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The main objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of catalyst to biomass ratio (by mass %) on the in-situ catalytic upgrading of oxygenated pyrolysis vapours over the newly-developed Nickel-Cerium/HZSM-5 catalyst via in-situ fixed bed reactor. The pyrolysis temperature was kept at 500 °C for all investigated samples. The HZSM-5 (94 wt%) was used as a support, while nickel (3 wt%) and cerium (3 wt%) was impregnated as promoters via incipient wetness impregnation method. The sugarcane bagasse as feedstock was fixed at 2 g, while the catalyst mass loading was loaded and varied in fixed bed reactor based on the catalyst to biomass mass ratio (C:B) as follows 0.5:1.0 (CB1), 1.0:1.0 (CB2), 1.5:1.0 (CB3), 2.0:1.0 (CB4), 2.5:1.0 (CB5), and 3.0:1.0 (CB6). For comparison, the non-catalytic pyrolysis of biomass was employed and labelled as CB0 (0.0:1.0). The results show that the presences of catalyst significantly affect the pyrolysis oil yield than the non-catalytic sample, in which gradually increased from 48.5 wt% to 60.5 wt% with increasing catalyst mass loading from CB1 (0.5:1.0) to CB6 (3.0:1.0). Consequently, the coke yield is also increased from 10.0 wt% to 12.0 wt% from CB1 (0.5:1.0) to CB6 (3.0:1.0). The increase in Ni-Ce/HZSM-5 catalyst mass loading has an additional effect with respect to C6 - C8 hydrocarbon contents in pyrolysis oil. Among the tested catalyst to biomass ratio, the CB2 (1.0:1.0) sample has demonstrated to be potential candidates in the enhancement of C6-C8 hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil with the highest yield of 8.82 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the thermal degradation behaviour of oil palm trunk (OPT) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) wastes in pyrolytic environment by using thermagravimetric analyzer (TGA). The pyrolysis process was being carried out at room temperature up to 700 °C in the presence of nitrogen gas flowing at the rate of 150 ml/min. The investigated parameters are particle sizes and heating rates. The particle sizes varied in the range of dp 1 < 0.25 mm and 0.25 ≤ dp 2 ≤ 0.30 mm. The heating rate of 50 °C/min and 80 °C/min were applied to study the effect on thermal degradation during the progress of pyrolysis reaction. The decomposition of OPT shows a ‘shoulder’ form while EFB degrades with 2 distinctive peaks. Smaller OPT size produces 0.04-0.86% more volatile product when degraded at both heating rates. EFB on the other hand shows a 3.81-9.81% increment. Heating rates speed up the peak degradation by 1.42-1.56 mg/s at dp 1 and 3.13-4.92 mg/s at dp 2 . It also causes biomass to be degraded under a narrow temperature range by 21 °C. This study can provide an important basis in determining suitable type of feedstock and processing parameters for bio-fuel production via advanced pyrolysis technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the current work is to investigate the influence of catalyst to biomass ratio (by weight%) on the catalytic upgrading of sugarcane bagasse derived pyrolysis vapours over cerium (Ce) loaded Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (HZSM-5) catalyst via in-situ fixed bed reactor. The temperature of pyrolysis was kept at 500 °C for all investigated samples. The HZSM-5 catalyst was used as a support with 1 wt% of Ce as promoter loaded via incipient wetness impregnation method. The biomass sample was fixed at 2 g, while the catalyst mass loading was loaded according to the catalyst to biomass ratio which are 0.5:1.0, 1.0:1.0, 1.5:1.0, and 2.0:1.0. For comparison, the non-catalytic and biomass catalytic over HZSM-5 catalyst was also pyrolyzed at the same operating conditions. The results show that the yields of pyrolysis oil and coke were significantly influenced by the use of Ce/HZSM-5 catalyst at various catalyst to biomass ratio than the catalytic pyrolysis over HZSM-5, in which generate higher pyrolysis oil yield (58.0–68.0 wt%) and lower coke yield (2.9–4.1%). The increasing loading of mass in Ce/HZSM-5 catalyst has additional effect with respect to C 6 –C 8 hydrocarbon contents in pyrolysis oil than the catalytic samples over the HZSM-5 catalyst. Among the tested catalyst to biomass ratio, the catalyst to biomass ratio of 1.5:1 has demonstrated to be the potential candidates in the catalytic upgrading of sugarcane bagasse derived oxygenated pyrolysis vapours into higher content of C 6 –C 8 hydrocarbons (2.45%) in pyrolysis oil with lower coke yield (3.2%) over Ce/HZSM-5 catalyst. The bi-functional Ce/HZSM-5 catalyst was more effective in suppressing the coke formation in comparison to HZSM-5 catalyst at all investigated catalyst to biomass ratios and this was attributed to the synergistic effect of Ce on HZSM-5 support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present work is to study the effect of Nickel-Cerium/Alumina multifunctional catalyst (Ni-Ce/Al 2 O 3 ) mass loading on pyrolysis of coconut copra and rice husk via thermogravimetric analysis. The sample is pyrolyzed from 30 °C up to 700 °C at a constant heating rate of 10 °C/min in nitrogen environment flowing at 150 mL/min. The multifunctional catalyst (Ni-Ce/Al 2 O 3 ) was prepared via incipient wet impregnation method. Pyrolysis feedstocks were prepared based on biomass to catalyst mass loading ratio. The TG-DTG curve shows that the presences of catalyst significantly affect the devolatilization rate of biomass. Among TGA-pyrolyzed coconut copra samples, the CC-3 (1:0.15) has achieved the highest mass loss (83.3%). For rice husk, the non-catalytic sample has attained the highest mass loss of volatile matter (48.7%). In addition, the kinetic characteristics of non-catalytic and catalytic pyrolysis of biomass were also studied and calculated by employing the Coats-Redfern integral method. The CC-1 has lower activation energy (53.10 kJ/mol) than that of catalytic sample particularly CC-3 (79.28 kJ/mol). The presence of a catalyst on rice husk is able to reduce the activation energy of non-catalytic rice husk sample from 49.78 to 45.24 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Catalytic of oxygenated pyrolysis vapours over the newly synthesized Nickel-Cerium/HZSM-5. • The addition of nickel and cerium on HZSM-5 had suppressed coke contents than HZSM-5. • The NC2 catalyst produced the highest yield of pyrolysis oil (60.50 wt.%). • The NC3 catalyst has attained the highest contents of C 6 – C 8 hydrocarbons (8.82%) in pyrolysis oil. Abstract The main objective of the present work is to investigate the influence of nickel to cerium ratio on Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (HZSM-5) towards the catalytic upgrading of sugarcane bagasse derived oxygenated pyrolysis vapours into C 6 – C 8 hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil via in-situ fixed bed reactor. The pyrolysis reaction temperature and catalyst to biomass mass ratio were kept constant at 500 °C and 1:1 respectively for all the investigated samples. The HZSM-5 was used as a support at 94 wt.%, while the balance 6 wt.% was impregnated with various weight of nickel and cerium as promoters based on the nickel to cerium ratios via incipient wetness impregnation method. The nickel to cerium ratios are as follows: 1:5 (NC1), 2:4 (NC2), 3:3 (NC3), 4:2 (NC4), and 5:1 (NC5). The results show that all the metal modified HZSM-5 catalysts had greatly suppressed the formation of coke contents (9.0–10.5 wt.%) compared to the HZSM-5 catalyst (NC0) (15.1 wt.%). The highest pyrolysis oil yield (60.5 wt.%) was achieved by NC2 catalyst. Among the tested nickel to cerium ratios, the NC3 catalyst has demonstrated to be the potential candidates in the catalytic upgrading of sugarcane bagasse derived oxygenated pyrolysis vapours into higher contents of C 6 – C 8 hydrocarbons in pyrolysis oil (8.82%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]