Search

Freshwater biodiversity in the Maghreb region remains largely unexplored, providing significant opportunities for further discovery. Algerian caddisflies have received relatively little attention. The present study aims to fill gaps in caddisfly taxonomy and distribution by conducting a comprehensive survey of rivers and streams in northeastern Algeria, with a focus on collecting adult caddisflies. Through our research, we identified a total of 28 species from Algeria, and a new caddisfly species, Hydropsyche tenerifa, collected in the Canary Islands, expanding our knowledge of the caddisfly fauna in North Africa. Among these discoveries, we describe 15 new species (H. cherfa, H. makhloufa, H. seybousa, H. algirica, H. dbabcha, H. farrahae, H. guitna, H. chenioura, H. edougha, H. louara, H. vinconi, H. linae, H. nardjissae, Agapetus ferrerasi, A. yasminae) from Algeria and reclassify three subspecies or varieties as distinct species (Wormaldia numidica, Thremma africanum, Mesophylax hoggarensis). In addition, our surveys led to the discovery of three previously unrecorded caddisfly species (Lype reducta, Lepidostoma kumanskii, and Adicella syriaca) in Algeria, as well as the expansion of the known range of seven additional species. These results underscore the importance of the Maghreb's freshwater biodiversity and highlight the need for a more comprehensive understanding of caddisfly taxonomy in the region. By providing a clearer taxonomy and distributional framework for caddisflies, our research establishes a solid foundation for future monitoring and conservation initiatives targeting these important aquatic insects and the ecosystems they inhabit.

In this work we describe 47 new Trichoptera species most of them from Georgia: Wormaldia kala sp. nov., W. khizabavra sp. nov., W. kokoa sp. nov., W. kulbaka sp. nov., W. lopota sp. nov., W. varjanulia sp. nov., Tinodes abana sp. nov., Plectrocnemia zekaria sp. nov., Hydropsyche adjaria sp. nov., H. gouria sp. nov., H. svanetica sp. nov., Rhyacophila aragva sp. nov., R. chakvistskala sp. nov., R. kakhetia sp. nov., R. kokoa sp. nov., R. namona sp. nov., Agapetus kintrisha sp. nov., Thremma balcanum sp. nov., T. svaneticum sp. nov., Martynomyia svanetia sp. nov., M. zazai sp. nov., Apataniana bakhmara sp. nov., A. gouria sp. nov., Drusus stephantsmind sp. nov., Badukiella markha sp. nov., Kelgena bakhmara sp. nov., K. bellae sp. nov., K. goderdza sp. nov., K. lapankura sp. nov., K. levani sp. nov., K. samtskha sp. nov., K. tetnulda sp. nov., K. tobara sp. nov., K. vekona sp. nov., Rizeiella keda sp. nov., R. sashuala sp. nov., R. tbetia sp. nov., R. varjana sp. nov., Stenophylax almat sp. nov., S. kulbak sp. nov., Ernodes bakhmarensis sp. nov., E. mingreliensis sp. nov., Schizopelex akhalchala sp. nov., S. mingrelia sp. nov., S. jvaria sp. nov., S. masula sp. nov., S. nazhala sp. nov. Moreover, 9 other species are new for Georgia: Wormaldia hoska Oláh, 2020, W. obola Oláh, 2020, W. sakaorum Oláh, 2020, Diplectrona robusta Martynov, 1934, Rhyacophila kora Oláh, 2020, Agapetus caucasicus Martynov, 1913, Lepidostoma iranicum Schmid, 1959, Grammotaulius nigropunctatus (Retzius, 1783) and Ernodes ordubadensis Oláh & Kerimova, 2020. The family Uenoidae and the genus Thremma are new for Georgia.

The rare and beautifully colourful old-world Parasetodes is a so-called set-aside genus with unsettled taxonomy. For instance, a recent survey (Malicky 2006) has synonymised all the Palaearctic and Oriental species to the type species Parasetodes respersellus (Rambur, 1842). The diverse forewing pattern, as a potential diagnostic character state is liable to disappear rapidly in alcohol or denuded and faded even on dry pinned specimens. In this revision we have delineated species by the ventral, surface-perpendicular profile of the dorsal arm of gonopod, the titillating plate, as well as by the lateral profile of the phallic organ and increased the species number of the genus from 12 to 45 describing 33 new species from the Palaearctic, Oriental, and Afrotropical fauna regions. Palaearctic fauna region: Parasetodes temirlik Oláh & Salokannel, sp. nov., Oriental fauna region: P. bali Oláh, sp. nov., P. baoloc Oláh, sp. nov., P. borneo Oláh & Mey, sp. nov., P. dalat Oláh, sp. nov., P. gunung Oláh & Mey, sp. nov., P. hoang Oláh, sp. nov., P. indicus Oláh, sp. nov., P. kambait Oláh & Johanson, sp. nov., P. lamdong Oláh, sp. nov., P. madacus Oláh & Johanson, sp. nov., P. maechaem Oláh & Mey, sp. nov., P. maehong Oláh & Mey, sp. nov., P. namgen Oláh & Johanson, sp. nov., P. nokrek Oláh & Mey, sp. nov., P. pahang Oláh, sp. nov., P. ratnapur Oláh, sp. nov., P. sinicus Oláh, sp. nov., P. tumbang Oláh & Me,y sp. nov., P. umran Oláh & Mey, sp. nov. Afrotropical fauna region: P. amboas Oláh, sp. nov., P. ambovom Oláh, sp. nov., P. barnardi Oláh, Johanson, Mey & Salokannel, sp. nov., P. caprivi Mey & Oláh, sp. nov., P. ikeleng Oláh & Johanson, sp. nov., P. kindam Oláh, sp. nov., P. mahajan Oláh & Johanson, sp. nov., P. meyan Oláh, sp. nov., P. rwandicus Oláh & Me,y sp. nov., P. sikasso Oláh & Johanson, sp. nov., P. tinko Oláh & Johanson, sp. nov., P. weytus Mey & Oláh, sp. nov., P. zambicus Oláh & Johanson, sp. nov. We have reinstated the species status of P. aquilonius Yang & Morse, 1997 stat. restit., P. ussuriensis Martynov, 1935 stat. restit., P. bakeri (Banks, 1913) stat. restit., P. kiangsinicus (Ulmer, 1932) stat. restit., P. maculatus (Banks, 1911) stat. restit., raised the taxonomic status from subspecies to species rank of Parasetodes tanganicanus Marlier, 1956 stat. nov., and transferred Triaenodes demoulini Jacquemart, 1966 to Parasetodes as P. demoulini (Jacquemart, 1966) comb. nov.

Abstract Species composition of forests is a very important component from the point of view of nature conservation and forestry. We aimed to identify 10 tree species in a hilly forest stand using a hyperspectral aerial image with a particular focus on two invasive species, namely Ailanthus tree and black locust. Deep learning‐based training data augmentation (TDA) and post‐classification techniques were tested with Random Forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers. SVM had better performance with 81.6% overall accuracy (OA). TDA increased the OA to 82.5% and post‐classification with segmentation improved the total accuracy to 86.2%. The class‐level performance was more convincing: the invasive Ailanthus trees were identified with 40% higher producer's and user's accuracies (PA and UA) to 70% related to the common technique (using a training dataset and classifying the trees). The PA and UA did not change in the case of the other invasive species, black locust. Accordingly, this new method identifies well Ailanthus, a sparsely distributed species in the area; while it was less efficient with black locust that dominates larger patches in the stand. The combination of the two ancillary steps of hyperspectral image classification proved to be reasonable and can support forest management planning and nature conservation in the future.

Applying the principles and practices of fine phenomics five new species are described from Indonesia in the Oecetis tripunctata species group: Oecetis makala, Oecetis pejenkaja, Oecetis posoa, Oecetis pelenga, and Oecetis saluopa spp. nov.

In this paper on the Western European Trichoptera we survey the Ptilocolepidae family and the Anisogamus and Sericostoma genera as well as describe 12 new species: Wormaldia arlua sp. nov. (France), Plectrocnemia estrela sp. nov. (Portugal and Spain), Rhyacophila fusunae sp. nov. (Spain), Ptilocolepus kover sp. nov. (France and Spain), Ptilocolepus sovan sp. nov. (France and Spain), Drusus demonta sp. nov. (Italy), D. roya sp. nov. (France), Anisogamus nahueli sp. nov. (France), A. sandreniko sp. nov. (France), Consorophylax vellach sp. nov. (Austria), Sericostoma unaequale sp. nov. (Italy). Moreover, Rhyacophila ildefonsa sp. nov. (Spain), is distinguished from R. relicta McLachlan, 1879, and Rhyacophila erkakanae Sipahiler, 1993 stat. nov. is considered as a valid species different from R. rupta McLachlan, 1879. The male of Chaetopteryx cantabrica Oláh & Vinçon, 2022 is described for the first time. Wormaldia maclachlani Kimmins, 1953, Tinodes jeekeli Botosaneanu, 1980, Lithax obscurus (Hagen, 1859), Crunoecia kempnyi Morton, 1901 are new for Italy, Diplectrona magna Mosely, 1930, Drusus thibaulti Decamps, 1972 are reported as new for Spain; Chaetopteryx tomaszewski Moretti, 1991, Consorophylax kimera (Oláh & Vinçon, 2021) are new for France.

All 835 valid species of caddisflies recorded from Vietnam by the end of 2021 are cataloged. The catalog is annotated with information about reference to original description where the species was described, type locality, depository institution of the type material, habitat where the species has been collected, and distribution. The distribution section covers all countries as well as Vietnamese provinces from where species has been recorded. The catalog is based on records of about 7,600 individuals recorded in literature, of which 69 % of the individuals are males and 31 % are females. With 139 species recorded, the most species rich family in Vietnam is the Hydropsychidae, followed by the Philopotamidae, Leptoceridae and the Hydroptilidae. These four families comprise 50% of the species diversity of caddisflies in Vietnam. By number of species, the smallest families are the Phryganopsychidae and Brachycentridae (two species each) and the Sericostomatidae, Phryganeidae and Limnocentropodidae that are represented by only one species each.

We have revised the theory of the condensed complexity of the simple by incremental subtraction to understand the apparently vestigial character state of the simplified paraproct, especially pronounced at the Banyallarga and Phylloicus genera in the Calamoceratidae family. We have recorded Leptonema album Mosely, 1933 and Leptonema intermedium Mosely, 1933 from Ecuador, and Leptonema spirillum Flint, McAlpine & Ross, 1987 from Colombia, as well as described six new species: Banyallarga (Histricoverpa) isidra sp. nov., Banyallarga (Histricoverpa) taraja sp. nov., Banyallarga (Histricoverpa) tinalandia sp. nov., Phylloicus sarlos sp. nov., Oecetis tina sp. nov. in the Oecetis avara species group and Helicopsyche (Cochliopsyche) nyurga sp. nov.

The Balkan mountain ranges represent the most diverse hot spots of the European biodiversity still very far from being completely explored. Besides new faunistic data here we have described Drusus gornistok Oláh, sp. nov. in the D. discophorus species complex, surveyed four species complexes and described Polycentropus maglic Oláh, sp. nov. , P. staraplanina Oláh, sp. nov. in the Polycentropus ierapetra new species complex; Rhyacophila albanica Oláh & Ibrahimi sp. nov., R. montenegra Oláh, sp. nov. , R. syrikaltera Oláh & Ibrahimi sp. nov. in the Rhyacophila balcanica new species complex; R. kozara Oláh, sp. nov. , R. sarplana Oláh, sp. nov. , R. staraplana Oláh, sp. nov. in the Rhyacophila bosnica new species complex; Notidobia kerkina Oláh, sp. nov. , N. koraba Oláh, sp. nov. , N. lakmosa Oláh, sp. nov. , N. vaillanti Oláh, Vinçon & Ibrahimi sp. nov. in the Notidobia nekibe new species complex. The subspecies status of the following taxa were raised to species rank: Polycentropus adana Sipahiler, 1996 stat. nov., P. anatolica Sipahiler, 1989 stat. nov., P. dirfis Malicky, 1974 stat. nov., P. ikaria Malicky, 1974 stat. nov., P. isparta Sipahiler, 1996 stat. nov., P. kalliope Malicky, 1976 stat. nov., P. septentrionalis Kumanski, 1986, stat. nov., P. slovenicus Malicky, 1998 stat. nov.

Based on newly collected materials here we report new faunistic data for this diverse island and describe five new leptocerid species from the Batanta Island (Indonesia, West Papua, Raja Ampat Archipelago): Oecetis anyam Oláh, sp. nov., O. apam Oláh, sp. nov., O. batanta Oláh, sp. nov., Leptocerus batanta Oláh, sp. nov. Setodes sarlos Oláh, sp. nov. As well as to clear the taxonomic status of Oecetis anyam Oláh, sp. nov. it was necessary to survey the unsettled species group of Oecetis hemerobioides with description of new species from Indonesia, Sumba Island: Oecetis sumbaensis Oláh, sp. nov. and from the Cyclops Mountain of West Papua: Oecetis cyclopensis Oláh, sp. nov.

In the present paper on the Western European Trichoptera we revise or overview the Platyphylax and Simaphylax limnephiline genera, as well as establish and/or overview the Drusus chapmani, Chaetopteryx gessneri and C. gonospina species complexes based on the principles and procedures of our fine phenomics. Having collected a new Drusus chrysotus (Rambur, 1842) specimen we have reconfirmed its delineation from its eastern sibling species Drusus lapos Oláh, 2017. By the paraproct, the Drusus spelaeus siblings in the Drusus mixtus species group are related to the Drusus siveci species complex in the Drusus discolor species group. Our discovery of a population of Drusus spelaeus with paramere structure similar to that of the Drusus discolor species group indicates further the importance of chimeric processes in species integrative organisation. Due to contradictory drawings published we have re-examined and redescribed the female of Drusus spelaeus. After surveying the recent taxonomic history of the Allogamus auricollis species subgroup we have raised the subspecies status to species rank of Allogamus auricollis bauerii (Kolenati, 1859); A. brauerii stat. nov. Chaetopteryx gessneri tomaszewski Moretti, 1991 was elevated to species rank: Ch. tomaszewski stat. nov. and Chaetopteryx kimera Oláh & Vinçon, 2021, a rather unique chimeric species having several character states of different origin was transferred to Consorophylax genus: C. kimera (Oláh & Vinçon, 2021) comb. nov. Furthermore, 17 new species were described: Wormaldia ariega, W. ligurica, W. maritima, Drusus alethes, D. italiano, Chaetopteryx tompula, C. cantabrica, C. decampsi, C. pyrenaica, Consorophylax cairos, C. lagoverde, C. livek, C. seolan, Platyphylax vinconi, Simaphylax coppai, S. andorricus and S. ariegeus spp. nov. Among them, ten were collected in France, five in Italy, one in Slovenia and one in Spain. Moreover, we report for the first time Potamophylax spinulifer Moretti, 1994 and Beraeamyia gudrunae Malicky, 2002 from France and Simaphylax altuspyrenaicus from Spain.

Malicky (2018) synonymized Tinodes karpathos Oláh, 2015 described from the Karpathos Island, Greece with Tinodes petaludes Malicky, 1974 described from the Rhodes Island. On the basis of re-examination of the T. karpathos holotype and compared it with the newly collected T. petaludes specimens the synonymy of the two species is rejected and Tinodes karpathos is reinstated here as a valid species, stat. restit.!

Unsettled, dubious Oecetis tripunctata taxa are studied applying the principles and practices of fine phenomics relying on the ventral profile of the gonopods and the lateral profile of the phallic organ. The distribution of Oecetis tripunctata (Fabricius, 1793) is restricted to the Palaearctic Faunal Region. 14 new species were described from the Oriental Faunal Region: Oecetis anhua s. nov., O. baneswara sp. nov., O. baoloca sp. nov., O. bhubaneswa sp. nov., O. dagna sp. nov., O. dhaulia sp. nov., O. gujara sp. nov., O. halonga sp. nov., O. hoabinha sp. nov., O. kamba sp. nov., O. orissa sp. nov., O. peraka sp. nov., O. prenna sp. nov., O. sabarma sp. nov. and one species Oecetis lata Johanson, Pham, Malm & Sjöberg, 2020 was recorded from Vietnam. 2 new species were described from Australasian Faunal Region: O. kokopa sp. nov., O. parom sp. nov. as new records of the Oecetis tripunctata species group. 10 new species were described from the Afrotropical Faunal Region, including mailand Africa and Madagascar: O. anka sp. nov., O. banda sp. nov., O. bua sp. nov., O. conga sp. nov., O. congana sp. nov., O. ghana sp. nov., O. manta sp. nov., O. maroa sp. nov., O. volta sp. nov., O. zoa sp. nov., and one species Oecetis kagerana Kimmins, 1956 was recorded from Ghana, as well as O. maculipennis Ulmer, 1922 was placed to the Oecetis tripunctata species group. This replacement has necessitated revising and renaming the Oecetis maculipennis species group describing 2 new species: O. kimminsiana sp. nov. and O. nkwanta sp. nov. Oecetis maculipennis species group was renamed as Oecetis kimminsiana species group.

The discovery of the new Agaphylax genus with unique paramere organisation has initiated our lineage sorting of tribes by parameres in the Limnephilinae subfamily applying the principles and procedures of fine phenomics in order to establish transformation series of the polarized plesiomorphy-apomorphy character states for each limnephiline genera. According to the extraordinary high diversity the paramere that is the stimulatory and titillating structure of the phallic organ is a speciation supertrait. This adaptive trait is directly involved in the processes of reproductive isolation and diverging as subtle initial split of lineages producing the incipient sibling species in the recent past of contemporary speciation processes. Contrary, the drastic divergence of the Agaphylax plated paramere is much older, similarly to the many-spined parameres of the Hesperophylacini tribe. It has been initiated by drastic combined and synchronous external and internal stochastic effects, processed in ancestral sexual integrative adaptation as well as organised and fixed in older and deeper coalescence events and appears as a character with tribe ranking potential. To open a wider perspective, a systemic relational analysis is required in the future including other adaptive or neutral character transformation series, due to the burden of taxonomic incongruences grounded by chimerism in stochastic genetic reticulation. Traits of species are mixed products coming from various sources. Only character combinations can and ought to be analysed in terms how to classify taxa. We have polarized eight genitalic characters additional to parameres for a future analysis of the potential of character combinations. Limnephilinae subfamily is composed of Limnephilini, Chilostigmatini, Chaetopterygini, Stenophylacini and Hesperophylacini tribes and here we established the new Agaphylacini tribe. Based on parameres we have delineated taxa in lineage sorting and described two new genera: Fogophylax gen. nov., Simaphylax gen. nov. and fourteen new species: Anabolia alsoja, A. hepehupa, Asynarchus kimaros, Limnephilus kerekes, L. maghrebensis, L. oblos, Homophylax beges, H. coros, Chaetopteroides plackovicensis, C. rilaensis, Allogamus ketpar, Platyphylax beshkovi, Pycnopsyche letova and P. telea spp. nov. The by-product of this survey is a world atlas of paramere drawings for the entire Limnephilinae subfamily.

The poorly known, so called widely distributed and highly varying species of the European Rhyacophila fasciata species complex are revised by fine phenomics of the paramere organisation. In this species complex paramere is the most diverse organ. It is the speciation trait integrating the initial split of speciation by its stimulatory and titillating function involved in the early processes of reproductive isolation. Based on paramere organisation and on the character state of distribution three lineages have been delineated in the Rhyacophila fasciata species complex: the European R. fasciata lineage, the Caucasian R. aliena lineage and the R. mysica lineage distributed from Albania to Pakistan. In the R. fasciata lineage we have distinguished three clades of species: R. fasciata with five species, R. matrensis with seven species, and R. denticulata with seven species. We have re-diagnosed three known species: R. fasciata Hagen, 1859, R. denticulata McLachlan, 1879, R. sociata Navas, 1916 and described 15 species new to science: R. biharensis Oláh sp. nov., R. bulgarica Oláh sp. nov., R. coppai Oláh sp. nov., R. csornahorensis Oláh & Szczęsny sp. nov., R. ferda Oláh sp. nov., R. kopasa Oláh & Coppa sp. nov., R. matrensis Oláh, & Szczęsny sp. nov., R. retezatensis Oláh sp. nov., R. rova Oláh & Coppa sp. nov. R. ruda Oláh & Johanson sp. nov., R. salfa Oláh sp. nov., R. soreda Coppa & Oláh sp. nov. R. suna Oláh sp. nov., R. tuhega Oláh sp. nov., R. zemplenensis Oláh sp. nov. The species status of Rhyacophila gemella Navas, 1923 was reinstated.

The subspecies of the biological species concept with incomplete reproductive isolation versus the incipient sibling species of the phylogenetic species concept with permeable reproductive barrier are still applied side by side in the everyday practice of taxonomy. Both terms refer to the same organisms diverged mostly in allopatry with various stages of repro-ductive isolation. Question remained: how human ranks these entities organised by nature? The reliable ranking of living hierarchies is retarded and even obscured by the suppressed state of taxonomy. Disappointing scenario: the science of biodiversity is stuck in century old macromorphologies without innovation of fine phenomics and without exploring its high-tech and high-throughput potential. The empirical science of taxonomy is “modernised” by the neutral DNA marker industry diverting the epistemological focus from empirical to virtual. Virtuality of noumenon is used to camouflage the phenomenon of the adverse environmental processes, the wasteful byproducts of the profit oriented liberalized economy. The sensual reality of species and the accelerated species extinction is effectively masked by the virtual sciences of the abstract: numbers, data, statistics, algorithms, equations, models and ideas. To understand the birth of a young incipient species we have briefly reviewed the postmodern development of the unified phylogenetic species concept. (1) The reality of species and higher phylogenetic taxa. (2) The biological and phylogenetic species. (3) How to delineate phylogenetic species? (4) The infinite versus finite division of phylogenetic species. (5) The construct of the unified species concept. (6) Taking subspecies and race out of science. Without recognition of incipient siblings of the phylogenetic species the biodiversity remains under-estimated and the pharisaic anti-science ranking of humans remains with us. The discovery of speciation trait that is the sexual adaptive structures in reproductive barrier building, which are detectable by fine phenomics, gives perspective to find the finite division, the dynamic initial split in the continuous process of diversification. The speciation traits produced by integrative organisation, as opposed to competitive selection, help to unify the operational criteria of the biological species concept that is the speciation by reproductive isolation with the general concept of phylogenetic species that is the causal process of the separately evolving metapopulation lineages. The subspecies and racial ranking is untenable anymore, we suggest taking subspecies and race out of science: the finite division of the initial split detected by speciation traits is the birth of the phylogenetic incipient sibling species. There is no “subspecies”and “races”, as there is no “subindividual” in the biological organisation. In the present caddisfly taxonomy the subspecies remained as a valid status in the Potamophylax cingulatus caddisfly species group. With a clear distinction between the neutral and adaptive traits in the P. cingulatus species group and applying the subtle and stable shape divergences in phallic fine structures we have proposed to change the taxonomic status of subspecies to incipient sibling phylogenetic species rank: Potamophylax alpinus stat. nov., P. depilis stat nov., P. ibericus stat. nov., P. inermis stat. nov., reinstated the species status of P. cingulatus stat. restit. and we have described three new species: P. fesus Oláh, P. portugalicus Oláh et Szczesny, and P. transalpinus Oláh & Coppa, spp. nov.

We have recognised significant incongruences among the most commonly used taxonomic characters in the European species of Wormaldia genus of the Philopotamidae caddisfly family. During taxonomical analysis and ranking procedures we have recorded incongruent, discorcordant characters also in the taxa in Rhyacophilidae, Hydropsychidae and Limnephilidae caddisfly families. Based on theoretical background we concluded that taxa of examined caddisflies and probably all living creatures are chimeric entities composed of components of different origin. Genomes and phenomes are tree-like on the surface but more reticulated in the deep. We understand chimerism with universal consequences, expanding well beyond the evolutionary tree-thinking of reductionism and determinism. Taxa are chimeric or at least chimerical in a stochastic universe under the permanent fluxes of the external and internal impacts created by intercourses between entropy and energy gradients. We have surveyed how to create and correct synonymies in the splitter/lumper perspectives along the principles of compositional and specification hierarchies understood as quantitative variability of non-adaptive neutral and qualitative stability of adaptive, non-neutral traits. We outlined how the apophantic (declaratory) hybris creates synonymies and underestimates biodiversity. After redrawing the diverging genitalic structures, particularly the speciation traits we have reinstated species status of eight taxa: W. trifida Andersen, 1983 stat.restit, stat. nov., W. albanica Oláh, 2010 stat. restit., W. bulgarica Novak, 1971 stat. nov., W. daga Oláh, 2014 stat. restit., W. graeca Oláh, 2014 stat. restit., W. busa Oláh, 2014 stat. restit., W. homora Oláh, 2014 stat. restit. W. nielseni Moretti, 1981 stat. nov. Character selection and lineage sorting procedures established the following species groups, species complexes and species clades in the European species of Wormaldia: W. occipitalis species group: W. occipitalis species complex; W. charalambi species group; W. copiosa species group; W. triangulifera species group: W. bulgarica species complex, W. khourmai species complex, W. subnigra species complex: W. asterusia species clade, W. subnigra species clade, W. vercorsica species clade; W. triangulifera species complex, W. variegate species complex. Unplaced species: W. ambigua, W. algirica, W. sarda. In this revision we have described fourteen new species: W. longiseta, W. carpathica, W. kurta, W. parba, W. foslana, W. kumanskii, W. libohova, W. silva, W. gorba, W. kera, W. rona, W. sima, W. granada, W. telva

In the last few years we have described over 70 new incipient sibling limnephild species applying the discovered Trichoptera speciation traits of the paraproct and paramere for species recognition and delimitation. In this revision on Drusinae subfamily, comprising 177 species, we have applied these subtle, but rapid and stable speciation traits and described 49 new sibling species from the “well studied” European mountain ranges. Discussing the theoretical background we have elaborated and adapted a new character state ranking system of phenomics to revise the long-neglected taxonomy of the Drusinae subfamily and synonymised the Cryptothrix, Monocentra, Metanoea, Leptodrusus, Anomalopterygella, Hadimina genera with the Drusus genus. These old genera of artificial constructs were established exclusively by divergences of secondary sexual traits known already to have only species level ranking value. According to our new character ranking system in the Drusinae subfamily, beside the Drusus genus, only the Ecclisopteryx genus has been retained having robust generic level divegences of paraproct loss and ancestral duplication of spine organising centre on the paramere pattern. Speciation trait function of the peg-packed surface on the paraproct head in Drusus genus moved to the gonopod apices and integrated into variously shaped stimulatory organ in the Ecclisopteryx genus. In the Drusus genus the ancestral divergence of the single spine organising centre has integrated 11 species groups with remarkably stable paramere spine pattern. Based upon ancestral divergences in the paraproct architecture we have differenciated 28 species complexes inside the 11 species groups. The delineation of the 163 mostly incipient siblings species, inside the 28 species complexes with 44 new Drusus species, was based primarily on the divergences of speciation trait, that is in the stimulatory head shape of the apical arms on the dorsal branches of the paraproct. In the Ecclisopteryx genus with 14 species we have established two independent lineages both with a single species, as well as two species complexes with five new species applying the speciation trait of the genus, that is the shape divergence of the stimulatory organ on the dorsoapical surface of the gonopods. Based on the Darwinian natural selection, we do not understand how the discovered 70+49 new European incipient phylogenetic species of limnephilid caddisflies have been evolved in the isolated sky island habitats of high mountain ranges. This isolation induced speciation represents a challenge to the mechanistic reductionist concept of the natural selection. Our first trial to extract information from various disciplines to answer this question is presented in a brief theoretical discourse: (1) rethinking the status of natural selection towards postdarwinism; (2) teleology or teleonomy; (3) limits and potentials in understanding reality; (4) organisation of universe by integration; (5) what are and how the organising forces are powered to work in the emerging energy mechanisms; (6) divergence by integration; (7) divergence in isolation; (8) reproductive isolation by sexual selection; (9) shape divergence; (10) speciation traits; (11) generic ranking characters. Assessing the limits and potentials, the humility and hybris attitudes towards understanding reality, we hypothesise an integrative power of organisation, instead of simplistic natural selection, that works both in isolated and sympatric populations to maintain the integer state of the integrated autonomic entities against mutations, permutations, transmutations and perturbations. The permanent flux of these adverse, neutral or advantegous external and internal effects generates and gives rise to a responsive and balancing integrative mechanisms with comparative magnitude and multitude. This permanently balancing organisation process develops and drives a large number of interactions along various patterns of supervenient emergent mechanisms in order to integrate them into an oscillating autonomy. In isolation of the sky-islands on high altitudes, the divergences of new taxa are the adaptive autonomic byproducts of this integrative organisation. Integration and not the selection is the real force mechanism that harmonises the concerted flux of stochastic processes into reproductive isolation by sexual selection. The primacy of integration is clearly demonstrated by empirical evidences in the causes and consequences of the integrated speciation traits. Any kind of selection, artificial, natural, social or sexual, is only an emergent perturbating mechanism forced to integrate into the autonomy of an entity. This is how the entanglement of the quantum world and any supervenient integer work together through energeticism of the interactive realism. This is a must in the ontic, epistemic and semantic structural realism.

The caddisfly materials collected by Hungarian zoologists during 25 collecting trips between the years of 1970 and 2016 in the Korean Peninsula was identified and compared when required with Eastern Palaearctic relatives. The appen-dicular genital terminology was adopted and applied to several representatives of Polyphorae taxa. We identified 95 caddisfly species, including 5 new records for the Korean Peninsula: Tinodes higashiyamanus Tsuda, 1942, Apatania yenchingensis Ulmer, 1932, Neophylax relictus (Martynov, 1935), Limnephilus quadratus Martynov, 1914, and Hydatophylax soldatovi (Martynov, 1914). We have described the following 12 species new to science: Plectrocnemia ussurica Oláh & Johanson sp. nov. (Russia); Psychomyia tompa Oláh & Johanson sp. nov. (Russia); Psychomyia vandor Oláh & Johanson sp. nov. (Russia); Agapetus vastag Oláh & Johanson sp. nov. (Russia); Agapetus vekon Oláh & Johanson sp. nov. (Russia); Neophylax goguriensis Oláh & Park sp. nov. (North Korea); Neophylax sillensis Park & Oláh sp. nov. (South Korea); Dicosmoecus coreanus Oláh & Park sp. nov. (South Korea); Dicosmoecus juliarum Oláh sp. nov. (Russia); Dicosmoecus mongolicus Oláh sp. nov. (Mongolia); Asynarchus mongolicus Oláh sp. nov. (Mongolia); Psilotreta kerka Oláh sp. nov. (North Korea).

The discovery of two new sibling species of the Rhyacophila obscura species group in the same population from the Fan-Si-Pan Mts. of Vietnam and the detected shape divergences of paraprocts with speciation trait function of repro-ductive barrier building initiated the survey of the entire species group. Character tree discordances inside the species tree motivated and justified us to survey briefly some aspects of splitting theory and practice. At all levels of taxonomic hierarchy there are genealogical discordances. Every homologous phenomic trait or nucleotide position may have their own true tree-like history. How taxonomists try to create nominal kinds most corresponding to the natural kinds along the iterative fractal splitting. Fractal is the nature‘s geometry and organises itself by the negentropy of integration and reticulation against the entropy of disintegration. Splitting along fractals and reticulation produces independent adaptive or neutral genealogically discordant trees; therefore, the reality of phylogenetic trees is highly questioned. Pheneticists work with large set of unweighted characters and without real hermeneutic analysis. Applying large number of unweighted adult, larval or molecular characters of independent tree histories and without hermeneutics we kill the reality of splitting. In the genealogy of Rhyacophila obscura species group we have applied weighted characters in lineage splitting by the hermeneutics of adaptive/neutral, commonality/generality, distribution/area and complexity/simplicity principles. Rhyacophila obscura, the ancestral species of the species group has (1) the most robust/complex adaptive epiproct and paraproct, the traits liable to adaptive divergences in reproductive isolation; (2) the most common/general distribution of the adaptive ancestral epiproct in the complex; (3) and the largest distributional area. This ancestral species was diverged to R. bidens, to the ancestor of the complex splitted by the reduction of epiproct to a small bilobed structure. The ancestral complex of R. obscura and the first splitted complex of R. bidens have been further splitted both by contemporary adaptive paraproct reduction and by neutral stochastic shape divergences of segment X and harpagones. During these splitting practices four new species were described: R. assamensis sp. nov., R. atlagos sp. nov., R. kurta sp. nov., R. sudar sp. nov.

Taxonomy of the “widely distributed and highly varying species” in the small Aethaloptera genus was questioned long ago. Relying on the macro morphology, detectable by the routine resolution of the stereomicroscope, these species look very similar. However, applying the higher resolution of compound microscope with focusing on profile stability, significant shape divergences have been recognised in the fine structure of the speciation trait that is in the much specialised head structure of the phallic organ. The ancestral prototype of caddisfly genitalia is highly modified in the Hydropsychidae family. The hydropsychid prototype is further organised in the macronematine Aethaloptera genus: the abbreviated primordial genital structures of Hydropsychidae family are retracted into the invaginated tip of the phallotheca with apomorphic organisation of complexity by reduction or simplification, a complexity integrated by incremental subtraction. Examining the fine phenomics of the phallic head we have tripled the species number in this small genus and delineated altogether 12 species. We expect many more species to be collected and distinguished in this neglected genus by the fine structure of this speciation trait. Here we established two new species groups: Aethaloptera dispar new species group and A. meyi new species group and described five new species: Aethaloptera felalla, A. karima, A. malickyi, A. meyi and A. wellsi spp. nov.

A new genus, Agaphylax gen. nov. is erected for a new species, Agaphylax balcanicus collected in the Balkan Peninsula (Macedonia). The new genus is established primarily on the uniquely organised paramere with character combi-nations of the cerci and paraproct complex. This unique taxon confirms recent findings in Dicosmoecinae and Drusinae subfamilies and Hesperophylacini tribe suggesting that parameres may have high ranking value and real capacity to detect ancestral and contemporary lineage divergences in the Limnephilinae subfamily. Theoretical aspects of taxonomical ranking are discussed briefly in order to understand the biological ranking value of the paramere traits: semiotic/semiolo-gic/semantic/hermeneutic epistemology; specific/generic, ancestral/derived, complex/simple, adaptive/neutral characters; speciation super traits/limits of single traits; unweighted/weighted characters. Ancestral paramere structures, the basic ples-iomorphic paramere patterns are presented along transformation series of simplification in the five tribes of Limnephilinae subfamily, as a working hypothesis for a future comprehensive paramere revision.

The Japanese species of Oxyethira Eaton (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae) are reviewed confirming 8 described species, and introducing 2 new species, O. tsuruga and O. shumari spp. nov. For clear comparisons and to include new details, males of all the 10 species and females of 9 species, except O. ozea Oláh and Ito, 2013 are redescribed or described. O. kakida Oláh and Ito, 2013 is synonymized with O. angustella Martynov, 1933.

The following new species are described from the long-horned caddisfly genera Triaenodes McLachlan, 1865; Vietnam: T. catbana, T. sokaga; Indonesia (Sumba Island): T. sumbana; Indonesia (Batanta Island): T. apraka, T. bala, T. harmasa, T. izgaga, T. jobba, T. kalija, T. marleorum, T. nemapraka, T. sagodii, T. sarla, T. torpa, T. tudarda, T. zugora; Indonesia (Papua): T. atkarol, T. fodra, T. hasa, T. lemeza, T. tarula, T. zicsii; Solomon Islands: T. fura, T. gerela, T. picinka; New Hebrides: T. fioka, T. nakla; Fiji Islands: T. bunka, T. buzoga, T. ketaga, T. koba, T. ranca. Triaenodes dusra Schmid described from China has been recorded from Malaysia and Vietnam. Triaenodes pellectus Ulmer described from Japan has been recorded from Vietnam. Triaenodes pentheus Malicky described from Thailand has been recorded from Vietnam. Phylogenetic relation of Triaenodes paratlan Oláh & Mey described from Indonesia (Papua) has been revised.

Speciation traits of paramere, paraproct and aedeagus were applied to find initial split criteria with fine structure analysis in order to prepare diverged trait matrices for delimiting phylogenetic incipient species of unsettled limnephilid taxa in the early stages of reproductive isolation. A brief history is presented how this phenotypic taxonomic tool of the speciation traits was discovered and applied in caddisfly taxonomy. The theoretical basis was elaborated for the phenotypic speciation trait by reviewing several relevant topics in the sciences of taxonomy, molecular genetics and phylogenetics. Perspectives of integrative taxonomy is discussed in context of phenotype versus genotype, immensely complex phenotype versus phenomic challenge, taxonomic impediment versus genetic expedient, taxonomic adaptation of genetic vocabulary versus genetic sophistication and virtualization, New Systematics of Huxley and Mayr versus New Taxonomy of Wheeler. Debates on magic trait, speciation phenotype, speciation trait and super traits are discussed concluding that evolution works with phenotype and why the cryptic species concept is irrelevant. Briefly summarized how speciation traits evolve in sexual selection, through accelerated reproductive isolation with genital evolution through sex-limited speciation traits, including minor sex chromosomes. Why neutral molecular markers are blind compared to the adaptive speciation traits sensitized by fine structure analysis and backed by the potential of high-tech and high-throughput phenotyping and cyber-infrastructure broadly accessible and fed by computable phenotype descriptions. What sort of genetics could really help taxonomy to describe biodiversity of the over 100 million unknown taxa? Collecting new and re-examining old type materials deposited in various collections, the following taxonomic actions were elaborated by speciation traits. Drusus bolivari new species complex has been erected with redescription of Drusus bolivari (McLachlan, 1876), with species status resurrection of D. estrellensis (McLachlan, 1884) stat. restit., with description of five new species: D. carmenae Oláh, sp. nov., D. gonzalezi Oláh, sp. nov., D. grafi Oláh, sp. nov., D. gredosensis Oláh, sp. nov., D. jesusi Oláh, sp. nov., D. pyrenensis Oláh & Coppa, sp. nov. Genus Isogamus is revised with description of two new species: I. baloghi Oláh, sp. nov., I. balinti Oláh, sp. nov. Melampophylax genus revised with one new species cluster: M. nepos, with two new species descriptions: M. keses Coppa & Oláh, sp. nov. M. szczesnyorum Oláh & Chvojka, sp. nov., with three new species status: M. banaticus Botosaneanu, 1995 stat. nov., M. gutinicus Botosaneanu, 1995 stat. nov., M. triangulifera Botosaneanu, 1957 stat. nov. Rhadicoleptus genus revised with redescription of R. alpestris (Kolenati, 1848), with three new species status: R. macedonicus Botosaneanu & Riedel, 1965 stat. nov. R. meridiocarpaticus Botosaneanu & Riedel, 1965 stat. nov. R. sylvanocarpaticus Botosaneanu & Riedel, 1965 stat. nov., with one species status resurrection: R. spinifer (McLachlan, 1875) stat. restit. Based on paramere evolution the Rhadicoleptus genus is transferred from the tribe Limnephilini to Stenophylacini. Annitella kosciuszkii new species complex has been erected and revised with redescription of A. chomiacensis (Dziędzielewicz, 1908), A. lateroproducta (Botosaneanu, 1952), with one species status resurrection: A. kosciuszkii Klapálek, 1907 stat. restit., with description of a new species: A. wolosatka Oláh &Szczęsny, sp. nov., with two new synonyms: A. dziedzielewiczi Schmid, 1952 synonym of A. kosciuszkii. syn. nov., A. transylvanica Murgoci, 1957 synonym of A. kosciuszkii. syn. nov. Chaetopteryx rugulosa species group revised with description of five new species: C. balcanica Oláh, sp. nov., C. karima Oláh, sp. nov., C. kozarensis Oláh, sp. nov., C. psunjensis Oláh, sp. nov., C. tompa Oláh, sp. nov., with three species status resurrections: C. papukensis Oláh & Szivák, 2012 stat. restit., C. prealpensis Oláh, 2012 stat. restit., C. zalaensis Oláh, 2012 stat. restit. Psilopteryx psorosa new species group erected and revised with three new sibling species complexes: P. bohemosaxonica, P. carpathica, P. psorosa, with two new species descriptions: P. javorensis Oláh, sp. nov., P. harmas Oláh & Chvojka, sp. nov. with one species status resurrection: P. carpathica Schmid, 1952 stat. restit., with three new species status: P. bohemosaxonica Mey & Botosaneanu, 1985 stat. nov., P. retezatica Botosaneanu & Schneider, 1978 stat. nov., P. transylvanica Mey & Botosaneanu, 1985 stat. nov.

Based upon our previous reviews on the phylogenetic species concept, initial split criteria and fine structure analysis here we summarize population and model thinking as support to our diverged structure matrix procedure to test simply visually or, if required, by geometric morphometrics the stability of sexual selection-driven adaptive, non-neutral traits of the phallic organ. Complexity review helped us to establish plesiomorphic and apomorphic states of parameres of the phallic organ. Fine structure diversity of the adaptive traits of paramere and the apical portion of aedeagus has been applied to revise the Allogamus genus. All the known 22 taxa, 19 species and 3 subspecies, have been revised. Apomorphic fusion of parameres and complexity evolution of aedeagus directed us to erect 2 rediagnosed species groups, 1 new species group, 4 new species subgroups, 1 new species complex, 10 new species and 4 new or revised species status as follows: Allogamus auricollis species group, rediagnosed. Allogamus antennatus new subgroup: A. antennatus (McLachlan, 1876), A. ausoniae Moretti, 1991, stat. rev., A. morettii DePietro & Cianficconi, 2001, stat. rev., A. silanus Moretti 1991, stat. nov. Allogamus auricollis new subgroup: A. alpensis Oláh, Lodovici & Valle sp. nov., A. auricollis (Pictet, 1834), A. despaxi Decamps, 1967, A. zomok Oláh & Coppa sp. nov. Allogamus hilaris new subgroup: A. hilaris (McLachlan, 1876). Allogamus ligonifer new subgroup: A. gibraltaricus Gonzalez & Ruiz, 2001, A. kefes Coppa & Oláh sp. nov., A. laureatus (Navas, 1918), A. ligonifer (McLachlan, 1876), A. pertuli Malicky, 1974, A. pupos Coppa & Oláh sp. nov. Allogamus mortoni new species complex: A. kampos Oláh & Ruiz sp. nov., A. kettos Oláh & Ruiz sp. nov., A. kurtas Oláh & Zamora-Muñoz sp. nov., A. mortoni (Navas, 1907), A. pohos Oláh & Zamora-Muñoz sp. nov., A. tuskes Oláh & Sáinz-Bariáin sp. nov. Allogamus corsicus new species group: A. corsicus (Ris, 1897). A. illiesorum Botosaneanu, 1980 stat. rev. Allogamus uncatus species group, rediagnosed: A. botosaneanui Moretti, 1991, A. dacicus (Schmid, 1951), A. fuesunae Malicky, 2004, A. mendax (McLachlan, 1876), A. pantinii Oláh, Lodovici & Valle sp. nov.,A. periphetes Malicky, 2004, A. stadleri (Schmid, 1951), A. starmachi Szczesny, 1967, A. tomor Oláh, 2012, A. uncatus (Brauer 1857).

Applying the phylogenetic species concept and the sexual selection theory we have reviewed some natal aspects of incipient species and their accelerated evolution. How can we recognise early stages of divergence? Which selection pressures are at work during speciation? Which pathways accelerate the speed of speciation? Which kinds of trait variabilities makes difficult to find initial split criteria? Elaborating the principles of Fine Structure Analysis (FSA) and the morphological Initial Split Criteria (ISP) it was discovered that the European spring dwelling caddisfly Potamophylax nigricornis doesn’tbelong to a single species. It represents an entire species group with seventeen peripatric species evolving on the southernperipheries of the distributional area. Four new species subgroups have been erected: Potamophylax nigricornis new species subgroup, P. elegantulus new species subgroup, P. horgos new species subgroup, P. simas new species subgroup. Eleven new species have been described: Potamophylax apados sp. nov., P. fules sp. nov., P. fureses sp. nov., P. hasas sp. novov., P. horgos sp. nov., P. kethas sp. nov., P. lemezes sp. nov., P. peremes sp. nov., P. simas sp. nov., P. tuskes sp. nov., P. ureges sp. nov. One Potamophylax sp. nov. has been differentiated and three new species status have been documented:Potamophylax elegantulus (Klapálek) stat. n., P. mista (Navás) stat. nov., P. testaceus (Zetterstedt) stat. nov.

A brief synopsis of the Oxyethira flavicornis species group is produced by the examination of type materials. Diagrammatic drawings with similar style were prepared for all the known and for the new species. Short description of genus Oxyethira, subgenus Oxyethira, species group of Oxyethira flavicornis are presented together with the description of five species clusters: O. datra new species cluster, O. ecornuta new species cluster, O. flavicornis new species cluster, O. hiroshima new species cluster, O. tiunovae new species cluster. Five new species are described from the O. flavicornis species group: O chitosea sp. n., O. hena sp. n., O. hiroshima sp. n., O. kakida sp. n., O. mekunna sp. n. One new species is described from the Oxyethira grisea species group: Oxyethira ozea sp. n. and two new species from the Oxyethira ramosa species group: Oxyethira miea sp. n., Oxyethira okinawa sp. n.

The overall declining state of the western taxonomy is clearly documented by the present fate of the extremely high valued and huge unidentified caddisfly material collected in India and deposited in the Canadian National Collection. Due to the general lack of both financial and scientific resources in taxonomy, this huge collection remained almost untouched during the last 70 years after its collection. With a tribute to the collector, Fernand Schmid, the great caddisfly collector and taxonomist we have reconstructed his collecting activities of the five years in India by geolocalization and elaborated about ten percent of his undetermined Hydropsychidae in the Diplectroninae and Hydropsychinae subfamilies. Description of 145 new species from this small fragment of the huge unidentified collection demonstrates a pronounced underestimation of the biodiversity in general, routinely measured by gross phenomics. During this study we have reinstated the species status of seven taxa: Diplectrona kirimaduhela Schmid, 1958, stat. restit., Cheumatopsyche rienga Oláh & Johanson, 2008, stat. restit., Cheumatopsyche amurensis Martynov, 1934, stat. restit., Cheumatopsyche banksi Mosely, 1942, stat. restit., Cheumatopsyche processuata (Martynov, 1927), stat. restit., Potamyia klakahana (Ulmer, 1951), stat. restit., Potamyia proboscida Li & Tian, 1996, stat. restit., and raised the subspecies status to species rank of Diplectrona stigmatica Banks, 1937, stat. nov. Furthermore, we have established four new species groups, sixteen new species complexes and described 145 new species.

In our first paper on Chinese Trichoptera we have reinstated the species status of Polymorphanisus hainanensis Martynov, 1930 stat. restit. and furthermore described 44 species new to science: Chimarra fureses sp. nov., Stenopsyche levelaga sp. nov., S. tulipanos sp. nov., Dipseudopsis kulonc sp. nov., Nyctiophylax (Paranyctiophylax) bubos sp. nov., Diplectrona dedomba sp. nov., D. kinulta sp. nov., Polymorphanisus liorum Oláh, sp. nov., P. totaorum sp. nov., Hydromanicus heges sp. nov., H. mintas sp. nov., H. ritkas sp. nov., Hydropsyche cernaka sp. nov., H. keses sp. nov., H. nagpupos sp. nov., H. vaza sp. nov., H. keska sp. nov., H. tagra sp. nov., H. laposhat sp. nov., H. picibunk sp. nov., H. lelapa sp. nov., H. nulanka sp. nov., H. kispupos sp. nov., H. lehajla sp. nov., Cheumatopsyche bujkala sp. nov., C. domborula sp. nov., C. forrta sp. nov., C. kiugra sp. nov., C. lepa sp. nov., C. magaska sp. nov., C. perem sp. nov., C. rovides sp. nov., C. sikoska sp. nov., C. bunkos sp. nov., C. kurtula sp. nov., C. sara sp. nov., C. harma sp. nov., C. lekera sp. nov., Rhyacophila simpla sp. nov., R. taraja sp. nov., Oecetis girba sp. nov., Asynarchus delies sp. nov. and Pseudostenophylax haromsog sp. nov.

Lumpers, focussing between gross and molecular morphologies and neglecting fine phenomics, highly underesti-mate biodiversity. The outdated lumper’s attitude fixed in the Distribution Atlas of European Trichoptera (Neu et al. 2018) is revisited and some theoretical background of why and how to delineate phylogenetic-retigenetic incipient species is outlined very briefly. We expose the adverse effect of lumpers in order to improve by fine phenomics the detection of the fine structure of the local genetic resources, the most valuable and most specific living components, the endemics of the particular ecosystems. In the Italian caddisfly fauna we have recorded, treated or revised the species complex status of Plectrocnemia geni-culata, Tinodes dives, Diplectrona atra, Rhyacophila praemorsa, R. pubescens, R. vulgaris, Drusus graecus, D. discolor D. muelleri, D. flavipennis, D. mixtus, D. spelaeus, D. alpinus, D. nebulicola, Limnephilus stigma. Raised the subspecies status to phylogenetic-retigenetic incipient species rank of Plectrocnemia calabrica Malicky, 1971 stat. nov., Tinodes cantabricus Botosaneanau & Gonzalez, 2001 stat. restit., stat. nov., Tinodes consiglioi Botosaneanu, 1980 stat. nov. Tinodes jeekeli Botosaneanu, 1980, stat restit., stat. nov., Ernodes romaniulus Moretti, Cianficconi, Campadelli & Crudele, 1999 stat. nov. Described 21 new species: Wormaldia ameliae sp. nov., W. dupla sp. nov., W. joani sp. nov., W. marilouae sp. nov., W. reggella sp. nov., W. toscanica sp. nov., Diplectrona ligurica sp. nov., Rhyacophila abruzzica sp. nov., R. harmasa sp. nov., R. ligurica sp. nov., R. pilosa sp. nov., Drusus oblos sp. nov., D. cerreto sp. nov., D. dondenaz sp. nov., D. tagolt sp. nov., D. hatras sp. nov., D. granparadiso sp. nov., D. camposilvano sp. nov., Limnephilus logos sp. nov., Chaetopteryx kimera sp. nov., Consorophylax juliae sp. nov.

The taxonomic potential of speciation traits, the adaptive structural components of the phallic head that build the early stages of reproductive barriers was applied in our first revision of the Aethaloptera genus with unsettled obscured taxonomy. The present paper complements the first revision and is based on the examination of the historical Aethaloptera collection of the Natural History Museum, London. The difficulty of presenting the tiny, subtle, but stable divergences in the speciation traits is discussed. The presented graphical copy of phenomic reality delineates species reliably if the matrices of the drawings from various populations, clearly visualizes empirically, without geometric morphometrics, that the detected shape divergences are larger than the combined variation ranges of the artefacts and of the infra-populations. Based upon the lateral profiles of the phallic head two new species complexes: A. dispar and A. maxima and four new species have been described: A. nulta sp. nov., A. pipa sp. nov., A. feltora sp. nov. and A. pricei sp. nov.

Seven species are recorded and ten new species are described from Oriental, Afrotropical and Neotropical Fauna Regions: Abacaria dufforum sp. nov., Cyrnellus kesken sp. nov., C. kozepes sp. nov., Orthotrichia palama sp. nov., Marilia annae sp. nov., Phylloicus kinovos sp. nov., Atanatolica homora sp. nov., Oecetis fura sp. nov., O. siska sp. nov., Contulma duffi sp. nov. Based on theoretical outline of how to delineate young incipient sibling species with more phenomics and less genomics, the new species complex of Oecetis amazonica is erected as well as an instantiated failure of neutral DNA markers are presented on Allogamus auricollis and A. alpinus siblings.