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Woolen yarns are the main material for the fabrication of nanocomposite blended yarns, multilayer fabrics and nanostructure nonwovens for the textiles and garments. This study was started in an effort to search the kinetic and thermodynamic characteristics of CI Acid Blue 106 (A leveling acid dye) on woolen yarns. Various models (zero order, first order, second order, Parabolic, cegarra–Puente, and modified cegarra–puente models) were used to recognize an appropriate dyeing apparatus. It was established that the modified cegarra-puente model top fitted to the studied information with the maximum correlation (R2≥0.999). The dyeing-rate constant, the half dyeing times, rise time and fixation time were then considered. Also, thermodynamic parameters, such as the activation energy (Ea), were considered.

In this research, CdWO4 (CWO) and Ag-doped CWO (Ag: CWO) nanopowders were synthesized using the easy, quick, and cost-effective co-precipitation method, considering the wide application of tungstate compounds in optoelectronics, the optical capabilities of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs), and the problems of the crystal growth process. The structural and optical properties of the prepared nanopowders were thoroughly investigated. XRD results verified the production of both nanopowders with monoclinic (wolframite) crystal structures. The lattice parameters, crystallite size, and lattice strain of both CWO and CWO: Ag nanopowders were compared using Rietveld refinement and Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis. The presence of Ag dopant was confirmed by the observed decrease in the intensity of the vibrational mode of ν1 (Ag) at 896 cm-1 in the CWO: Ag Raman spectrum. FE-SEM and TEM images showed that Ag ions increased the size of CWO NPs and introduced some nanorods with a diameter of approximately 29 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) measurements at 2 excitation wavelengths and Ion Beam-Induced Luminescence (IBIL) results revealed that the shallow level of Ag+ dopant near the conduction band of WO66- enhanced its luminescence properties under UV (λ exc=280nm) and ion beam (E=2.2 MeV) excitations. Antibacterial analyses revealed that CWO: Ag nanopowders eliminated over 99.9% of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) in 6 hours. Based on the results, CWO: Ag nanopowder has great potential in laser technologies, spectroscopy, medicine, and E. coli sensors.

The present study was the first report in the needle-based SPE for quantitative analysis of paraquat herbicide, which is a very sensitive, economical, and small method that can be performed at the laboratory level. Boehmite nanoparticles (BN/SPE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV detector was developed for the rapid removal of paraquat herbicide from a natural water sample. Solid phase extraction is a widely employed technique in environmental science for pre-concentration and purification purposes. Nevertheless, conventional methods necessitate the use of electrically powered pumps, large amounts of solvent (especially when multiple samples are processed), and significant time investment to filter a sample. Moreover, if the cartridge is exposed to the atmosphere, there is a risk of volatile compounds being lost and compromising the integrity of the sample. In contrast, needle tip-based solid phase extraction offers several advantages. It can be manually completed in under 2 minutes, requires only microliters of solvent, and yields comparable concentration factors to established methods. Furthermore, it operates as an enclosed system, preventing the loss of volatile components. In this paper, a novel extraction technique termed needle tip-based solid phase nano extraction was developed that describes a rapid method for the quantitative analysis of paraquat from an environmental water sample. Under the optimum extraction conditions, the method showed good linearity in the range of 1–100 µg/mL, acceptable reproducibility (RSD: 0.9507, n =4), and limits of detection (0.1µg/mL).

To generate zinc oxide nanoparticles, we report a straight forward combination reaction between zinc nitrate and Phyllanthus emblica leaf extract. The synthesized nanoparticles were subjected to morphological, optical, and structural studies. We utilized X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). According to the structural analysis, the produced ZnO nanoparticles had a hexagonal wurtzite structure and were crystalline. The development of quasi-spherical zinc oxide nanoparticles with sizes in the range of 20–30 nm was demonstrated using TEM microscopy. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles was evaluated based on the degradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) under UV light. Excellent outcomes were observed for the antifungal activity of the produced products against selected fungi of the Mucor and Aspergillus species by generating zinc oxide nanoparticles with diameters of 6 and 10 mm zone of inhibition.

In this research, silver and silver oxide (Ag/Ag2O) nanocomposites were synthesized using a green method at different concentrations of silver nitrate. In this method, coelomic yellow liquid extracted from earthworms was used as a silver nitrate reduction, which was the novelty of the present work. The obtained nanoparticles crystal structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction pattern and the Rietveld method. Results showed that with increasing the silver nitrate concentration, size and strain of silver oxide nanoparticles remained unchanged, but the silver nanoparticles size increased while strain decreased. SEM images indicated uniform particle distribution, high density, and spherical geometric shape, and their average size changes in the range of 23 ≤ λ ≤ 63 nm By measuring and fitting the nanocomposites ultraviolet (UV) spectra, weight percentage, and absorption peak of each component were determined. Accordingly, with increasing the silver nitrate concentration, the absorption peak for silver nanoparticles shifted to the higher wavelengths, and for silver oxide nanoparticles this peak remained almost constant. Also, silver oxide weight percentage remained almost constant and increased for silver nanoparticles. In the framework of a simple kinematic model, it is shown that its origin can be related to the different reaction speeds of the silver nitrate conversion to Ag/Ag2O.

Hydrogels have emerged as a promising class of biomaterials for drug delivery applications due to their unique physicochemical properties, including high water content, soft and rubbery texture, and ability to encapsulate and release therapeutic agents in a controlled manner. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, types, and applications of hydrogels in various organs of the body for drug delivery. The article first discusses different methods of hydrogel synthesis, including physical, chemical, and enzymatic crosslinking techniques, and how these influence the final properties of the hydrogel. It then categorizes hydrogels based on their source (natural or synthetic), responsiveness to stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light), and structural characteristics (e.g., interpenetrating networks, hybrid hydrogels). The article subsequently explores the utilization of hydrogels for drug delivery in diverse anatomical locations, such as the skin, eyes, nasal and oral cavities, gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and cardiovascular system. It shows how the unique features of hydrogels, such as high biocompatibility, tunable degradation kinetics, and the ability to incorporate various therapeutic agents, making them well-suited for targeted and controlled drug release in these organs. Finally, the article discusses the current challenges and future prospects in the field of hydrogel-based drug delivery systems (DDS), including the need for advanced characterization techniques, scale-up manufacturing, and clinical translation. This article represents a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and pharmaceutical scientists interested in leveraging the potential of hydrogels for innovative drug delivery solutions.

Microfiber-shaped materials have recently gained attention as a highly promising type of energy storage devices due to their exceptional flexibility, high energy density, and long cycle life. In this study, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) nanocomposite films containing graphene oxide (GO) in three different volume fractions of GO as filler (PVP/GO-F: 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 wt.% GO) were prepared via a simple stretching method as a highly luminescent and flexible material. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and luminescence measurement techniques were used to examine the structural and optical properties of these fibers. Furthermore, int the XRD patterns of PVP/GO-F samples, a characteristic graphene oxide peak appeared at 6.85◦ and increased with adding GO concentration. As the GO volume fraction increased in the PVP/GO nanocomposite fibers, the violet-blue luminescence intensity under UV lamp and room temperature increased. According to mechanical properties investigation, with adding graphene, the Young’s modulus and tensile strength increased while the elongation decreased. Furthermore, FE-SEM images showed that microfiber diameter was obtained about 2.2 μm. These nanocomposite fibers are promising for using optics, electricity, optoelectronics, and many other industrial applications such as optical sensor and wearable optoelectronic applications.

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of nano silica and nano phosphate composition on characteristics of artificial insemination semen storage ampoules. The laboratory research used a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two factors, namely the measurement day factor consisting of 21 treatments (day 1 to 21) and the measurement time factor consisting of two treatments (day and night), each repeated three times. The variables studied included temperature (oC), humidity (%), and water content (%). Nanostructure characterization was carried out using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX measurements. The nano silica gel from silica powder from rice husk ash resulted in particles with an average size of 23.65 ± 1.0 nm. These particles were homogeneous, containing only Si-O bonds, in the form of an amorphous SiO2 phase. The nano calcium phosphate was obtained from hydroxy apatite previously isolated from cattle bone waste. It had an average size of 43.39 ± 1.0 nm, was homogeneous, and contained Ca-O, P-O, P=O, O-H bonds, in the form of an amorphous phase Ca3(PO3)2. The calcium silicophosphate gels exhibited homogeneous particle sizes with an average size of 36.98 ± 1.0 nm of Si/P =1. Their particle sizes increased by decreasing Si/P values and decreased by increasing Si/P values significantly. These gels contained Ca-O, P-O, P=O, O-H, Si-O, Si-O-P bonds in the form of amorphous or glacial CaxSiPOy phases. Additionally, the nano silica gel demonstrated a sensitivity to absorb and release water from and to its surrounding environment.

Insecticides are chemicals used to control insects by killing them or preventing them from engaging in undesirable or destructive behaviors. Imidacloprid is an insecticide made to mimic nicotine. Nicotine is naturally found in many plants, including tobacco, and is toxic to insects. Imidacloprid is used to control sucking insects, termites, some soil insects, and fleas on pets. In this study, imidacloprid removal was investigated by synthesized MoO3 from an aqueous solution. For this purpose, FT-IR, XRD, UV–Vis, SEM, and EDS were used to characterize the synthesized nano adsorbents and to determine the removal process. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to investigate the effect of temperature, initial Imidacloprid concentration, and adsorbent count and contact time as important adsorption parameters. The maximum equilibrium time was 25 min with 5 mg adsorbent at 45ºC and pH=7 for MoO3. All the adsorption equilibrium data were well fitted to the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm model with heterogeneous, multilayer, temperature-dependent, irreversible, and nonspontaneous behavior. The ∆H is 0.2 J, and the ∆S is 2.3 J mol-1K-1.

This study aims to expanding sodium alginate poly grafted (fumaric acid-polyacrylic acid)/graphene oxide (SA-g-p(FA-AA)/GO) hydrogel for efficient dye removal. This adsorbent consists of a unique combination of SA-g-p(FA-AA) as a gel-like chemically cross-linked network by incorporating GO as a reinforcing agent and functional additive to enhance the hydrogel’s mechanical properties. An investigation was conducted to examine the impact of pH, adsorbent quantity, temperature, contact time, and salt on the swelling and dye removal capabilities of the synthesized hydrogels. The adsorption experiments revealed that 0.06 g of SA-g-p(FA-AA)/GO demonstrated the maximum adsorption capacity for Crystal Violet (CV) and Rose Bengal (RB) at pH 3 and contact time of 50 min. The dye adsorption kinetics were best modeled using the pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorption isotherms of CV and RB adsorption were analyzed. The CV adsorption follows multilayer Freundlich model, while RB is described by Langmuir’s monolayer isotherm. Additionally, the thermodynamic behavior of the studied dyes removal on SA-g-p(FA-AA) /GO were calculated.

Raphanus sativus L., which belongs to the Brassicaceae family and is commonly known as Radish, is a vegetable grown and consumed around the world as a part of the human diet. All parts, including the seeds, of this plant are intended for diabetes treatment. However, due to the presence of poor water-soluble phytoconstituents and the low bioavailability of seeds, their nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation followed by the probe sonication method. They were also characterized by FTIR, FESEM, and zeta sizer. In addition, the plant extract was subjected to quantitative estimation of total flavonoid and phenolic compounds. The particle size and polydispersity index of prepared nanoparticles were found to be 203.76±2.24 nm and 0.89, respectively. The Zeta potential of the prepared nanoparticles was -6.29 mV. The in vitro antidiabetic effect of the prepared plant extract and its nanoparticles were estimated using the alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition methods and compared with the standard drug Acarbose, which shows significant inhibition of both amylolytic enzymes in a dose-dependent manner.

The flexible CdWO4 (CWO)-20 wt. % polyester (PES) and CWO: 0.5 at. % Ag, 0.5 at. % Gd (co-doped CWO)-20 wt. % PES thin films were prepared by direct mixing technique. The composition of thin films was studied by EDAX analysis. FE-SEM and EDAX-map images exhibited a uniform distribution of CWO and co-doped CWO nanoparticles (NPs) in PES. The precision of the Monte Carlo technique for the computation of alpha particle trajectories in CWO-20wt. % PES and co-doped CWO-20wt. % PES thin films were 55 and 53 µm, respectively, which approximately agreed with FE-SEM images. The band gap energy of co-doped CWO increased based on DRS results. The scintillation responses of thin films were investigated using a 241Am source. Co-doping increased the absolute counting efficiency (up to 74%) and decreased the energy resolution (up to 39 %). The mechanical properties, transparency, and gloss of nanocomposites were also investigated. The results indicate that the manufactured nanocomposites could be promising candidates for ionizing radiation detectors, radiometric monitoring, and light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

The current research seeks to introduce a new catalytic system called poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid sodium)- [Zn2(BDC)1.5(L)(DMF)], which refers to a thermo-responsive amphiphilic Zinc-MOF-paired ionic co-polymeric hydrogel, composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid sodium) hydrogel and [Zn2(BDC)1.5(L)(DMF)] as a metal-organic framework. The catalytic system was constructed using free-radical polymerization at ambient temperature. Dynamic light scattering was then used to assess the temperature-responsiveness of the adsorbent and determine the hydrodynamic radii of the constructed compounds. LCST of the composite was around 56-58 ͌C. To determine the amounts of Zn metals in the prepared compound, atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used. The prepared composites were used to adsorb Methylene Blue from aqueous solutions. The results showed that p(NIPAM-co-NaAMPS)‐([Zn2(BDC)1.5(L)(DMF)]) composite had the potential to effectively adsorb the methylene blue in the solid-liquid biphasic reaction system. After the catalytic activity was completed, the adsorbent could be easily separated from the reaction media by manipulating temperature. It could also be reused without any loss in activity.

Dye synthesis solar cells (DSSCs) are one of the most promising third-generation solar cells due to their simple fabrication, low cost, and chemical versatility. Many factors directly affect the efficiency of DSSCs, and the photoanode plays an important role in improving efficiency through its ability to adsorb dye, electron injection, the ability of recombination, and electron transfer. Due to their wide band gap, stability, and ability to absorb dyes, metal oxide semiconductor nanoparticles such as ZnO and TiO2 are usually used as photoanodes in DSSCs. The working electrode can be improved by adding a low percentage of nano-semiconductors to the TiO2, such as nanometals or other metal oxide. In this review, we report the components of DSSCs and mention their principal work. Then, we discuss different techniques that use metal nanoparticles doped on TiO2 as a photoanode and examine the effect of this dopant on the efficiency of DSSCs.

In this study, a facile and eco-friendly method was developed for synthesizing gold and copper nanoparticles (AuNPs and CuNPs) using the ethanolic extract of Malva parviflora L., which acts as a reducer and stabilizer. The leaf ethanolic extract of Malva parviflora L. was prepared using an ultrasound-assisted extraction method. The obtained extract is capable of synthesizing red-purple colored AuNPs and green colored CuNPs at ambient conditions. The characterizations of the nanoparticles were carried out using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis (PSA), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and zeta potential. The antiviral activity of the compounds was evaluated by measuring the viability of the infected cells by a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The TEM images showed that highly dispersed spherical-shaped AuNPs with sizes less than 20 nm and rod-shaped CuNPs with a length of 82 nm and a width of 12 nm were synthesized. The effect of different variables on the biosynthesis and plasmon absorbance of AuNPs and CuNPs was studied. The results indicat that an intensified plasmon absorbance band of AuNPs and CuNPs was observed in alkaline and acidic media, respectively. Although CuNPs have more cytotoxicity than AuNPs, they are more effective at killing viruses. Additionally, ethanolic extract showed significant antiviral activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations.

In this study, we report the morphological and microstructural characteristics (phase, crystallinity, morphology, surface functional groups) as well as the optical, electrical and gas sensing properties of pristine ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by a simple sol-gel method. Field Emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that the nanoparticles were well synthesized, and their size was in the nanometer range. X-ray diffraction analysis of the synthesized nanoparticles displayed a hexagonal wurtzite crystalline arrangement with a grain size distribution of 21.2 nm for the pure- and 17.5 nm for Cu doped-ZnO. The FT-IR spectra showed a successful substitution of Cu ions in the ZnO lattice. The UV-vis spectroscopy exhibited a red shift in the absorption edge, indicating that the band gap energy decreased from 3.37 to 3.26 eV with Cu doping. The gas sensing nanoparticles were tested for their ability to detect ethanol and acetone in air at different temperatures. The results showed that the pristine ZnO gas sensor displayed a greater response to both gases at the low concentration of 10 ppm. On the basis of the obtained results, the fundamental sensing mechanism on these sensors is discussed in detail.

Studies on the synthesis of graphene oxide in ammonium carbonate solution by electrochemical method were conducted. During the synthesis of graphene oxide, a partial reduction of graphene oxide was observed as a result of stirring the solution. The composition of graphene oxide was analyzed using UV- and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculation methods. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the graphene oxide contains hydroxyl, carboxyl, methylene, methyl, and ether groups connecting aromatic rings. Absorption in the 264 nm region, according to the UV spectrum, indicates a partial reduction of graphene oxide. It is important to carry out the synthesis process in a cold solution of ammonium carbonate because when the solution is warm, the hydrolysis of the salt increases. Ammonia and carbon dioxide gases are released in the hydrolysis process. This research work demonstrates a clean separation of graphene oxide in ammonium carbonate solution.

The aim of the present study is to synthesise silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from ash gourd and cucumber peel extracts and analyse their antimicrobial activities. The synthesised AgNPs are characterized by UV-Visible and FTIR spectral analysis. The synthesised AgNPs showed the corresponding surface plasmon resonance peak in the range of 440-459 nm. The absorption peaks indicated the poly dispersed nature of the AgNPs. The bioactive molecules present in the peel extracts not only reduced the Ag+ ions to AgNPs but also stabilized the synthesised AgNPs. The nature and the particle size of the synthesised AgNPs were determined using XRD analysis. The surface morphology of the synthesised AgNPs was analyzed by SEM analysis. The synthesised AgNPs exhibited antimicrobial activity on selected microorganisms taken in the present study. The synthesised AgNPs directly interacted with the outer membrane of the microorganism, causing the membrane to rupture and thus killing the microorganism. Hence, the AgNPs synthesised from ash gourd and cucumber peel extracts are used as drugs for microbial infection.

This research aimed to investigate the potential of combining tissue engineering with conventional treatment methods to address cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The study focused on designing and 3D printing polymeric scaffolds using a composition of sodium alginate/hyaluronic acid/gelatin (SA/HA/Gel), incorporating heparin as a cardiovascular drug. Scaffolds were printed at different angles (30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°) to assess their physical properties. Various analyses, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), examined factors such as swelling, porosity, degradability, contact angle, and surface morphology. Chemical changes were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) testing. Biocompatibility was assessed through cell adhesion and survival rate analyses using L929 cells. Results showed that higher contact angles increased porosity (42-60%) and improved mechanical properties (47 MPa to 85 MPa). Swelling and contact angle were minimally affected by the printing angle. The release model coefficients and diffusion coefficient varied with the contact angle, suggesting alterations in the drug release mechanism. The controlled release rate of heparin aligned with scaffold degradation, ensuring efficient delivery during tissue repair. Biological evaluation demonstrated satisfactory cell adhesion, biocompatibility, and absence of toxicity in the 3D-printed scaffolds. However, altering the printing angle could modify biological properties due to changes in scaffold characteristics. This study confirms that 3D-printed SA/HA/Gel scaffolds incorporating heparin exhibit desirable physicochemical and biological attributes, making them suitable for drug release systems in cardiovascular tissue applications.

The utilization of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in diverse fields, including medicine, is on the rise, leading to the development of a non-toxic and environmentally friendly synthesis method. This study presents a straightforward and stable one-step synthesis of AgNPs using an aqueous extract of Amygdalus lycioides as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. The experimental findings demonstrated that the presence of Amygdalus lycioides extract results in the formation of AgNPs with smaller size, uniformity, and well-dispersed nanostructures. The synthesis process is significantly influenced by certain reaction parameters such as the molar ratio of AgNO3, temperature, and extract volume. Characterization of the nanostructures was performed using XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR, DLS, and SEM measurements. Furthermore, the AgNPs exhibited potent antibacterial effects, leading to cell death through increasing the membrane permeability and disrupting bacterial wall integrity. Additionally, this research explores the fungicidal characteristics of the colloidal solution of nanosized silver as a potential antifungal treatment against various plant pathogens. Based on the obtained results, AgNPs exhibit varying levels of antifungal activity against these plant pathogens. Molecular docking calculations revealed the binding energy between Ag metal and bacteria. These findings pave the way for effective and novel antimicrobial therapies as alternatives to traditional antifungal and antibacterial drugs, thereby addressing the challenges of microbial resistance and the difficulty of eradicating infections in the near future.

In this work, we investigated the electrocatalytic activity of electrodeposited cobalt and CoMo alloy electrodes towards the oxidation of phenylhydrazine in 1 M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. A previously proposed nontoxic tartrate electrolyte was employed to electrodeposit alloys. Electrochemical methods such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the electrooxidation of phenylhydrazine. When compared to pure cobalt electrodes, the voltammetric data for cobalt-molybdenum alloy electrodes indicated a lower peak potential and a higher peak current density. According to the EIS results, the polarization resistance of the Co-Mo alloy electrodes was much lower compared to the pure Co in 0.1 M phenylhydrazine basic solution. The CA results demonstrated that Co-Mo electrodes had greater stability than cobalt electrode. The Co-25 at % Mo and Co-33 at % Mo electrodes had higher catalytic activity among other synthesized electrodes for phenylhydrazine oxidation in an alkaline medium, the former being the best electrocatalysts for the phenylhydrazine electrooxidation.

This study investigated the potential of retrofitting rainwater collection tanks (RWH) into the facades of student residential colleges to improve internal temperature control. Carbon nanomaterials, including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, were incorporated into the RWH facades to enhance thermal conductivity and mechanical strength. The aim was to address urbanization and climate change challenges through passive cooling strategies. The study analyzed ambient temperature, relative humidity, and wall surface temperature based on heat transfer principles. Statistical attributes, such as maximum, minimum, and average values, as well as daily fluctuations were examined. Heat transmission from external to internal walls was also quantified. Materials analysis in this study involved the utilization of X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for investigating the morphology of CNTs, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for further characterization. The results demonstrated the cooling effectiveness and thermal efficiency of the proposed RWH technology. The west-facing walls with RWH facades showed a remarkable cooling effect of up to 14.41°C compared to non-RWH counterparts. Similarly, east-facing walls equipped with RWH facades exhibited a maximum temperature reduction of 3.41°C. Carbon nanomaterials enhanced the structural integrity of the RWH facades, ensuring long-lasting reliability under challenging conditions. This study highlighted the effectiveness of RWH facades as passive cooling strategies for student residential colleges. The utilization of carbon nanomaterials further enhanced their thermal and mechanical properties. The results indicated valuable insights for improving internal temperature control and addressing climate change challenges in urban environments.

The extracted crude typically contains water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions. In this regrd, a novel demulsifier was synthesized in this research through modifying silica with benzalkonium chloride (SBKC). This demulsifier serves as a low-cost and biodegradable solution for the treatment of w/o emulsions. The amphipathic demulsifier was characterized by various techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In addition, the effects of temperature, standing time, and optimal demulsifier dosage were systematically investigated. Silica was modified with varying contents of BKC. According to the bottle test results, SBKC-20 achieved complete water separation from crude oil in 50 minutes (compared to 75 minutes for pristine silica). The studies showed the considerable effect of temperature on demulsification efficiency, as SBKC-20 separated water in just 1 minute at 95°C. Interfacial tension (IFT), optical microscopy, and contact angle measurements were also employed to better understand the demulsification mechanism. The ability of SBKC-20 particles to penetrate the oil-water interface was confirmed by IFT and optical microscopy. For example, SBKC-20 decreased the IFT between water and crude oil from 18.6 to 6.9 mN.m-1.

In this research, tin sulfide compounds and their dope in different percentages with neodymium were prepared by the sonochemical method. Next, the surface and structure of the synthesized samples were thoroughly analyzed using different detection techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the crystalline phase of tin sulfide and its doping with neodymium was orthorhombic and the results of elemental analysis confirmed the presence of tin, sulfur, and neodymium elements. Based on SEM images, the morphology of the prepared SnS was crystalline and changed to a nanoflower structure after Nd doping. After examining the surface morphology and structure of the synthesized samples, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and 4-probe techniques were employed to study the optical properties and electrical conductivity of these compounds. Band gap calculations based on absorption spectrum data indicated that the band gap decreased with the increase in dopant amount. Additionally, with the increase in the amount of dopant and temperature, the electrical resistance declined and the electrical conductivity increased.

Gene therapy is a rapidly progressing field with vast prospective for fundamentally treating human diseases such as cancer, damaged tissues, and genetic syndromes. Between various approaches of gene delivery, there is a growing interest in oral administration of DNA as one of the safest and most straightforward methods. Nanoparticles are some of the important examples of nano-materials for molecule delivery (drugs, growth factors and DNA) used in biomedical applications. Several researchers have revealed the process of nanotechnology, specifically polymeric nanoparticles, as DNA delivery structures for transdermal routines. Polylactic acid (PLA) and its famous co-polymer polylactic-co-glycolic (PLGA) are biocompatible synthetic polymers widely used to produce nanoparticles. Biobased, biosourced, biodegradable biocompatible, and bioabsorbable polylactide nanoparticles are one of the most promising materials in gene therapy serving as DNA delivery vehicles. Polylactide nanoparticles are easily processable and undergo degradation into natural metabolites while matching its degradation rate with the healing time of damaged human tissues. This mini review presents the new developments in the applications of polylactide nanoparticles as DNA delivery systems. In addition, the release of DNA from these nanoplatforms will be reported briefly.

In this work, α‑Fe2O3 nanoparticles were prepared by sonochemical‑assisted method along with calcination at two different temperatures 500 and 700°C for 3h. The α‑Fe2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by FT‑IR, XRD, VSM and TEM. All results show that the as‑prepared α‑Fe2O3 nanoparticles are of high purity with ferromagnetic behavior, uniform distribution, and low agglomeration. In addition, photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) was studied by α‑Fe2O3 nanoparticles at the presence of H2O2 as an electron trap. Photocatalytic results indicate that 98% and 90% of BPA with the initial concentration of 25 mg/L in the solution were degraded using 0.02 g α‑Fe2O3 nanoparticles within 330 min under the visible light irradiation.

En este estudio, se empleó el diseño experimental simplex reticular aumentado (SRA, por sus siglas en inglés) para ajustar la ecuación matemática que modela el rendimiento de la extracción de astaxantina a partir del exoesqueleto de Litopenaeus vannamei en función de las proporciones de diclorometano, acetona y n-hexano. Se muestra la validez de esta ecuación ajustada con coeficiente de correlación R2 de 0,9802, como modelo para calcular el rendimiento de extracción. Con base en la ecuación ajustada, se definió una región de optimización con las seis mejores combinaciones de solventes; esta región se ubicó en la parte superior del simplex, donde la concentración de diclorometano es mayor y la polaridad de las mezclas oscila entre 1,5 y 4. Se determinó que la interacción entre diclorometano y n-hexano no es significativa. Para un mínimo de rendimiento de 14 μg/g, se identificó que la mezcla óptima para la extracción de astaxantina debe tener un 80 % de diclorometano y un 20 % de n-hexano, con una polaridad de 2,72. Esta combinación condujo a un rendimiento de 15,6 μg/g, superando el obtenido solo con diclorometano (14,7 μg/g). La eficacia de esta metodología radica en su capacidad para explorar de manera sistemática el espacio de diseño y brindar información detallada sobre las interacciones entre los solventes.

Editorial

La investigación se centró en la evaluación del contenido de hierro (Fe2+) en 51 muestras de fideos de diversas formas y precios, correspondientes a 20 marcas comercializadas en Ecuador. Se empleó el método AOAC 944.02 “Hierro en harina” por espectrofotometría, el cual fue validado en este estudio para asegurar su aplicabilidad en la determinación de hierro en fideos. Mediante análisis estadístico, se determinó que las diferentes formas y gamas de precios de los fideos no presentan una significancia estadística sobre el contenido de hierro. Sin embargo, existe una diferencia significativa en el contenido de hierro (p

Curiosidades de la Química

Access to potable water is a global problem, especially in rural communities of the world. Ifite Ogwari is a rural community in Southeastern Nigeria that depends mostly on surface water for its water needs such as drinking. This work explored the use of nanochitosan for removing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in the surface water obtained from Ifite Ogwari. Chitosan extracted from Cambarus bartonii waste (CbC) and artificial chitosan (ArC) supplied by ChitoLytic were reduced to nanochitosan particles. The nanochitosan particles were characterized using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), also known as Photon Correlation Spectroscopy, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). PAHs were assessed in untreated and treated water samples using Gas Chromatography-Flame ionization Detector (GC-FID). Results of DLS particle size analyzer ranged between 55.78 nm and 92.64 nm. FTIR gave bands at 2922.2 cm−1 and 1405.2 cm−1 representing C–H and C–N groups, respectively, while the band at 1025.0 cm−1 stretches C–O–C groups. SEM results show interconnected microporosity while XRD results demonstrate sharp peaks at 2θ = 8.20o, 32.08 o, 38.00 o and 45.76 o for nanochitosan from Cambarus bartonii waste (CbNC) and 2θ = 20.21 o, 31.63 o and 45.48 o for nanochitosan from artificial chitosan (ArNC). Nine PAHs were detected in the untreated water while seven were below detectable limit but none was detected in the treated water samples. This study indicates that nannochitosan synthesized from C. bartonii waste could be used for the removal of PAHs from contaminated surface water.

Zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) possesses exceptional optical properties, making it a valuable material for scintillators and phosphors in radiation detection and imaging applications. Its high density and excellent light yield contribute to its effectiveness in capturing and converting ionizing radiation into detectable signals with precision. In this study, the pure (ZWO) and terbium-doped ZWO nanoparticles (ZWO: Tb) were synthesized using a simple co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Field-Emission Scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the crystal structure, binding vibrations, and morphology of the prepared nanopowders, respectively. The prepared nanoparticles were in a monoclinic wolframite phase with spherical, cubic, and planar (sheet-like) morphologies as well as the average particle size of 256.8 nm. Based on the FTIR results, the characteristic bands of Zn-O, Zn-O-W, and W-O bonds appeared at 428, 716, and 697 cm-1, respectively. The prepared nanopowders can be advantageous for manufacturing flexible fluorescence materials, optoelectronic devices, and detectors.

Glass ionomer cements have gained widespread acceptance in clinical practice due to advancements in their formulation. This study aimed to investigate the fluoride release patterns of three glass ionomer lining materials: a chemical glass ionomer, Vitrebond (a resin-modified glass ionomer), and Ionoseal (a single-component ready-to-use glass ionomer). Samples of each material were prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions and immersed in deionized water. Fluoride release was measured at various time points using a fluoride electrode and ion analyzer. Statistical analysis was performed to assess differences in fluoride release among materials and time points. The results revealed significant differences in fluoride release among the different materials and time points. Vitrebond exhibited the highest cumulative fluoride release during the first week, followed by Fuji I and Ionoseal. This trend persisted until the 21st day. All three materials showed a gradual decrease in fluoride release over time, with statistically significant declines observed at each time point. Despite the decline, the level of fluoride release from all materials was deemed sufficient for caries prevention in tooth tissue. Therefore, any of these materials could be considered for clinical use depending on specific circumstances. Future studies should focus on evaluating the ease of use and other favorable properties of these materials to ensure successful clinical applications.

In this study, ZnWO4:Er3+ nanocrystals were synthesized using a simple co-precipitation method. The structural properties of the prepared powders were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The synthesized nanopowders exhibited a monoclinic wolframite crystal structure. Using the Williamson-Hall method, the lattice strain and crystal size of the synthesized powders were estimated. ZWO nanopowders with a 1 at.% concentration of Er dopant showed the lowest strain and crystallite size. FE-SEM results revealed that the prepared nanoparticles have a spherical morphology with an average size of 140 nm. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of Zn-O, Zn-O-W, and W-O vibrations in the synthesized structure. The transmittance percentage in the doped sample changed concerning the pure one, indicating that interstitial Er3+ ions affected the number of W-O, Zn-O, and Zn-O-W bonds. The facilely synthesized Erbium-doped ZnWO4 nanocrystals showed promise for a range of practical applications.

Mesostructured iron oxide/ethylene glycol (FeOx/EG) nanosheets with an oval shape were created and employed as a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) sorbent to extract herbicide chloridazon. Iron oxide layers are intercalated with deprotonated ethylene glycol molecules to provide an interlayer gap of 10.6 A. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), the size, shape, content, and characteristics of the produced nanocomposite were determined. The key influencing factors for extracting chloridazon, such as the volume of the sample, the amount of sorbent, and the desorption solvent, were optimized. High-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection was the subject of analyses. The approach demonstrated strong linearity in the range of 0.01–100 µg.mL-1, reasonable repeatability (RSD 3.017%, n = 3), and limits of detection (0.001 µg.mL-1) under the ideal extraction conditions.

The current study describes the in-situ growth of ZnS/MoS2 on cellulose paper using the thin-film microextraction (TFME) method. On cellulose paper, ZnS/MoS2 was grown using a simple, easy, and inexpensive hydrothermal method. The digoxin was quantified after TFME using high-performance liquid chromatography-UV detection (HPLC-UV). The effect of effective parameters such as extraction time, extraction temperature, agitation speed, and sample ionic strength was investigated, and the best conditions were selected. Under ideal conditions, a calibration curve with good linearity (R2=0.987) and a low limit of detection (LOD) in the range of 0.01–100 ng mL-1 was obtained. The detection limits were 0.03 ng mL-1. For the digoxin, the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 5.3%. The method was successfully applied to the study of urine and plasma. Relative recoveries were found to range between 96% and102 %. The proposed method provided a straightforward, efficient, and environmentally friendly way for determining digoxin in real-world samples.

In this investigation, CuO NPs, Cu-MnNCs, and Cu-Co NCs were synthesized by the sol gel method in the presence of the stabilizing agent polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). These nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The chemical structure and existence of bonding of PVA integration with nanoparticles were verified by the FTIR analysis. The SEM investigations revealed that the average particle sizes of CuO NPs, Cu-Mn NCs, and Cu-Co NCs were 64.5, 87.5, and 69.0 nm, respectively. Additionally, the XRD analysis supported their nano sizing.The antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities were assessed against 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) with IC50 values of 78.9, 67.8, and 60.8 g/ml, respectively. The antioxidant activities showed that they inhibited the effects of oxidative metabolites.The IC50 value is a quantitative measure that reveals the presence of certain inhibitory chemicals required to block the biological process in vitro .The biological component could be an enzyme, microorganism, or cell receptor. The enzyme inhibition activities of CuO NPs, Cu-Mn NCs, and Cu-Co NCs against urease were found to be 18.5, 23.7, and 34.5 uM, respectively. These characteristic properties suggested that these nanocomposites have biomedical applications. Moreover, they can be efficiently employed for therapeutic purposes.

The quantification and electrochemical behavior of methyldopa in tablet and urine samples were carried out using a glassy carbon electrode modified with double-charged ionic liquid and a layered double hydroxide. Magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxides/double charged diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane ionic liquid (Mg/Al LDH/DABCO-IL) was prepared and immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that Mg/Al LDH/DABCO-IL was successfully synthesized. The cyclic voltammogram of methyldopa on the modified electrode exhibited a well-defined anodic peak at 0.63 V in 0.1 M of ammonia buffer. The experimental parameters were optimized and the kinetic parameters were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the fabricated modified electrode exhibited excellent performance in the linear range of 0.23-860 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.9959. The detection limit was 0.076 μM (S/N = 3). The fabricated electrode showed good reproducibility, stability, and selectivity properties. The method was successfully applied for the determination of methyldopa in pharmaceutical and urine samples.

In this research, layered double hydroxide/halloysite (LDH/Halloysite) nanocomposite was synthesized as a coating for solid-phase microextraction fiber for extraction of phenolic compounds (PCs) in the plasma and water samples. The size, morphology, composition, and properties of the prepared nanocomposite were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform- infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). After solid-phase microextraction, the phenolic compounds were quantified via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Analytical merits of the method, under optimum conditions (extraction temperature: 80°C, extraction time: 30 min, pH: 6.5, stirring rate: 500 rpm, and salt concentration: 15% wv-1), are 0.01–200 ng mL-1 for the linear dynamic range and 0.2-4 pgmL-1 for the limit of detection. In optimum conditions, the repeatabilities for one fiber (n = 3), expressed as relative standard deviation, was between 4.1 and 7.6% for the phenolic compounds. Ultimately, for the analysis of the river water and plasma samples, the SPME technique was successfully applied.

In this study, hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized via solvothermal route and their photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light was studied. The iron precursors solution were prepared by dissolving Fe(NO3)3∙9H2O or Fe2(SO4)3 in an acetic acid glacial/ethanol (9:1 v/v) mixture followed by the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and urea. The as-prepared α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. The characterization results confirmed that the α‑Fe2O3 nanoparticles were successfully prepared which had ferromagnetic behavior and micropores with quasi-spherical shapes. The effect of initial pH solution, contact time, and photocatalyst dosage on the photocatalytic degradation of MO was investigated. The photocatalytic results showed the degradation efficiency of 84.3% and 96.8% for MO, after 120 min of visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic examinations illustrated that the degradation of MO follows Langmuir kinetic model with the rate constant (k) of 0.01374 and 0.02689 min-1, respectively.

A great quantity of chemicals, water, and energy are used during the bleaching of raw polyester (Polyethylene terephthalate) fabrics. For this aim, it is highly significant both economically and ecologically to develop eco-friendlier bleaching technology that removes the necessity for heat energy in the bleaching of these substrates. Here, we report on the green method for laboratory-scale bleaching with H2O2 in the presence of sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), which is used as both wetting agent and pH regulator and contributes to the high whiteness of fabrics. In bleaching, the process of water was used in ambient temperature as forte without any heating process, thus reducing the energy requirement significantly. In the measurements, it was observed that the whiteness value (W.I. = 74.1) was obtained after 10.0 hours of bleaching at 25°C.The SEM image of the polyester (PET) fabrics bleached with H2O2 for 10.0 hours indicated that few nano-sized remained (dusts, waxes and impurities) on the fabric bleached with H2O2 for 10.0 hours. In addition, it has been confirmed that PET fabrics bleached with this method have lowest damage on the fabrics (only 0.716% weight loss, insignificant mechanical reduction). This investigation demonstrated that PET fabrics can be effectively bleached in the presence of Na4P2O7/H2O2 without the necessity for any heating energy.

The electron transport layer plays a pivotal role in shaping the photovoltaic attributes of perovskite solar cells. SnO2 stands out as an exemplary electron transport layer for perovskite solar cells due to its exceptional carrier mobility, deep conduction band, suitable band gap, and compatibility with low-temperature processing. Although surface modification of SnO2 has yielded noteworthy enhancements in device performance over recent years, there remains considerable untapped potential to further refine its efficiency and long-term stability. In this study, thioacetamide was employed to modify the SnO2 surface, aiming to elevate the quality of the electron transport layer and establish a robust interface with perovskite. The findings underscored that the thioacetamide-modified SnO2 layer exhibited augmented perovskite absorption in the visible spectrum compared to the control sample. Additionally, the attenuation in photoluminescence intensity within the modified sample alludes to improved electron extraction and enhanced charge transport from the perovskite layer to the electron transport layer. Assessment of solar cell performance unveiled superior and more consistent photovoltaic parameters in the modified sample. Ultimately, the best efficiency was achieved with the perovskite solar cell using SnO2 modified with thioacetamide, boasting an efficiency of 15.15%

Epoxidized vegetable oils are promising candidates as raw material substitutes for industrial applications. The Chemical modification of epoxies appears to be a pathway towards achieving this goal of replacing raw materials with industrial products. In this study, oil was extracted from cottonseed using a Soxhlet extractor, yielding 35% cottonseed oil. The results obtained in the cottonseed oil characterization were determined as follows: an iodine value of 114.7gI2/100g, acid value of 0.66mgKOH/g, saponification value of 191.2mgKOH/g, specific gravity of 0.923g, peroxide value of 10.42mEq/kg, pH 4.1. The oil was epoxidized using 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the oxygen donor and glacial acetic acid as the oxygen carrier in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst. The fresh oil and the products of the epoxidation reaction were characterized using FTIR analysis, the results of which indicated the disappearance of the carbon-carbon double bond peak at 1655 cm-1 and the appearance of the epoxide peak at 785 cm-1. The analysis also showed the strength of the synthetic epoxy, cotton epoxy cured in 21 minutes versus commercial epoxy cured in 8 minutes. Vegetable oils that have undergone epoxidation are interesting alternatives to replace raw materials in industrial applications. Epoxies can potentially be chemically altered in order to replace raw materials with industrial goods. The following conclusions were drawn from the cottonseed oil characterisation results: the specific gravity is 0.923g, peroxide content is 10.42mEq/kg, pH is 4.1, iodine value is 114.7gI2/100g, acid value is 0.66mgKOH/g, and saponification value is 191.2mgKOH/g. FTIR analysis was employed to characterize the fresh oil and the epoxidation reaction's products.

The adsorption capacity of activated carbon powder prepared from Ananas comosus peels for the removal of methylene blue dye as a contaminant was investigated. These adsorbents were prepared by carbonization at 500 oC with activating agents (K2CO3, H3PO4 and NaOH) and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared. Plackett-Burman Design was used to analyze the various factors affecting adsorption. Response surface methodology techniques was employed to determine the optimal condition of pH=12.6569 and adsorbent dosage of 1.1864. At the optimal condition, the activated carbon yielded the highest removal of methylene blue (99.4 %). The experimental data best fitted the pseudo-second order kinetic model, except for acid activation (ACP-A) which agreed with inter-particle diffusion model with the determination coefficient of 0.9939. The adsorption isotherms for all the prepared carbons were highly consistent with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. This study demonstrates that the activated carbon prepared from Ananas comosus peels can be efficient in removing methylene blue dye contaminants from aqueous solution.

Fe and Cu oxides and Fe-Cu alloy nanostructures (FeCuNS) were obtained using a facile chemical reduction of different mass ratios of FeCl2∙4H2O and CuCl2∙2H2O with NaBH4 in an aqueous solution, under nitrogen atmosphere. FeCuNS were prepared in three different Fe:Cu ratios: 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 wt. %, by an aqueous reduction. FeCuNS were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and High-Resolution TEM (HRTEM), and their textural properties were determined using nitrogen physisorption. Synthesized FeCuNS sizes ranged from 2.2 to 11 nm, having an irregular quasi-spherical morphology. The main phases in these nanostructures, as determined by XRD, are Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and CuFe2O4; the main peak obtained at 2θ = 43.33° confirmed the formation of the nanoalloy Fe-Cu, as FeCu4 (JCPDS No.065-7002) in the 50:50 and 25:75 wt.% FeCuNS samples, which can be indexed as a face-centered cubic structure (FCC). An XPS study performed on these nanostructures allowed for confirming the formation of the FeCu4 alloy, alongside other metallic oxide main phases.

In this study, the PVP/NiO nanocomposite was synthesized using the solution cast technique and characterized by Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirmed the successful preparation of PVP/NiO. The as-prepared PVP/NiO was used as a new adsorbent for the removal of eosin Y (EY) dye from aqueous solution at room temperature. The effect of different important parameters such as solution pH, adsorbent dose, and contact time on the adsorption efficiency of EY was investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 101.58 mg/g at the initial pH solution of 3, 0.025 g adsorbent dose, and 90 min of contact time. The kinetic study indicated that the remove of EY was followed by a pseudo second-order (PSO) model. Then, the as-prepared PVP/NiO possessed well adsorption potential for the removal of other organic dyes from aqueous solution.

Curiosidades de la Química

A sensitive, economical, and miniaturized self-assembly needle tip nanocomposite Polyaniline-K10 solid-phase microextraction (NDT/PAN-K10-SPNE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography UV detection was developed for rapid extraction removal and determination of methoxyfenozide in environmental water samples. The NDT/PAN-K10-SPE cartridge, assembled by packing 2.0 mg of PAN-K10 as sorbent into a needle tip, showed high adsorption capacity for methoxyfenozide owing to the large surface area and unique structure of PAN-K10. The factors that affected the extraction efficiency of PT-G-SPE, including sample volume, pH, sorbent amount, washing solvent and eluent solvent, were optimized. Good linearity for methoxyfenozide was obtained in a range of 0/01–100 µg mL−1 with the correlation coefficient of (R2) = 0.999. The recoveries of the methoxyfenozide at three spiked levels ranged from 84.72% to 100.03% with the relative standard deviations (RSD) of 3.78%. It is also noteworthy that the applied method is economical and has a good linear range, reproducibility, and high sensitivity.

This study presents the preparation and application of a perlite/calcium alginate/single walled carbon nanotubes-Glucose composite for the cumin encapsulation as an essential oil using a simple method. The as-prepared composite was analyzed using Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of important factors was determined by evaluating pH, cumin concentration, perlite/calcium alginate/single walled carbon nanotubes-Glucose dosage, and time. Based on the data, the high percentage of cumin encapsulation was achieved at low pH. The release profile of cumin was studied at pH=7, and the maximum release was obtained after 48 h. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of cumin-loaded perlite/calcium alginate/single walled carbon nanotubes -Glucose were also evaluated against Candida albicans, Gram negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria, which represented more photogenic detection compared to that of cumin. Finally, this work demonstrates the efficient application of perlite/calcium alginate/single walled carbon nanotubes-Glucose for the encapsulation of cumin and pathogen detection.

KTiOPO4(KTP)nanoparticles were synthesized using acetic and formic acids as capping agents by the co-precipitation method for the first time. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analyses confirmed the formation of the KTP structure with an orthorhombic phase. The effect of capping agents on the structural and morphological properties of obtained KTP nanoparticles was studied. The Biggest grain size(66nm) and lattice strain (0.0056) were obtained using acetic acid and formic acid, respectively. Using acetic and formic acids resulted in the rotation of the crystal lattice and an increase in the grain size. Acetic acid prevented the agglomeration of synthesized KTP nanoparticles after calcination, and resulted in uniform size distribution. Theoretical computations and FE-SEM analysis were used for morphological studies. FE-SEM analysis shows acetic acid results in the spherical form of nanoparticles, and using formic acid leads some nanoparticles ‘morphology to oriented growth. Theoretical computations confirmed these results. The structural energy of the most stable KTP nanostructures obtained using formic acid as a capping agent was ∆E=-202∙6518584 kj⁄mol and ∆E=-196∙613208 kj⁄mol. The first formation energy belongs to the oriented template of the nano-particles.