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INTRODUCCIÓN: El principal objetivo de la terapia endodóntica consiste en la limpieza, desinfección y conformación del sistema de conductos radiculares, con el fin de permitir una obturación tridimensional que garantice la ausencia de filtración del conducto a la zona perirradicular. WaveOne Gold (WOG) es un sistema de instrumentación mecanizada que consta de una secuencia de instrumentos de niquel titanio (NiTi) con características específicas en cuanto a su calibre y conicidad; que se presenta con conos de gutapercha WOG con calibre y conicidad equivalente a los instrumentos. Por otro lado, existen en el mercado, conos de gutapercha Meta Biomed con conicidad y calibre similar a los instrumentos WOG. OBJETIVO: Evaluar in vitro la adaptación de los conos de gutapercha en un conducto curvo simulado instrumentado con el sistema Wave One Gold. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó un bloque acrílico de entrenamiento con conducto curvo simulado, instrumentado con lima Wave One Gold Primary. Se seleccionaron 10 conos de gutapercha Wave One Gold Primary y 10 conos 25/.06 de la firma Meta Biomed, entre aquellos conos de gutapercha que llegaron a la longitud de trabajo y ajustaron. Se tomó una foto al conducto instrumentado vacío, utilizando el microscopio clínico y posteriormente, a cada cono de gutapercha dentro del bloque. A partir de las imágenes digitales, con el software Corel Draw v.17 se delimitó la superficie del conducto instrumentado y la superficie del cono de gutapercha. Se realizó una superposición de ambas imágenes para medir la adaptación del cono de gutapercha a la superficie del conducto, en toda la longitud del conducto, a intervalos de 1 mm utilizando el software Image Pro-Plus v.4.5. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la prueba de la varianza o factor. RESULTADOS: La adaptación del cono de gutapercha WOG Primary en el conducto simulado reveló menos espacios vacíos que el de Meta Biomed, en los tercios coronario y medio en el lado interno y externo de la curvatura, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p=0,002). CONCLUSIÓN: La adaptación del cono de gutapercha en conductos simulados, instrumentados con WOG Primary, fue mejor cuando se usó el cono WOG Primary que el cono Meta Biomed 25/.06. Sin embargo, con ambos conos se observaron espacios vacíos en los tercios medio y cervical del conducto.

Influenza A viruses (IAV) have been repeatedly demonstrated to circulate in wild suid populations. In this study, serum samples were collected from 2618 free-ranging wild boars in a protected area of Northern Italy between 2007 and 2014, and firstly screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the presence of antibodies against IAV. The ELISA-positive samples were further tested by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays performed using antigen strains representative of the four major swine IAV (sIAV) lineages circulating in Italy: avian-like swine H1N1, pandemic-like swine H1N1, human-like swine H1N2 and human-like swine H3N2. An overall seroprevalence of 5.5% (145/2618) was detected by ELISA, with 56.7% (80/141) of screened sera tests positive by HI assay. Antibodies against H1N1 subtypes were the most prevalent beginning in 2009—with the highest detection in the first quarter of the year—until 2013, although at a low level. In addition, antibodies to H3N2 subtype were found during six years (2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014) whereas H1N2 antibodies were detected in 2012 only. Of the HI-positive samples, 30% showed reactivity to both H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. These results provide additional insight into the circulation dynamics of IAV in wild suid populations, suggesting the occurrence of sIAV spillover events from pigs to wild boars.

The fiftieth anniversary of the double helix was marked two years ago. The elucidation of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick can rightfully be considered to be "the" milestone in modern biology because it has conditioned the explosive growth in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the structural and functional organization of single cells and multicellular organisms....

As our subscribers have been notified in a recent letter, this issue of the European Journal of Histochemistry is the last one to be edited and printed by “Luigi Ponzio e figlio editori”: They have generously collaborated with us with the greatest care and professionality for the past twenty years and for that we wish to thank Mr. Luigi Ponzio and his entire staff (in particular, Mr. Luigi Guardamagna) most hearthly. The new publisher Tipografia PIME Editrice has assured us of a strong support in the promotion and the development of the image of the European Journal of Histochemistry in its relations with the media at all levels. While a change in the Publisher may be seen as a merely technical one, it is also the occasion to reflect upon how a Journal such as ours can be enriched. The Journal’s topics touch upon many of the basic issues in biology and, through these, in pathology. Our subjects are humans, as well as all animals and plants, not only looked upon as objects for comparison and taxonomic analysis, but also as models for detailed study..........

The year 2000 has been called “The year of the genome”. Perhaps better would have been to call it “The year of encroaching genomics” (Einarson and Golemis, 2000) intending by this vivid term the torrents of information pouring out of multiorganizational genome sequence projects, large research groups, consortia and industries into the field of active biological research. This is bound to have a strong impact on how research strategies will be designed from now on and it is our expectation that the year 2001 will be the year in which the small academic laboratories now at the forefront of research will have to cope with this new situation if they are to remain at the cutting edge. They will have to show granting institutions how their new research project proposals involve collaboration with large scientific groups and industries such as those mentioned above in order to win financial backing.

This issue of the Journal is mainly devoted to a specific, crucial topic in the field of histochemical research: how in situ technologies can be exploited to study tissue samples from patients with specific diseases. The final goal is on one hand a more accurate diagnosis; on the other, the identification of specific features that can: i) be followed and compared at different time points ii) provide hints on the natural history of the disease and iii) represent surrogate end-points for targeted molecular treatments. The European Journal of Histochemistry has always been particularly concerned with the molecular study of diseases in different tissues, and we had the privilege to publish recently several cuttingedge reports dealing with such a subject (Boniotto et al., 2003; Lanni et al., 2003; Maraldi et al., 2003; Munoz et al., 2003; Benkoel et al., 2004; Cremer et al., 2004; Rambotti et al., 2004;Trovato et al., 2004;Waltregny et al., 2004;Woodall and Graham, 2004)

In my editorial covering the year 2001, I drew attention to «the torrency of information pouring out of the multiorganizational genome sequence projects into the field of active biological research». On that occasion I also expressed the opinion that this enormous quantity of data coming from genomics and proteomics had to be elaborated by resorting even to new models of cell activity, as for instance, models based on the role of transcripts. The data from this postgenomic biology have to be compared, however, with the qualitative and quantitative data emerging today from the histochemical literature obtained from a variety of models and from the complexity of integrated morphological, submorphological, enzymo- or immunohistochemical in situ biological approaches which are the mainstays of the important refluorishing of the new histochemistry that our Journal has always supported. The objectives of this science are the molecular foundations of the function of the cell organelles, the coordinations among the different organelle activities in a cell, the rhythm of life of different cell populations and their correlation with different tissutal and extratissutal specialisations in humans, mammals, vertebrates, invertebrates and plants and finally bacteria and viruses during development under normal and pathological conditions (see Manfredi Romanini, 2002).

A associação de inoculante e aplicação de nitrogênio pode ser um fator favorável para aumentar a produtividade de grãos de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.). Assim, avaliou-se o efeito da inoculação de sementes com Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli em diferentes níveis de nitrogênio aplicado na semeadura (0 e 10 kg ha-1) e em cobertura (0, 25, 50 e 75 kg ha-1), durante dois anos de cultivo. O delineamento foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x2x4, com quatro repetições. O solo do local é LATOSSOLO VERMELHO Distrófico argiloso. A inoculação proporcionou em média de dois cultivos, incremento superior a 17 % na produtividade de grãos. O nitrogênio aplicado no sulco de semeadura proporcionou maior produtividade de grãos em 2003. A adubação nitrogenada em cobertura aumentou linearmente a produtividade em 3,1 e 3,7 kg de grãos de feijão por kg de nitrogênio aplicado, respectivamente no primeiro (2002) e segundo ano de cultivo (2003).

We have projected this issue of volume 44 of the European Journal of Histochemistry, the first issue of the third millennium, to celebrate the achievements of the just-ended twentieth century, quite agreed upon as the century of histochemistry. The issue opens with a review by van der Ploeg entitled “Cytochemical nucleic acid research during the twentieth century”. This is the text of a lecture he presented in Camerino to the 1999 Congress of Histochemistry on the occasion of his receiving the 1st International Histochemical Award. The award, in memory of the founder of our Society, Maffo Vialli, was instituted for the express purpose of linking more closely our Society with other European histochemical centers, and more generally with their cell biology activities. Prof. van der Ploeg in his article traces a very analytical history of the last century’s research on nucleic acids and, through this, how our knowledge about cell biology and about how life is regulated, progressed. He begins right from the discovery at the end of the seventeenth century of a simple microscope, “insensitive to optical aberration”, which permitted Van Leeuwenhoek to observe unicellular organisms for the first time. From this follows, clearly and compellingly, the evolution of biological thought about the nucleus and cell life, closely correlating it with the development of the instruments of observation and measurement, and the techniques of imaging and quantification of nucleic acids.