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As the highest agrocultural product, cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) remain consider as perishable vegetable and also known to contain an antinutritional compound, called oxalate. The oxalate salts is non-soluble compound in water, and thus settle on human kidney. The preservation and improvement of the nutritional aspect of cabbage can be achieved by fermentation through the enzyme production. Therefore, we study the effect of salt addition and incubation time, as the two important factor in commonly cabbage-based fermentation, combined with someoxalate-degrading-bacteria, which wasL. plantarum, L. plantarum – S. cerevisiae, and A. aceti – S. cerevisiae on the oxalate and total acid level in cabbage fermentation. The fermentation was conducted in submerged system at room temperature (25 – 27 °C) with the NaCl concentration addition ranging from 0 – 5% until 10 days. Those condition was carried out for the three types of the tested cultures. The oxalate and total acid level was measured using the permanganometric and acid base titration, respectively. The results indicated that L. plantarum-induced fermentation combined with 3% NaCl during 10 days gave the lowest oxalate level in the fermented cabbage biomass,which was 0.005 mg/100 g FW. Moreover, these single-cultured fermentation was able to produce the highest total acid level in the brine solution, 1.270% at the 8 days of fermentation. This fermentation serves as an alternative method to improve cabbage consumption.

One of the problems in using ganyong (Canna edulis Kerr)as food is the presence of tannin, an antinutritional substance, that can reduce the nutritional quality of ganyong. The purpose of this study was aimed to analyze the effect of fermenting ganyong using Lactobacillus Plantarumbacteria on the chemical compounds and the reduction of tannin level in its flour. Theresults showed that the optimum conditions of fermenting ganyong were at pH 6, the temperature of 40 oC, and at the fermentation time of 36 hours. At the optimum conditions, Lactobacillus Plantarumwas able to decrease tannin content in ganyong from 2.53 mg/mL to 0.84 mg/mL. The reduction of tannin content is due to the activity of tannase produced by the microorganisms. Fermentation caused the enrichment protein content, from 1.87% to 2.01% and the reduction of starch, amylose, and amylopectin contents to 51%, 16.82%, and 38.08% from 60.19%, 18.27%, and 43.49% respectively. SDS-PAGE results showed that the protein profiles changed in ganyong sample after the fermentation process. Protein with a molecular weight of 72.49 kDa which showed in the non-fermented ganyong, did not appear in the fermented ganyong, and protein band intensities also showed changes.

Chronic exposure to UVB irradiation can caused premature skin aging (photoaging), as it can trigger the production of ROS and initiate both oxidative stress in cell membrane and affect the molecular pathway. This paper figured out the potential of oral and topical administration of C. asiatica extract on hairless rats skin tissue exposed by UVB based on expression of TGF-β1, MMP-1 and MDA dermis. A total of 30 male-hairless rats (Rattus novergicus) divided into 6 experimental groups, exposed by UVB with total dose 840 mJ/cm2 for four weeks. Topical gel therapy administered twice a day, 20 minutes before and 4 hours after irradiation. Oral therapy administered once a day before irradiation. Expression of TGF-β1, MMP-1 and MDA dermis observed by immunohistochemistry. The result showed that oral and topical therapy of C. asiatica extract was capable of inhibiting the increase of MMP-1 and MDA expression and the decrease of TGF- β1 significantly (p

The purpose of this research was studying the optimum condition, the change of oxalate content, the characteristic of flour, and protein profile of taro tuber that fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum. The optimum condition of fermentation was determined based on the lowest oxalate content in flour. The optimum conditions of fermentation studied were variation of pH (4-6), temperature (30⁰–50 ⁰C) and incubation time (6–48 hours). The result showed that the optimum condition of fermentation was achieved at pH 5, 35 °C in 48 h incubation time. The fermented taro flour characteristics were the increasing level of starch (4.76%), amylose (0.43%). amylopectin (4.36%) and protein (0.99%). The fermented taro protein profiles showed that the allergenic proteins were not present, suggesting those proteins were missing due to fermentation process.

Rice bran cereals could be used as the alternative treatment on hypercholesterolemia condition. Tocopherol as an antioxidant and dietary fiber as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin which contained in rice bran cereals have the potential to decrease total cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels. The aims of this study are to determine the role of rice bran cereals to decrease total cholesterol, malondialdehyde levels and improve the histopathology of the aortic organ due to hypercholesterolemia. This study used rats (Rattus Norvegicus) as animals model which were divided into 5 groups: control group (healthy rats), hypercholesterolemia group (sick rat) and 3 therapy groups with variation dose respectively 270, 540 and 810 mg/kg body weight. Data analysis for total cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels used one-way ANOVA with α = 0.05 with Tukey test as a follow-up test. The results of statistical analysis proved that rice bran cereals with a dose of 810 mg/kg body weight effect for the changes of total cholesterol and malondialdehyde levels which are 21.72% and 50.88%, respectively. In addition, results showed that rice bran cereals therapy could significantly influence (p = 0.05) decrease of total cholesterol, malondialdehyde levels and improve the histopathology of an aortic organ in hypercholesterolemic rats.

This study aims to determine anthocyanin antioxidant performance with a dose of 2 cc/day based on the expression of apoptotic cells on ischemic stroke rats cerebellum. Research was conducted using ischemic stroke rats (Rattus norvegicus) that prepared by ligated for 3 h on the Common Carotid Artery (CCA) and External Carotid Artery (ECA) followed by reperfusion that commonly known as MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion). The anthocyanin extract was characterized by LC-MS and its IC50 was measured by DPPH method. The rats were divided into five groups 1) negative control; 2) reperfusion 1 h; 3) reperfusion 72 h; 4) reperfusion 24 h, with anthocyanin therapy; 5) reperfusion 72 h, with anthocyanin therapy. The results of LC-MS showed that anthocyanin from purple sweet potato extracts contained Petunidin-3,5-O-diglucoside (Pt-DG) with an IC50 value of 22.16 μg/mL, categorized as very strong antioxidant. The results showed that apoptotic cells expression of cerebellum decreased significantly (p

Exploration of the use of medicinal plants to lower uric acid levels has been widely practiced. Stages of new drug development research is a preclinical test using experimental animals, therefore the manufacture of an animal model of hyperuricemia is necessary. This study aims to determine the optimal induction of uric acid to increase blood uric acid levels by administering high purine foods such as cow’s liver, cow’s spleen, Gnetum gnemon, emping and fried peanuts. Eighty male white rats were used individuals to be divided into 4 groups, they were: (I) cow’s liver, (II) cow’s liver and cow’s spleen, (III) cow’s liver, cow’s spleen and boiled gnetum gnemon beans, and (IV) cow’s liver, cow’s spleen, emping and fried peanuts. This study using easy touch GCU to measure blood uric acid level. The result of statistical analysis of uric acid level means with 5 times repetition using One Way ANOVA showed that there was a very significant difference between treatments (p

Lead(II) is considered as the main cause of pollutant that is toxic, corrosive, and irritant. One method that can be applied for reducing Pb(II) in the environment is by using microorganisms. In this work, the study of biosorption of Pb(II) in the water samples was conducted using Trichoderma viride. The research is focused on determination of optimum conditions including pH, biosorption time, and initial concentration of Pb(II) used. The profiles in functional groups contained in the T. viride have been monitored using FT-IR spectrophotometry. Results showed that the maximum biosorption of Pb(II) achieved at pH 4.5, with equilibrium of contact time of 20 h, optimum concentration of 50 mg/L, and adsorption capacity of 85 mg/1x106 T. viride colonies. The FTIR results indicated that biosorption process changed the functional groups in the T. viride. These have shown in the absorption bands at ~3200 cm-1, ~2850 cm-1, ~2260 cm-1, ~1650 cm-1, ~1450 cm-1, 1180 cm-1, and in the finger printing regions. The biosorption mechanism was proposed through the adsorption process between positively charged metal ions and the negative charge on the functional groups, such as -COO-, -OPO32-, and –NH2-, on the cell surface.

This research studies the effect of anthocyanin from purple sweet potato in the cerebellum of stroke ischemic rats by MCAO (Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) technique. This technique was carried out by ligating the blood flow in ECA and CCA region for 3 hours, followed by reperfusion. The MCAO technique proved as a technique for preparing ischemic stroke rats. This technique induces releasing of BDNF and VEGF in the cerebellum of ischemic stroke rats. The level of BDNF measured by ELISA technique and VEGF expression used immunohistochemistry technique. The results showed that anthocyanin from purple sweet potato increased the level of both BDNF and VEGF expression in the cerebellum in ischemic stroke rats. It is suggested that anthocyanin could be used as a therapeutic agent for ischemic stroke.

Xylanase is a hydrolase enzyme that can hydrolyze hemicellulose into xilo-oligosaccharide and xylose. This research is aimed to investigate the in vitro and in silico xylanase (isolated from the fungus Trichoderma viride) immobilized on the zeolite matrix activated with HCl 0.4 M solution. The study was performed using in silico docking molecular methods to investigate the interaction between the xylanase primarily to its ligand. Xylanase activity was determined by reducing sugar produced (xylose) by 1 mL of enzyme per minute. The optimum conditions of immobilized xylanase were measured according to the time agitation and concentration of xylanase. The time variation agitation used were 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours, while variations in the concentrations of a xylanase used were 11.500, 15.653, 20.444, 25.875, and 31.944 mg/mL. The optimum conditions of immobilized xylanase was obtained in the shaking time for 3 hours at a concentration of xylanase 15.653 mg/mL and immobilized xylanase activity generated at 46.755 μg.g-1.min-1. Immobilized xylanase activity was greater than the purified xylanase (15.976 μg.mL-1.min-1). These results were due to the cofactors Al (AlO4) and Si (SiO4) of zeolite was able to increase the kinetic energy caused the reaction rate between xylanase with the larger substrates. Cofactor also increased the kinetic energy and can enhance the rate of reaction between a xylanase with its substrate, in order to give greater activity. Immobilized xylanase was stable and its reusability as much as 6 times which afforded the activity 21.331 μg.g-1.min-1 and the efficiency of 56.77%.

Myrmeleon sp is a typical of insect larva which has been used in Indonesia for diabetes treatment. However, there is no sufficient scientific report explaining the bioactive compounds in this insect. Based on our preliminary research, this insect contained metformin, i.e. one of bioactive compounds for the treatment of type-2 diabetes. Therefore, this study is focused on the development of separation technique using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a reverse phase C-18 column with UV detection to identify and quantify metformin in methanol extract of Myrmeleon sp. Several parameters of HPLC method were optimized with respect to high resolution of separation and accurate determination of metformin. Satisfied separation was obtained under gradient elution mode using aqueous methanol mobile phase varied from 50-90 % of methanol with flow rate of 0.5 mL/min and detection wavelength of 233 nm. The method performed total separation for all compounds in less than 11 minutes. Spiking technique was chosen for metformin identification and quantitation. Metformin in extract Myrmeleon sp was eluted at retention time (tR) of 4.095 minutes, similarly with retention time of standard metformin of 4.092 minutes. The quantity of metformin in Myrmeleon sp can be simply determined by comparing the additional area of standard metformin with area of metformin from extract Myrmeleon sp. The results confirmed that methanol extract of Myrmeleon sp contained anti-diabetes compound of metformin of 0.58 mg/g Myrmeleon sp larvae with acceptable coefficient variation of 5.56 %.

Uric acid is the end product of purine degradation. When uric acid levels exceed normal limits, it will build up and cause hyperuricemia. Allopurinol is one of the most effective and common medicine for hyperuricemia, but it brings serious side effects, therefore it is needed alternative therapy for hyperuricemia. One plant that may be expected to low uric acid levels is green tea (Camellia sinensis L.), that contains many antioxidants polyphenols, especially flavonoids. Flavonoid has strong antioxidant properties, act as free radical and metal scavengers, and also xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitors. This study investigates the potential of green tea using various doses of 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 600 mg/kg of body weight in 24 white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) Wistar strain that has been received high purine diet in 60 consecutive days. This study used DHBSA methods to measure uric acid levels in blood serum and urine that excreted 8 hours before surgery. Green tea extract that contains polyphenol can inhibit XOD activities, therefore, it leads to decrease uric acid level in blood and increase the excretion through urine by modulating urate gene transporter. A therapy with 600 mg/kg body weight of GTE is the most effective dose to decrease uric acid levels in serum and to increase excretion of exceeding uric acid significantly (p < 0.01), from One Way ANOVA and Tukey analysis.

UVB generates the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and decrease antioxidants enzymatic excessively. Both of these biological effects caused photo-aging. Excessive ROS production afforded overexpression of AP-1 as a major regulator of photoaging. This paper figured out the potential of Aloe vera extract as topical gel treatment on the UVB-induced skin photo-aging in twenty male wistar hairless rats (Rattus novergicus) divided into 2 groups. First group was induced by UVB and the second was induced by UVB and topical gel extract Aloe vera treatment. Each group was given treatment for 4 weeks. The expression of MDA and SOD were measured with immunohistochemistry. The result showed that the topical gel therapy decreased the MDA expression and increased SOD expression significantly (p < 0.01). The conclusion from this study was Aloe vera extract had potentially as an alternative topical treatment of photoaging.

The purpose of this study was aimed determine the optimum conditions of agitation time and concentration of immobilized xylanase by in vitro and in silico and efficient reuse of immobilized xylanase. The results of in silico test showed that xylan bounded on the residues of xylanase active site through hydrogen bonding with the amino acid glutamic 177A, glutamate 86A, tyrosine 88A, arginine 122A, and glutamine 136A, whereas bentonite and the residues of xylanase active site form hydrogen bonding with the amino acid glutamine 52, arginine 81, isoleucine 128 and glycine 130. The results of in vitro study showed that the optimum condition of xylanase immobilization was achieved at agitation time of 3 hours with the amount of xylanase adsorbed was 12.593 mg/g bentonites and activity of 50.328 units and the concentration of immobilized xylanase of 4.259 ppm and the amount of xylanase adsorbed of 16.162 mg/g bentonites and activity of 56.362 units. The immobilized xylanase can be used as many as five repetitions with the residual enzyme activity of 60%.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a multi-factorial disorder caused by genetic factors, environmental and immune response. One of the causes of IBD is a side effect of non-steroidal of anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Indomethacin is an NSAID that activates macrophages and triggers increasing of protease activity. Mas Ngur shells (Atactodea striata) contains an antioxidant that inhibits the protease activity. This research used rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by Indomethacin and treated with methanol extract of Mas Ngur shells (A. striata) at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg of body weight (BW). Therapy potency of the Mas Ngur shells methanol extracts were identified by measuring protease activity and observed the Jejenum histopathology. Statistical analysis showed that the Mas Ngur shells therapy showed significant differences (p

The performance of biosensor is based on the hydrolysis reaction of organophosphorus compounds catalyzed by organophosphate hydrolase (OPH), produce H+ and the other ionic species that increase conductance on the surface of electrode. In this research, OPH was immobilized by crosslinking on chitosan–glutaraldehyde membrane on the (Screen Printed Carbon Electrode) SPCE surface. Measurements were carried out at the range concentration 0 to 3.0 ppm of organophosphate, the range of pH 7.0 to 9.0 and 5–25 mL of enzyme. The result showed that optimum performances were obtained at 25 mL of OPH, pH 8.5, with the sensitivity for dizinon, malathion, chlorpirifos and profenofos is 1.353 mS/ppm, 1.270 mS/ppm, 1.230 mS/ppm dan 1.77 mS/ppm respectively and 0.97; 1.03; 0.98; 0.97 of LOD. DOI :http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v0i0.3156.

Goitrogenic substances can inhibit of iodine taking by the thyroid gland. Thus iodine concentration in thyroid gland will be low, and this phenomena is indicated by inflammation in the thyroid gland. Moreover, it can cause releaseing of an excessive amount of free radicals. This radicals, in the body, causes oxidative stress and also increase the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). This is also as an indicator for lipid peroxidation and the decreasing of urinary iodine excretion levels (EIU). The treatment with KIO3 and KI salt was intended to study the level of supplementation of iodine (I2) toward level of MDA in serum and histological description of rat’s thyroid gland. The MDA levels was determined through TBA test (Thio Barbituric Acid), meanwhile the histological pattern of rat thyroid gland was determined by Hematoxylen-Eosin staining (HE). The results indicated both of KIO3 and KI salt significantly (p

Goitrogenic a substance that can inhibit the taking of iodine by the thyroid gland, so that the concentration of iodine in the thyroid to be low., is characterized by the inflammation in the gland thyroid area caused an excessive of free radicals. An excessive of free radicals in the body cause oxidative stress, That increasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of urinary iodine excretion levels (EIU). The treated to give KIO3 and KI salt was intended to determine the level of supplementation of iodine (I2), the level of MDA in serum and histological rat thyroid gland. MDA levels are determined through a TBA test (Thio Barbituric acid), meanwhile the histological of the rat thyroid gland was determined by Hematoxylen-Eosin staining (HE). The results showed the KIO3 and KI salt was significantly (p3 salt (33.62%) and KI salt (37,02%) and improving histological of the thyroid gland rats.

Pectinase is enzyme which functions to hydrolyze pectin become D-galacturonic acid unit. This enzyme is potential in various industries, especially in fruit juice industry. Pectinase can be derived from various microorganisms resulting in different pectinase character. The aims of this research were to determine the optimum condition of pectinase production and to characterize the resulted pectinase including optimum condition of pectinase activity and the influence of metal ion. The optimum condition of pectinase production was carried out by growing Bacillus firmus on basal media containing pectin as inducer at various pH (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10), temperature (30, 35, 40, 45, 50) oC and fermentation time (6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36) hours. while the optimum pectinase activity was done at various pH ( 4, 6, 7, 8, 10 ), temperature (30, 35, 40, 45, 50) oC and reaction time (10, 20, 30, 40, 50) minutes. The influence of Zn2+, Mg2+, K+ at 2-10 mM to pectinase activity were also investigated. The result showed that optimum condition of pectinase production occurred at pH7-8, temperature 40-50 oC and fermentation time 18hours, while the optimum condition of pectinase activity was pH 7, temperature 50 oC and reaction time 30 minutes. The existence of Zn2+, Mg2+, K+ ions affected significantly to pectinase activity. Mg2+ acted as non competitive inhibitor; however K+ and Zn2+ acted as un competitive inhibitor.