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In this work, different procedures were compared for the extraction of synthetic antioxidants such as propyl gallate (PG), tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) and 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4 hydroxytoluene (BHT) from biodiesel samples. The efficiency of target procedures was tested using liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction containing different stationary phase. To accomplish this efficiency and determine the antioxidants, a method based on high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC / DAD) was optimized. In liquid-liquid extraction was used acetonitrile and n-hexane, however, only acetonitrile presented selectivity, able to extract just PG and BHA, with recovery between 78.3 and 96.0%. Using solid phase extraction cartridges containing C-18 as stationary phase, only the PG and BHA were extracted, which the recovery was between 52.4 and 99.7%. Moreover, the macroporous poly(divinylbenzene-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) polymer presented satisfactory results for the extraction of PG and BHA with recovery between 77.3 and 103 %. All these procedures provided elimination of the sample interferences, allowing recovery with coefficients of variation always lower than 1.00%. However, the comparison of liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction techniques proved that there are many difficulties in extracting, with precision and accuracy, the PG, TBHQ, BHA and BHT antioxidants contained simultaneously in complex samples such as biodiesel. These difficulties are increased when the interest is to reduce the costs of analysis by reducing organic solvent extractors and propose extraction techniques with considerable environmental benefits. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17807/orbital.v7i2.672

Using the concept of bioisosterism, new triazole analogs were designed from the molecular modification of grandisin and veraguensin neolignans which have a furan group that is a bioisóstere of 1,2,3-triazoles ring. In order to obtain more potent compounds, with fewer side effects, and better physical and chemical characteristics in combating leishmaniasis and chagas disease, this research group synthesized, via "Click Chemistry", eight new triazole analogues of neolignans. Thus reactions 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of Huisgen were performed between terminal acetylenes and azides previously synthesized. The catalytic system CuSO4.5H2O/Ascorbate Sodium / CH2Cl2/H2O was used and, under this reaction conditions eight triazole analogues were synthesized in good yields. Trypanocidal activity test showed positive for the eight molecules.

This work studied the obtaining of methyl biodiesel and ethyl biodiesel using alkaline transesterification from macroalgae Fucus vesiculosos oil (FVO). FVO has 86.59% of its composition in unsaturated fatty acids, with a greater quantity of linoleic acid and oleic acid, a chemical composition near the soybean oil, the most used raw material for the production of biodiesel. Linoleic acid (47.88%), and oleic acid (34.66%) are the fatty acids present in the greatest amount in FVO, and unsaturated fatty acids correspond to 86.59% the composition of FVO, a composition of fatty acids close to that of soybean oil, which is the oil most produced and used for the production of biodiesel. To obtain methyl biodiesel (MBFVO) and ethyl biodiesel (EBFVO) the molar ratio oil: alcohol 1: 3 and 1% alkaline catalyst, NaOH, was used. The yield of the transesterification reaction was evaluated by varying the reaction time between 30 and 60 minutes and the highest yields were obtained after 60 minutes of reaction. In order to check the quality of the obtained biodiesel, the properties acidity index, iodine value, water content, specific mass at 20 ºC, oxidative stability, cold filter plugging point and kinematic viscosity were evaluated. The oxidative stability had an induction period below the recommended, but it can be corrected with the addition of antioxidants to the biodiesel. All other physical and chemical properties had values within the stipulated by the regulatory agencies, indicating that the macroalgae Fucus vesiculosus can be a raw material in potential for production of biodiesel.