental distress that can affect their hope. One of the effective components in measuring psychological well-being is illness perception, which refers to the cognitive evaluation and understanding of a medical condition. This study aims to determine the relationship between illness perception and hope in patients with leukemia hospitalized in selected hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study conducted on 200 patients with leukemia hospitalized in selected hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2023. Data collection tools were a demographic form, Broadbent et al.’s brief illness perception questionnaire (BIPQ) and Snyder’s adult hope scale (AHS). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics such as Pearson’s correlation test, independent t-test, and analysis of variance. Results The mean total score of BIPQ was 37.45±9.10 and the mean total score of AHS was 32.39±1.88. There was negative and significant correlation between illness perception and hope (r=-0.489, P<0.001). Conclusion A more positive perception of leukemia can improve the hope of patients. It is recommended to implement interventions to create a positive illness perception in these patients to increase their hope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Despite the significant impact of immunosuppressive drugs on controlling and treating certain diseases, their continued use can predispose patients to infectious diseases such as COVID-19, leading to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. This study aims to determine the levels of anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms in patients treated with immunosuppressive drug during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 330 individuals treated with immunosuppressive drug such as those with autoimmune diseases, cancer, and transplant recipients in Firoozgar and Rasoul-e-Akram hospitals in Tehran, Iran, from July to December 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic/disease related questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). Data analysis was done in SPSS software, version 16 using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential (Independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation test) statistics. Results In this study, the mean age of participants was 51.35±12.95 years, and 148 (44.8%) were female. The majority of the patients had normal levels of anxiety and depression (91.2% and 92.1%, respectively). The mean total IES-R score was 27.71 out of 88. The anxiety and depression scores did not have a significant relationship with any demographic, disease-related, and COVID-related characteristics of the study participants, but a significant correlation between income level and total score of IES-R was observed (P=0.043). Conclusion The individuals receiving immunosuppressive drugs in this study, despite being susceptible to COVID-19, had normal levels of anxiety and depression and obtained lower than average score in the IES-R. This finding can reduce the concerns about the mental health of these patients. Further studies using other questionnaires or a qualitative study on the experiences of these patients during the COVID-19 pandemic are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Evidence has shown that the inability to regulate and understand emotions causes various behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study aims to investigate the effect of an emotion labeling (EL)-based training on the behavioral disorders of children with ASD. Materials & Methods This is a quasi-experimental single-subject study ABA method. Five boys with high functioning autism were purposefully included in the study after one week of sampling in 2022. For each child, the Let’s Face It software was used individually to recognize basic emotion expressions (6 types) in three sessions followed by teaching EL at 8 sessions for 4 weeks, two sessions per week. The data collection tool was a demographic form and the test of behavioral disorders of children with ASD. The collected data at five phases were analyzed in SPSS software, using descriptive statistics, and Friedman’s test. Results According to the result of Friedman test, there was a significant difference between the first and third phases (P=0.037) and the third and fourth phases (P=0.019) of behavioral disorders measurement. The EL training significantly reduced the behavioral disorders of patients (P=0.030). Conclusion It seems that the EL-based training can reduce the behavioral disorders of children with ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims One of the areas that need attention in the nursing profession, which can affect various fields of work, professional, care, etc., are temperament and character. Various factors can affect the temperament and character. One of these factors is the circadian rhythms in which most nurses experience disturbances. Considering the importance of examining and evaluating temperament and character in nurses and the effects of circadian rhythm disturbances on them, and given that less attention has been paid to it, this study aims to determine the relationship between circadian rhythm and temperament/character of nurses working in selected teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The study population consists of all nurses working in teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. The study samples were 200 eligible nurses who were selected randomly (by lottery method) from different departments of four hospitals. A demographic form, the morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ), and Cloninger’s temperament and character inventory (TCI) were used to collect data. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS software, version 16. Results Most of the participants (64%) were neither-type nurses in terms of circadian rhythm. The circadian rhythm in overall had a negative significant correlation with persistence (P=0.039) and self-transcendence (P=0.047). Also, circadian rhythm had a significant relationship with age (P<0.001), sex (P=0.044), employment status (P=0.003), and work experience P<0.001). The dimensions of TCI, including novelty seeking, reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, had a statistically significant relationship with the demographic characteristics of nurses. Conclusion The circadian rhythm of nurses has a significant negative correlation with some components of TCI. Considering the impact of circadian rhythm on the quality of nursing care, the officials and hospital managers should gain sufficient knowledge of circadian rhythms, identify evening-type nurses, provide training, facilities, and special privileges to nurses, and determine their work shifts according to their circadian rhythms, so that they can improve the quality of patient care and increase patient satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims safe nursing care is the use of knowledge and skills by nurses to provide quality patient care and it is considered one of the health goals in intensive care units. The feeling of being supported by the hospital play a key role in achieving this goal; it can lead to job satisfaction, good job performance, and patient satisfaction. This study aims to determine the relationship between perceived organizational support and safe nursing care in nurses working in the intensive care units (ICUs) of public hospitals in Tabriz, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study with a cross-sectional design that was conducted on 200 nurses working in the ICUs of hospitals affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2021-2022, who were selected using a quota sampling method. Eisenberger et al.’s perceived organizational support scale and Rashvand et al.’s safe nursing care questionaire were used to collect data. Data analysis was done in SPSS v.16 software using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation test). Results The mean score of perceived organizational support was 23.20±9.57, which was lower than the cutoff point. Safe nursing care was at a favorable level with a mean score of 322.89±34.1. The perceived organizational support had no statistically significant correlation with safe nursing care and its dimensions. Conclusion Despite the unfavorable perceived organizational support of ICU nurses in Tabriz, their safe nursing care is favorable. There is no statistically significant relationship between their perceived organizational support and safe nursing care. This finding is probably due to the prevailing rules and professional beliefs in the work of nurses, which has caused the care provided to be safe despite the perception of low organizational support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: rug abuse is a major health challenge all over the world, and the majority of society thinks that drug abuse is mainly a male phenomenon. While drug abuse in women is increasing. Women experience a stressful life with drug abuse and need more support from family and society. If they do not receive the necessary support, they will be stuck in the cycle of addiction and it will be difficult for them to bear failures. Pregnancy with substance abuse poses serious risks to women's mental, psychological, physical and physical health and threatens the mental, social, political and economic health and safety of the society. In this context, midwifery personnel play a role as active people in the health care team and as one of the important sources of information to the community members in increasing social support and bearing more failures. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the role of social support in coping with the failure of pregnant women with substance abuse who referred to Hazrat Zainab Hospital in Shiraz in 2021. Methods: The current study is a descriptive-cross-sectional study and the statistical population of all pregnant women with substance abuse referring to the clinic, laboratory, IVF unit, ultrasound, emergency department, and inpatient departments who, based on their self-report, declared that they suffered from substance abuse in a 12-month period. The consumption of substances such as cigarettes, opium, opium juice, heroin, crack, glass, hashish, morphine, cocaine, amphetamine, methadone, marijuana, NAS, pan, bong, flower, alprazolam, buponorphine and other substances and in different sections. Hazrat Zainab Hospital was in Shiraz. 200 people were included in the study by continuous sampling. The inclusion criteria included: having Iranian nationality, women aged 18 and above, ability to read and write, being married and with drug abuse according to the individual, mental and physical conditions were suitable.While respecting the privacy and confidentiality of information, demographic questionnaires, VAX social support and Harrington's failure tolerance were completed. Sampling continued from Mehr to Esfand 1400. Data analysis was done with SPSS 22 software with descriptive and analytical statistics tests of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. Results: In the present study, 200 Iranian pregnant mothers with substance abuse with an average age of 34 years, average age of marriage 21.70 ± 4.51 years, majority of married women, housewives, with unfavorable economic status and no insurance were examined. Women and spouses with primary and secondary education levels had the highest frequency compared to other people. Women with working spouses also had the highest frequency compared to other people. 56% of these women had an unwanted pregnancy and 50 of these women had a history of prison and half of them had a history of prison once. The reason for the conviction of 60% of women was for carrying drugs, 30% for theft and 10% for other reasons. Women with 2 children had the highest frequency. The average social support score of pregnant women with substance abuse was 53.4 ± 2.32, which indicates unfavorable social support. Social support in the support of friends dimension had the highest mean (2.44 ± 0.91) and the support of community members had the lowest mean (2.24 ± 0.64). Social support was more in wives and husbands with middle and higher education levels. The mean failure tolerance score was 136.73±22.5, and failure tolerance was inversely correlated with social support (P=0.012) in the dimension of not tolerating stress, not tolerating discomfort, and not tolerating injustice and dissatisfaction. Conclusion: The social support received by pregnant women with drug abuse is not optimal and these women receive most of their support from friends, family and acquaintances, which provides the basis for more harm to them and makes them more prone to fall into the trap. Addictive Most of these women have not been able to bear failures, so it seems necessary to design and hold life-enhancing programs. Social support in these women was related to the level of education and favorable economic status, which can be helped by promoting education and improving the economic situation by creating simple jobs and educational spaces for these women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background & Aims Although COVID-19 can affect people in different age groups, the conditions and severity of symptoms are worse in people with diabetes. This aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding COVID-19 in people with diabetes in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on 384 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes referred to Firozgar and Hazrat Rasool-e Akram hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences from December 2021 to June 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic form and the KAP questionnaire designed by Honarvar et al. (2020). Data analysis was done in SPSS v.16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean age of the participants was 40.11±15.20 years. It was reported that 94.8% had moderate and sufficient knowledge of COVID-19. The mean attitude score was 30.90±4.89 which is a moderateto-high level. Only 1.3% had poor practice regarding COVID-19. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the average knowledge of patients and their marital status (P=0.006), employment status, and duration of disease (P<0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the attitude of patients and their educational level (P=0.015) and duration of disease (P=0.027). Their practice level had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.010), marital status (P=0.001), and type of diabetes (P<0.001). Conclusion The KAP of people with diabetes in Tehran regarding COVID-19 is at a favorable level. This indicates the success of the measures taken to educate this category of patients by health centers and media, and reveals the necessity of increasing the health literacy of people in pandemics. Background & Aims Although COVID-19 can affect people in different age groups, the conditions and severity of symptoms are worse in people with diabetes. This aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding COVID-19 in people with diabetes in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study on 384 patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes referred to Firozgar and Hazrat Rasool-e Akram hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences from December 2021 to June 2022. They were selected using a continuous sampling method. The instruments were a demographic form and the KAP questionnaire designed by Honarvar et al. (2020). Data analysis was done in SPSS v.16 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean age of the participants was 40.11±15.20 years. It was reported that 94.8% had moderate and sufficient knowledge of COVID-19. The mean attitude score was 30.90±4.89 which is a moderateto-high level. Only 1.3% had poor practice regarding COVID-19. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the average knowledge of patients and their marital status (P=0.006), employment status, and duration of disease (P<0.001). In addition, there was a statistically significant relationship between the attitude of patients and their educational level (P=0.015) and duration of disease (P=0.027). Their practice level had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.010), marital status (P=0.001), and type of diabetes (P<0.001). Conclusion The KAP of people with diabetes in Tehran regarding COVID-19 is at a favorable level. This indicates the success of the measures taken to educate this category of patients by health centers and media, and reveals the necessity of increasing the health literacy of people in pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Heart failure is one of the important cardiovascular diseases, affecting 1% of people in their 50s and 10% of people in their 80s. People with heart failure, in addition to physical pain, often experience stress, anxiety, depression, and poor quality of life (QoL). Considering the importance of illness-related worries and spiritual intelligence (SI) in these people, this study aims to determine the relationship between SI and illness-related worries in people with heart failure in Mazandaran, Iran. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study. Participants were 247 patients with heart failure admitted to Fatemeh Al-Zahra Hospital affiliated to Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. To measure the variables, a demographic form, the spiritual intelligence scale of King & Decicco (2009), and the illness-related worries questionnaire. Descriptive statistics (No.[%], Mean±SD) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation test, independent t-test) were used to analyze the data in SPSS software, version 16. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean total scores of SI and illness-related worries were 61.20 ±16.10 and 86.70 ±19.97, respectively. Pearson correlation test results showed a negative significant relationship between illness-related worries and SI (r=-0.608, P=0.001). Cognitive independence domain of illness-related worries was strongly correlated with all SI domains, including critical existential thinking, personal meaning production, transcendental awareness, and conscious state expansion. The SI had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.001), marital status (P=0.014), economic status (P=0.002), employment status (P=0.018), education status (P=0.001), insurance coverage (P=0.001). The illness-related worries had a significant relationship with gender (P=0.001), history of diabetes (P=0.04), marital status (P=0.001), educational level (P=0.044), and insurance coverage (P=0.01). Conclusion To reduce the illness-related worries of people with heart failure, their SI should be improved using related interventions such as SI training programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Pregnancy is associated with physiological and psychological changes. Pregnancy in adolescence may affect the quality of life (QoL) of young women. This study aims to investigate the QoL of adolescent pregnant women in Arak, Iran. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 217 adolescent pregnant women referred to comprehensive health centers in urban areas of Arak city in 2020 who were selected by a multi-stage sampling method. A demographic form and the QoL gravidarum questionnaire (QoL-GRAV) were used to collect information. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data and independent t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation test were used to examine the relationship between the study variables in SPSS software, version 22. Significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean age of participants was 17.86±1.42 years. Their mean total score of QoL was 1.83±0.56, which was higher than average. They had the highest score in the psychological health domain (Mean=2.01) and the lowest score in the social functioning domain (Mean=1.5). Mother's educational level, husband's educational level, economic status, and pregnancy status (unplanned/ planned) according to women and their husbands had a statistically significant relationship with the QoL. Conclusion The QoL of adolescent pregnant women in Arak is higher than the average. Those with higher educational level, those with husbands having higher educational level, those with better economic status, and those with planned pregnancy have better QoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Patient safety is an important component and one of the main elements of quality in health care systems. The patient safety status among the pre-hospital Emergency Medical Staff (EMS) in Iran is unclear and there is almost no information about adverse complications. Assessing the current patient safety culture can be a starting point for improving safety attitudes among health care workers, including pre-hospital EMS who are at the forefront of managing patients in critical conditions. This study aims to survey the attitude towards patient safety among pre-hospital EMS in Mashhad, Iran. Materials & Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 438 full-time pre-hospital EMS with at least 6 months of operational work experience in Mashhad city in 2019, who were selected by a census method. The assessment tool was the Emergency Medical Services Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (EMS-SAQ). The collected data were analyzed in SPSS v. 16 using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (independent t test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation test). The significance level was set at 0.05. Results It was reported that 13.75% had a positive attitude towards patient safety. The mean total score of EMS-SAQ was 53.55±10.60. The most positive attitude was related to stress recognition (34.2%) and the lowest positive attitude was related to safety climate and perception of management (5.7%). There was no statistically significant relationship between any demographic characteristics and overall attitude towards patient safety (P>0.05). Conclusion The patient safety culture of the pre-hospital EMS in Mashhad is not positive. This requires further research and also taking measures such as holding briefing sessions for managers and staff, increasing the number of staff, setting up an error reporting system, and including topics related to patient safety in the in-service training courses for the staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Risk management in academic research, courses, and degrees is crucial in universities. However, there is no evidence for risk management in most aspects of university management. This study was conducted to determine the risk management Evaluation from the Staff's Perspective of Iran University Medical Sciences In 2021. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The research samples were 224 staff of the Iran University of Medical Sciences selected by the available sampling method. The data collection tool was a risk management questionnaire. Risk management was classified into six dimensions. The first dimension is related to the level of employees' knowledge of risk management. The second dimension of risk management status. The third dimension includes policies and procedures. The fourth dimension is related to training status. The fifth dimension was the position of risk management, and finally, the sixth one was monitoring, analysis, evaluation, and risk control. In total, the questionnaire was examined in 45 questions on a 5-point Likert scale and was classified into three levels: poor (score less than 3), moderate (score 3 to 4), and good (score more than 4). The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 26. The numerical indices of minimum, maximum, Mean±SD for the quantitative variables of the research were used. Friedman test was used to examine the relationship between domains and independent t-test, and analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between individual variables and risk management. Results The results showed that most employees (59.4%) were women and the majority (48.7%) were 45- 36 years old. The majority of employees (72.8%) were married. Most of the participants (54.4%) worked in administrative headquarters. More than half of the employees (53.1%) had a university degree at the undergraduate level, and only 12.5% of them had completed risk management courses. The results showed that the total score of risk management was 2.44±0/82. The Friedman test result showed a statistically significant relationship between employees' knowledge of risk management and all areas of risk management (p = 0.00). Statistical tests showed that risk management had a statistically significant relationship with the variables of gender (P = 0.02), risk management (P<0.001), and education (P=0.02). The mean score was higher in men than women, and also in employees who had passed the risk management course was higher than other employees. Two-to-two Tukey comparison also showed that the average score obtained by employees with master's degree education was significantly higher than an associate degree (P=0.03). At other levels, this difference was insignificant. Conclusion The results showed that, generally, from the perspective of the Iran University of Medical Sciences staff, risk management at this university is poor. In this regard, the development of educational programs, the adoption of policies and procedures, and the establishment of monitoring programs to implement risk management should be seriously pursued at the university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims Maintaining patient safety (PS) is one of professional and ethical duties of health care providers. Nurses, as the largest professional group in the health system, have a potential and significant power in influencing the health care quality. Their competency in PS is essential to ensure quality and safe care. Education plays a vital role in improving PS and providing high quality nursing care. Due to the prevalence of COVID-19 and the need to observe social distancing, it is not possible to hold face-to-face courses. Hence, e-learning is a valuable option during this pandemic. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of online PS education on the competence of nurses in intensive care units (ICUs). Materials & Methods This is a single-group quasi-experimental study with a pre-test/post-test design that was conducted in 2020 in Tehran, Iran. Participants were 50 nurses working in the ICUs of Hazrate Rasoole Akram Hospital and Firoozgar Hospital affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, who were by a proportional stratified sampling method. The content of the educational program was prepared using clinical guidelines and the literature which included materials about (1) PS and its different aspects (medication error, hemovigilance, pressure ulcer, fall, nosocomial infections, hand hygiene, surface and equipment disinfection, and waste management), (2) PS culture, (3) the effects of human factors and teamwork on error incidence, (4) importance of communication with patients before and after the occurrence of errors and giving appropriate feedback on errors, (5) root cause analysis of errors, (6) activity analysis after an adverse event, and (7) risk management. The program was prepared using Storyline version 3 software. Educational content was provided to participants on Telegram application. Before and three months after the intervention, data were collected using the Patient Safety Competency Self-evaluation (PSCSE) questionnaire. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired t-test) in SPSS software, version 22. Results The mean scores of PS knowledge (21.75±3.28), attitude (61.52±4.19) and skill (84.66±53.7) after the intervention were significantly higher compared to their pretest scores (P<0.001). The mean of total competency score (167.93±11.61) was also significantly higher after the intervention. Results showed that the educational program improved the nurses' competence by 17.86%. The education had the highest effect on PS knowledge, followed by PS skills and attitudes. Conclusion Online education can increase PS knowledge, skills, and attitudes in ICU nurses and can ultimately promote their competence in PS. Nursing managers can use e-learning method to provide in-service training and retraining courses on familiarity with PS concepts, which can help manage medical errors caused by nurses. This learning method is recommended for nurses working in ICUs, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]