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Key to the Australian Agrotera species based on males 1 Wingspan small (12–15 mm); valva divided................................................ A. genuflexa sp. nov. - Wingspan large (more than 17 mm); valva not divided........................................................ 2 2 Valva distally pointed, saccus long, ban-shaped........................................... A. longitabulata sp. nov. - Valva distally not pointed, saccus short, triangular............................................................ 3 3 Wingspan 17–22 mm; forewing with a large pale yellow spot distal to reniform stigma beyond middle of wing; hindwing with postmedial line followed by curved yellow band in dorsal half; male genitalia without sclerotized fibula-like process from base of valva.................................................................................. A. glycyphanes - Wingspan 22.5–26 mm; forewing with a partially orange spot distal to reniform stigma beyond middle of wing; hindwing with postmedial line not followed by yellow band; male genitalia with a spanner-shaped sclerotized fibula-like process from base of valva...................................................................................... A. ignepicta

Agrotera Schrank, 1802 Agrotera Schrank, 1802: 163. Type species: Phalaena nemoralis Scopoli, 1763, by monotypy. Diagnosis. External diagnostic characters of Agrotera comprise a modified labial palpus with the third segment triangularly scaled with a very narrow base, a relatively broad triangular forewing with a usually sinuate termen, the purplish grey wing ground colour, a pale yellow forewing base sprinkled with orange scales, often a similar yellowish patch on the hindwing base, and a yellowish dorsal base of the abdomen. The male genitalia are characterized by a small, weakly sclerotized uncus with few simple, hair-like setae, a deeply divided or simple, distally pointed valva with a large, hook-like sclerotized fibula-like process from below the base of the costa, a large, shield-shaped, dorsally bifid juxta, and a well-developed saccus varying from short and triangular to long and rod- or band-shaped. Description. Head. Frons rounded, with short scales, vertex with moderately raised scales projecting between antennae. Labial palpus upcurved, sickle-shaped, ventral margin with strongly projecting scales, often as three distinct, triangular tufts, with the third segment triangularly scaled (Figs. 2, 3). Maxillary palpus small. Proboscis well-developed. Antenna in male with cilia as long as or slightly longer than diameter of antenna. Thorax. With appressed scales, pale yellow sprinkled with orange scales. Legs usually not modified. Forewing. Subtriangular, costa straight to 3/4, then curved to apex, termen usually sinuate. Retinaculum a tuft of curved bristles from within discal cell, no frenulum hook in male. Ground colour purplish grey, base always pale yellow sprinkled with orange scales, distally edged by antemedial line, often a variably developed purplish grey spot beyond base on costa. Venation (Fig. 6) with R1 free, R2 free but adjacent to stem of R3+R 4 in basal 2/3, R3 and R4 stalked to just beyond 2/ 3, R4 to just before apex, R5 parallel to stalked R3+R4 at base, then curved and diverging; M1 moderately close to R5 at base, M2 widely separate from M1, closing vein concavely curved; M2, M3 and CuA1 equidistant and parallel from posterior angle of cell, then diverging; CuA2 distant from CuA1; only trace of CuP near wing margin; 1A faintly sinuate to tornus, 2A forming complete loop and distally recurved before joining 1A. Hindwing. Nearly fanshaped or triangular. Frenulum single in male, with 2 acanthae in female. Ground colour purplish grey, basal 1/3 usually pale, sometimes pale yellow patch sprinkled with orange scales. Venation (Fig. 6) with Sc+R1 and Rs anastomosing for 1/3 beyond end of discal cell, Rs and M1 short-stalked, closing vein concave, angled; M2 and M3 close and parallel at base, M3 and CuA1 adjacent to each other from posterior angle of cell; CuA2 from below 3/4 of cell; CuP complete but weaker towards base; 1A+2A without basal loop; 3A present. Male genitalia. Anal tube long, often extending beyond uncus. Uncus short to elongate conical, weakly sclerotized, set with few hair-like setae. Vinculum V- to U-shaped, saccus well-developed, sometimes very long. Valva deeply divided with projecting costa and sacculus processes, or simple, elliptic with narrow and pointed apex; always with a long and slender, hook-like sclerotized fibula-like process from inner surface near base of valva. Transtilla arms usually triangular, meeting medially, sometimes with thin hairs. Juxta large shield-shaped, distally bifid and with spinulose caulis. Phallus with cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia. Hind margin of 7th sternite unmodified. Ovipositor lobes narrowly crescent-shaped, evenly set with setae. Posterior apophysis short and slender, anterior apophysis longer than posterior apophysis, sometimes thickened in basal part with a lateral process. Antrum membraneous or sclerotized, cup- or funnel-shaped, colliculum ring-shaped, sometimes with spike-shaped posterior processes. Bursae copulatrix variously divided into ductus bursae and corpus bursae, but nearly always with an area of sclerotized spinules at posterior end and anterior end of corpus bursae; ductus seminalis usually originating from anterior end of colliculum. Biology. Larvae of A. nemoralis feed in spun leaves mainly of Carpinus betulus, Carpinus japonica, Castanea sativa, Corylus heterophylla, Deutzia crenata, Quercus pubescens (Simchuk et al. 2012), Sorbus spp. and Betula spp. (Slamka 2013), and pupate in a shelter of leaves spun together with silk (Slamka 2013). Agrotera basinotata feeds on Melastoma malabathricum, Lagerstroemia spp., Castanopsis, Cleistocalyx operculatus, Eugenia aquea and Pavetta indica (Krauss 1965; Robinson et al. 2010; Gupta & Lokhande 2013). Distribution. Agrotera occurs in the Palaearctic, Oriental and Australian regions. Additional six African species are placed in Agrotera, but as yet they have not been revised regarding their correct placement in this genus. Monophyly of Agrotera and putative apomorphies. Investigation of the genitalia revealed an unexpected morphological diversity among the externally superficially similar Agrotera species, indicating that the genus represents a polyphyletic group rather than a monophylum. Consequently, those investigated species that were found to be in disagreement with the diagnosis of Agrotera given above were removed from the genus. Species of Agrotera share these synapomorphies, the relatively broad triangular forewing with pale yellow base sprinkled with orange scales and with sinuate termen, the small, weakly sclerotized uncus set with sparse setae, the large, hook-like sclerotized fibula-like process from below the base of the costa, a large, shield-shaped, dorsally bifid juxta and the long, well-developed saccus. Based on the generic synapomorphies, we consider A. nemoralis, A. genuflexa, A. longitabulata, A. basinotata, A. discinotata Swinhoe, 1894 and A. posticalis to form the monophyletic Agrotera core group, to which we also refer as the nemoralis group. Taxonomic status of taxa misplaced in Agrotera. Leucinodella Strand, 1918, Nistra Walker, 1859, Sagariphora Meyrick, 1894 and Tetracona Meyrick, 1884 were treated as synonyms of Agrotera (Hampson 1899, Shaffer et al. 1996). None of the type species of the four genera agrees with the diagnosis of Agrotera sensu stricto, as given above, and the four genera are consequently removed from synonymy with Agrotera and reinstated as valid genera: Leucinodella agroterodes Strand, 1918, type species of Leucinodella stat. rev. and synonym of Leucinodella leucostola (Hampson, 1896) comb. nov. (Figs 11, 17, image of cotype could be found at http:// www.imdap.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/InsectSampleImage.php?TI_ID=955&L=E), differs from Agrotera by the arched forewing termen and the whitish forewing without a pale yellowish wing base with orange scales, as well as in the male genitalia by the short, rod-like, bilobate, distally rounded uncus, apically densely set with flat, short setae, and the tongue-shaped valva without a sclerotized fibula-like process emerging from near the costa base. Nistra coelatalis Walker, 1859 comb. rev. (Fig. 12, image of cotype could be found at http:// www.imdap.entomol.ntu.edu.tw/InsectSampleImage.php?TI_ID=954&L=E), type species of Nistra stat. rev., has a wing pattern similar to L. leucostola, with an arched forewing termen and the absence of the pale yellowish forewing base sprinkled with orange scales. The genitalia of N. coelatalis were not investigated. Sagariphora heliochlaena Meyrick, 1894 (Figs 13, 18), type species of Sagariphora stat. rev. is a junior synonym (Hampson 1896) of Sagariphora magnificalis (Hampson, 1893) comb. nov. (Fig. 14, illustration of adult could be found at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/180014#page/229/mode/1up). This species differs from Agrotera in the arched forewing termen and in the large, lobe-shaped, laterally setose uncus and the presence of several patches of dense setae on the valva of the male genitalia. Tetracona amathealis (Walker, 1859) comb. rev. (Figs 15, 19), type species of Tetracona stat. rev., differs from Agrotera in the lobe-shaped, laterally densely setose uncus, the presence of a bundle of bristles emerging from near the valva base, and the weakly sclerotized fibula-like process emerging from the base of the valva. Tetracona amathealis shares with A. pictalis and an unnamed species the narrow triangular forewing with an arched termen, the large lobe-shaped, laterally densely setose uncus, the bundle of bristles emerging from near the valva base and the weakly sclerotized fibula-like process from the base of the valva. We consider all three species congeneric, and consequently transfer A. pictalis back to its original combination with Tetracona, as T. pictalis Warren, 1896, comb. rev. (Figs 16, 20). The species of Tetracona resemble Aetholix flavibasalis (Guen��e, 1854), the type species of Aetholix Lederer, 1863. Aetholix flavibasalis (image of adult could be found at http:// www1.ala.org.au/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=11696), which also occurs in Australia, is distinguished from the externally similar Agrotera by the large lobe-shaped uncus with dense, persistent scales on the ventral surface and along the lateral margins, by the bundle of bristles arising from near the valva base, by the weakly sclerotized fibula-like process emerging from the base of the valva and by the ventrally narrow and dorsally complete (nonbifid) juxta. A future taxonomic revision of Aetholix and Tetracona might find the two genera synonymic with each other., Published as part of Chen, Kai, Horak, Marianne, Du, Xicui & Zhang, Dandan, 2017, Revision of the Australian species of Agrotera Schrank (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae), pp. 213-224 in Zootaxa 4362 (2) on pages 214-215, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1084028, {"references":["Schrank, F. P. (1802) Fauna Boica. Durchgedachte Geschichte der in Baiern einheimischen und zahmen Thiere. Johann Wilhelm Krull, Ingolstadt, viii pls, 412 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 44923","Simchuk, A. P., Oberemok, V. V. & Ivashov, A. V. (2012) Genetics of interactions among moths, their host plants and enemies in Crimean oak forests, and its perspective for their control. In: Cauterruccio, L. (Ed.), Moths: Types, Ecological Significance and Control Methods. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp. 187 - 205.","Slamka, F. (2013) Pyraloidea of Europe 3, Pyraustinae and Spilomelinae. Bratislava, 357 pp.","Krauss, N. L. H. (1965) Investigations on biological control of Melastoma (Melastoma malabathricum L.). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 19, 97 - 101. http: // hdl. handle. net / 10125 / 10909","Robinson, G. S., Ackery, P. R., Kitching, I. J., Beccaloni, G. W. & Hernandez, L. M. (2010) HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London. - http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / hosts (Accessed 20 June 2017)","Gupta, A. & Lokhande, S. A. (2013) A new host record and a new combination in Cotesia Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 5 (2), 3678 - 3681. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11609 / JoTT. o 3283.3678 - 81","Hampson, G. F. (1899) A revision of the moths of the subfamily Pyraustinae and family Pyralidae. Part I. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London, pp. 590 - 761. [pls. 49 - 50.]","Shaffer, M., Nielsen E. S. & Horak, M. (1996) Pyraloidea. In: Nielsen, E. S., Edwards E. D. & Rangsi, T. V. (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. Vol. 4. CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra, pp. 164 - 199.","Hampson, G. F. (1896) Pyralidae. In: Blanford, W. T. (Ed.), Fauna of British India. Vol. 4. Moths. Taylor and Francis. London. pp. 1 - 594."]}

Key to the Australian Agrotera species based on males 1 Wingspan small (12���15 mm); valva divided................................................ A. genuflexa sp. nov. - Wingspan large (more than 17 mm); valva not divided........................................................ 2 2 Valva distally pointed, saccus long, ban-shaped........................................... A. longitabulata sp. nov. - Valva distally not pointed, saccus short, triangular............................................................ 3 3 Wingspan 17���22 mm; forewing with a large pale yellow spot distal to reniform stigma beyond middle of wing; hindwing with postmedial line followed by curved yellow band in dorsal half; male genitalia without sclerotized fibula-like process from base of valva.................................................................................. A. glycyphanes - Wingspan 22.5���26 mm; forewing with a partially orange spot distal to reniform stigma beyond middle of wing; hindwing with postmedial line not followed by yellow band; male genitalia with a spanner-shaped sclerotized fibula-like process from base of valva...................................................................................... A. ignepicta, Published as part of Chen, Kai, Horak, Marianne, Du, Xicui & Zhang, Dandan, 2017, Revision of the Australian species of Agrotera Schrank (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae), pp. 213-224 in Zootaxa 4362 (2) on page 216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1084028

Agrotera longitabulata Chen, Horak & Zhang, sp. nov. Figs 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 Diagnosis. Agrotera longitabulata resembles A. nemoralis and A. genuflexa in the sinuate termen and the simple, continuous and dark brown postmedial line of the forewing, but can be distinguished from A. nemoralis by a pale yellow hindwing base and a conspicuous dark brown costal spot in the basal field of the forewing, and from both A. nemoralis and A. genuflexa by the undivided valva and a long, slender and band-shaped saccus in the male genitalia. In the female genitalia, A. longitabulata differs from A. genuflexa by the long ductus bursae, the long narrow colliculum and the small, laterally attached corpus bursae. Agrotera longitabulata resembles A. posticalis Wileman, 1911 and A. basinotata (illustration of adult could be found at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/ 180088#page/187/mode/1up) in wing pattern, but can be distinguished by the band-shaped saccus and the sickleshaped upcurved fibula-like process emerging from below the base of the costa. Description. Frons pale yellow, vertex orange, thorax yellow with orange scales; labial palpus laterally grey with long, ventrally projecting scales; legs in male unmodified. Abdomen in male long, slender; segments 1���5 pale yellow with orange scales, terminal 3 segments grey, 3���8 with blackish hind margin. Wingspan 17���22.5 mm. Forewing subtriangular, termen sinuate; basal third pale yellow, reticulated with orange, distally edged by a scalloped antemedial line of orange and brown scales, remainder of wing purplish grey; terminal margin brown; conspicuous dark fuscous spot at 1/10 of costa; reniform stigma crescentic, outwardly followed by ovate orange spot; postmedial line grey-brown but darker on costa, from 4/5 of costa slightly sinuate to CuA1, bent to middle of CuA2 then to 3/4 of posterior margin; fringe grey-brown and pale yellow, with yellow bars below apex, before middle and before tornus. Hindwing fan-shaped; basal third pale yellow with few orange scales outwardly edged by brown scales, pale yellow along anal margin with an orange longitudinal streak, remainder of wing purplish grey; postmedial line pale brown, weak, darkest on edge to pale yellow anal margin, then vanishing; terminal margin brown; fringe grey-brown in costal half, remainder pale yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 8). Uncus small, subtriangular, rounded at apex. Tegumen trapezoidal, with obvious shoulders. Vinculum V-shaped. Saccus extremely long (approximately of valva length), slender, band-shaped, slightly tapering to truncate tip. Valva narrowly elliptical with acinaciform apex, undivided; transtilla two triangular lobes from base of costa, their points slightly downcurved, meeting in the middle; costa broadly sclerotized to beyond middle of valva; sacculus to 3/5 of valva, broad, densely setose on inner side, inner margin projecting as triangular point; with a very slender, sickleshaped upcurved fibula-like process from ventral base of costa. Juxta shield-shaped, distal half bifid. Phallus long, nearly parallel-sided, slightly downcurved at base; vesica in distal third with long, dense, sclerotized spinules and a large band-shaped sclerite. Female genitalia (Fig. 10). Antrum membranous, funnel-shaped, colliculum long, sclerotized, with two spinulose spikes. Ductus seminalis originating from anterior end of colliculum. Ductus bursae long, posterior part slightly wrinkled; corpus bursae small, laterally attached, without signum; ductus bursae and corpus bursae spinulose. Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Australia, Queensland: Iron Range, 12.iv.1964, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton, genital slide no. ANIC 8903. Paratypes: Australia, Queensland: 1♂, 10.12��S 142.49��E, Warraber (Sue) Island, 26.i.1978, R. Lewis; 1♀, 11.45��S 142.35��E, Heathlands, 19���23.v.1993, at light, P. Zborowski & A. Roach; 1♀, 12.43��S 143.18��E, Gordons Mine Claudie Riv., 20.ii.1985, E. D. Edwards & B. Hacobian; 1♂, 12.44��S 143.18��E, Phillip Hill Claudie Riv., 16.ii.1985, E. D. Edwards & B. Hacobian, genital slide no. ANIC 8901; 2♂, 12.44��S 143.18��E, Phillip Knoll, Claudie Riv., 21.ii.1985, E. D. Edwards & B. Hacobian, genital slide no. ANIC 8836 (ANIC, QMBQ); 1♂, Claudie. R. Nth., 5/ 16.v. [19]61, J. Macqueen; 1♂, 13.53��S 143.11��E, 6 km NNE Coen, 22.iv.1994, at light, P. Zborowski; 1♂, 2♀, Iron Range, 12, 14, 15.iv.1964, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton; 1♀, Iron Range, 12.iv.1964, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton, genital slide no. ANIC 8840; 1♂, 15.35��S 144.30��E, 7 km E Laura, 12.xii.1992, at light, sandstone escarpment, P. Zborowski & W. Dressier. Distribution. Australia (Queensland). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin longi - = long and tabulatus = band-shaped, referring to the long, band-shaped saccus. Remark. According to Shaffer et al. (1996), A. basinotata occurs in Australia. However, our examination of genitalia reveals that specimens identified as A. basinotata by Shaffer, are indeed the new species A. longitabulata. The differences of these two superficially similar species are given above at the diagnosis of A. longitabulata. Currently, no specimen of A. basinotata is collected in Australia., Published as part of Chen, Kai, Horak, Marianne, Du, Xicui & Zhang, Dandan, 2017, Revision of the Australian species of Agrotera Schrank (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae), pp. 213-224 in Zootaxa 4362 (2) on page 220, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1084028, {"references":["Wileman, A. E. (1911) New and unrecorded species of Lepidoptera Heterocera from Japan. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, (2), 189 - 407. [pls. 30 - 31.] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2311.1911. tb 03088. x","Shaffer, M., Nielsen E. S. & Horak, M. (1996) Pyraloidea. In: Nielsen, E. S., Edwards E. D. & Rangsi, T. V. (Eds.), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. Vol. 4. CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra, pp. 164 - 199."]}

Agrotera genuflexa Chen, Horak & Zhang, sp. nov. Figs 1, 2, 4, 7, 9 Diagnosis. Agrotera genuflexa resembles the Oriental-Palaearctic A. nemoralis and the Australian A. longitabulata sp. nov. in the sinuate termen and the simple, continuous and dark brown postmedial line of the forewing, and in the long, slender, sclerotized fibula-like process emerging from near the valva base in the male genitalia. With A. nemoralis it also shares a deeply divided valva. However, it can be distinguished from A. nemoralis by the smaller wingspan (12���15 mm), a conspicuous dark brown costal spot in the basal field of the forewing, a yellow hindwing base, and the shorter, much less strongly curved sclerotized fibula-like process in the male genitalia. Its differences with A. longitabulata are given in the diagnosis of that species. Description. Vertex and thorax yellow with orange scales, frons grey, labial palpus laterally grey with ventrally projecting tufts; legs in male unmodified. Abdomen in male long, slender, pale yellow touched with orange and with blackish distal margin on segments 3���8, segment 6 and sometimes 7 grey. Wingspan 12���15 mm. Forewing subtriangular, termen moderately sinuate; purplish grey ground colour darker towards termen and suffused with orange along distal half of costa; basal third yellow and sprinkled with orange scales, edged by scalloped, brown, lightly curved antemedial line, with conspicuous dark grey spot at 1/10 of costa; reniform stigma a round orange spot edged with intermittent brown scales; postmedial line sinuate, brown but darker on costa, from 3/4 of costa to 2/3 of posterior margin; fringe grey-brown and yellow with dark basal scales, with narrow yellow triangle below apex closely followed by yellow rectangle before middle and yellow patch before tornus. Hindwing fan-shaped with convex termen; basal 2/5 yellow and sprinkled with few orange scales, extending along anal margin, remainder purplish grey; postmedial line sinuate, reduced in pale apical area; terminal margin dark brown; fringe grey and yellow as forewing. Male genitalia (Fig. 7). Uncus short and wide, triangular, distally rounded, with few hair-like setae at apex. Tegumen short, ovate. Vinculum V-shaped. Saccus slender, rodlike, widest in middle. Transtilla two subtriangular lobes from base of costa, their points slightly downcurved, meeting in the middle. Valva deeply divided, dorsal part with wide base, then slightly bent ventrally and ending in a long, narrowly triangular process bearing a tuft of persistent scales at base; ventral part gradually narrowing into a slender, tongueshaped process with a distal tuft of bristles; a long, slender, curved, sclerotized fibula-like process from base of costa to inner margin of divided valva. Juxta shield-shaped, distal third divided. Phallus slender, distally abruptly widened, with three groups of spinules. Female genitalia (Fig. 9). Antrum large and wide, funnel-shaped, membranous, with two large serrate, strongly sclerotized spikes extending from its base, no distinct colliculum, and ductus bursae very short, slightly dilated, with longitudinal, sclerotized wrinkles; corpus bursae long and very slender in posterior half, anterior part spinulose; ductus seminalis originating from posterior end of corpus bursae. Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Australia, Queensland: 13.44��S 143.20��E, Golden Nugget Ck. Camp Site, Mcllwraith Ra., 520 m, 8.vii.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak, genital slide no. ANIC 8835. Paratypes: Australia, Northern Territory: 1♀, 11.09��S 132.09��E, Black Point Cobourg Pen., 28.i.1977, E. D. Edwards; 1♂, Mandorah Rd. 42 km SSE of Darwin, 11.vi.1973, E. D. Edwards; 1♂, 12.22��S 133.01��E, 6 km SSW of Oenpelli, 30.v.1973, E. D. Edwards & M. S. Upton; 1♀, 12.31��S 132.58��E, 9 km NE of Mudginbarry H. S., 26.v.1973, E. D. Edwards & M. S. Upton; 1♀, 12.35��S 132.52��E, Magela Ck., 2 km N of Mudginbarry H. S., 25.v.1973, E. D. Edwards & M. S. Upton; 1♂, 13.21��S 131.08��E, Robin Falls, 8.vi.1993, E. D. Edwards. Queensland: 1♀, Silver Plains, Cape York Pen., 14.iv.1959, J. L. Wassell; 1♀, 11.58��S 142.55��E, Harmer Creek, 22.v.1993, at light, riverine forest, P. Zborowski & A. Roach; 1♀, 12.42��S 141.55��E, Beening Creek, 16.ii.1994, at light, P. Zborowski; 1♂, 13.43��S 143.19��E, Weather Stn. Mcllwraith Ra., 420 m, 29.vi.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak; 3♂, 13.44��S 143.20��E, Golden Nugget Ck. Camp Site, Mcllwraith Ra., 520 m, 28, 30.vi., 2.vii. 1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak (ANIC, QMBQ, NHMUK); 1♀, 13.44��S 143.20��E, Golden Nugget Ck. Camp Site, Mcllwraith Ra., 520 m, 7.vii.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak; 1♀, 13.45��S 143.22��E, Mango Tree, Mcllwraith Ra., 500 m, 11.vii.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak, genital slide no. ANIC 8849; 1♂, 15.12��S 143.52��E, Hann River Crossing, 520 m, 2.vi.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak; 1♂, Cooran, 12.ii.1955, V. J. Robinson; 1♂, Brisbane, v.[19]34, [Turner]; 1♀, Brisbane, 17. iv. [19]34, [Turner]; 1♀, Brisbane, [19]34, [Turner]; 1♀, Stradbroke, 14.viii. [19]10; 1♀, Coolangatta, 9.iii. [19]13. New South Wales: 1♂, Tweed R., 25.i. [19]22; 1♂, Rous, Richmond River, 16.ii.1923, V. J. Robinson. Distribution. Australia (Northern Territory; Queensland; New South Wales). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin word genuflexus = geniculate, referring to the valva with its dorsal part bent ventrally., Published as part of Chen, Kai, Horak, Marianne, Du, Xicui & Zhang, Dandan, 2017, Revision of the Australian species of Agrotera Schrank (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea: Crambidae: Spilomelinae), pp. 213-224 in Zootaxa 4362 (2) on pages 216-218, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4362.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/1084028

Agrotera longitabulata Chen, Horak & Zhang, sp. nov. Figs 1, 3, 5, 8, 10 Diagnosis. Agrotera longitabulata resembles A. nemoralis and A. genuflexa in the sinuate termen and the simple, continuous and dark brown postmedial line of the forewing, but can be distinguished from A. nemoralis by a pale yellow hindwing base and a conspicuous dark brown costal spot in the basal field of the forewing, and from both A. nemoralis and A. genuflexa by the undivided valva and a long, slender and band-shaped saccus in the male genitalia. In the female genitalia, A. longitabulata differs from A. genuflexa by the long ductus bursae, the long narrow colliculum and the small, laterally attached corpus bursae. Agrotera longitabulata resembles A. posticalis Wileman, 1911 and A. basinotata (illustration of adult could be found at https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/ 180088#page/187/mode/1up) in wing pattern, but can be distinguished by the band-shaped saccus and the sickleshaped upcurved fibula-like process emerging from below the base of the costa. Description. Frons pale yellow, vertex orange, thorax yellow with orange scales; labial palpus laterally grey with long, ventrally projecting scales; legs in male unmodified. Abdomen in male long, slender; segments 1–5 pale yellow with orange scales, terminal 3 segments grey, 3–8 with blackish hind margin. Wingspan 17–22.5 mm. Forewing subtriangular, termen sinuate; basal third pale yellow, reticulated with orange, distally edged by a scalloped antemedial line of orange and brown scales, remainder of wing purplish grey; terminal margin brown; conspicuous dark fuscous spot at 1/10 of costa; reniform stigma crescentic, outwardly followed by ovate orange spot; postmedial line grey-brown but darker on costa, from 4/5 of costa slightly sinuate to CuA1, bent to middle of CuA2 then to 3/4 of posterior margin; fringe grey-brown and pale yellow, with yellow bars below apex, before middle and before tornus. Hindwing fan-shaped; basal third pale yellow with few orange scales outwardly edged by brown scales, pale yellow along anal margin with an orange longitudinal streak, remainder of wing purplish grey; postmedial line pale brown, weak, darkest on edge to pale yellow anal margin, then vanishing; terminal margin brown; fringe grey-brown in costal half, remainder pale yellow. Male genitalia (Fig. 8). Uncus small, subtriangular, rounded at apex. Tegumen trapezoidal, with obvious shoulders. Vinculum V-shaped. Saccus extremely long (approximately of valva length), slender, band-shaped, slightly tapering to truncate tip. Valva narrowly elliptical with acinaciform apex, undivided; transtilla two triangular lobes from base of costa, their points slightly downcurved, meeting in the middle; costa broadly sclerotized to beyond middle of valva; sacculus to 3/5 of valva, broad, densely setose on inner side, inner margin projecting as triangular point; with a very slender, sickleshaped upcurved fibula-like process from ventral base of costa. Juxta shield-shaped, distal half bifid. Phallus long, nearly parallel-sided, slightly downcurved at base; vesica in distal third with long, dense, sclerotized spinules and a large band-shaped sclerite. Female genitalia (Fig. 10). Antrum membranous, funnel-shaped, colliculum long, sclerotized, with two spinulose spikes. Ductus seminalis originating from anterior end of colliculum. Ductus bursae long, posterior part slightly wrinkled; corpus bursae small, laterally attached, without signum; ductus bursae and corpus bursae spinulose. Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Australia, Queensland: Iron Range, 12.iv.1964, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton, genital slide no. ANIC 8903. Paratypes: Australia, Queensland: 1♂, 10.12°S 142.49°E, Warraber (Sue) Island, 26.i.1978, R. Lewis; 1♀, 11.45°S 142.35°E, Heathlands, 19–23.v.1993, at light, P. Zborowski & A. Roach; 1♀, 12.43°S 143.18°E, Gordons Mine Claudie Riv., 20.ii.1985, E. D. Edwards & B. Hacobian; 1♂, 12.44°S 143.18°E, Phillip Hill Claudie Riv., 16.ii.1985, E. D. Edwards & B. Hacobian, genital slide no. ANIC 8901; 2♂, 12.44°S 143.18°E, Phillip Knoll, Claudie Riv., 21.ii.1985, E. D. Edwards & B. Hacobian, genital slide no. ANIC 8836 (ANIC, QMBQ); 1♂, Claudie. R. Nth., 5/ 16.v. [19]61, J. Macqueen; 1♂, 13.53°S 143.11°E, 6 km NNE Coen, 22.iv.1994, at light, P. Zborowski; 1♂, 2♀, Iron Range, 12, 14, 15.iv.1964, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton; 1♀, Iron Range, 12.iv.1964, I. F. B. Common & M. S. Upton, genital slide no. ANIC 8840; 1♂, 15.35°S 144.30°E, 7 km E Laura, 12.xii.1992, at light, sandstone escarpment, P. Zborowski & W. Dressier. Distribution. Australia (Queensland). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin longi - = long and tabulatus = band-shaped, referring to the long, band-shaped saccus. Remark. According to Shaffer et al. (1996), A. basinotata occurs in Australia. However, our examination of genitalia reveals that specimens identified as A. basinotata by Shaffer, are indeed the new species A. longitabulata. The differences of these two superficially similar species are given above at the diagnosis of A. longitabulata. Currently, no specimen of A. basinotata is collected in Australia.

Agrotera genuflexa Chen, Horak & Zhang, sp. nov. Figs 1, 2, 4, 7, 9 Diagnosis. Agrotera genuflexa resembles the Oriental-Palaearctic A. nemoralis and the Australian A. longitabulata sp. nov. in the sinuate termen and the simple, continuous and dark brown postmedial line of the forewing, and in the long, slender, sclerotized fibula-like process emerging from near the valva base in the male genitalia. With A. nemoralis it also shares a deeply divided valva. However, it can be distinguished from A. nemoralis by the smaller wingspan (12–15 mm), a conspicuous dark brown costal spot in the basal field of the forewing, a yellow hindwing base, and the shorter, much less strongly curved sclerotized fibula-like process in the male genitalia. Its differences with A. longitabulata are given in the diagnosis of that species. Description. Vertex and thorax yellow with orange scales, frons grey, labial palpus laterally grey with ventrally projecting tufts; legs in male unmodified. Abdomen in male long, slender, pale yellow touched with orange and with blackish distal margin on segments 3–8, segment 6 and sometimes 7 grey. Wingspan 12–15 mm. Forewing subtriangular, termen moderately sinuate; purplish grey ground colour darker towards termen and suffused with orange along distal half of costa; basal third yellow and sprinkled with orange scales, edged by scalloped, brown, lightly curved antemedial line, with conspicuous dark grey spot at 1/10 of costa; reniform stigma a round orange spot edged with intermittent brown scales; postmedial line sinuate, brown but darker on costa, from 3/4 of costa to 2/3 of posterior margin; fringe grey-brown and yellow with dark basal scales, with narrow yellow triangle below apex closely followed by yellow rectangle before middle and yellow patch before tornus. Hindwing fan-shaped with convex termen; basal 2/5 yellow and sprinkled with few orange scales, extending along anal margin, remainder purplish grey; postmedial line sinuate, reduced in pale apical area; terminal margin dark brown; fringe grey and yellow as forewing. Male genitalia (Fig. 7). Uncus short and wide, triangular, distally rounded, with few hair-like setae at apex. Tegumen short, ovate. Vinculum V-shaped. Saccus slender, rodlike, widest in middle. Transtilla two subtriangular lobes from base of costa, their points slightly downcurved, meeting in the middle. Valva deeply divided, dorsal part with wide base, then slightly bent ventrally and ending in a long, narrowly triangular process bearing a tuft of persistent scales at base; ventral part gradually narrowing into a slender, tongueshaped process with a distal tuft of bristles; a long, slender, curved, sclerotized fibula-like process from base of costa to inner margin of divided valva. Juxta shield-shaped, distal third divided. Phallus slender, distally abruptly widened, with three groups of spinules. Female genitalia (Fig. 9). Antrum large and wide, funnel-shaped, membranous, with two large serrate, strongly sclerotized spikes extending from its base, no distinct colliculum, and ductus bursae very short, slightly dilated, with longitudinal, sclerotized wrinkles; corpus bursae long and very slender in posterior half, anterior part spinulose; ductus seminalis originating from posterior end of corpus bursae. Material examined. Holotype: ♂, Australia, Queensland: 13.44°S 143.20°E, Golden Nugget Ck. Camp Site, Mcllwraith Ra., 520 m, 8.vii.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak, genital slide no. ANIC 8835. Paratypes: Australia, Northern Territory: 1♀, 11.09°S 132.09°E, Black Point Cobourg Pen., 28.i.1977, E. D. Edwards; 1♂, Mandorah Rd. 42 km SSE of Darwin, 11.vi.1973, E. D. Edwards; 1♂, 12.22°S 133.01°E, 6 km SSW of Oenpelli, 30.v.1973, E. D. Edwards & M. S. Upton; 1♀, 12.31°S 132.58°E, 9 km NE of Mudginbarry H. S., 26.v.1973, E. D. Edwards & M. S. Upton; 1♀, 12.35°S 132.52°E, Magela Ck., 2 km N of Mudginbarry H. S., 25.v.1973, E. D. Edwards & M. S. Upton; 1♂, 13.21°S 131.08°E, Robin Falls, 8.vi.1993, E. D. Edwards. Queensland: 1♀, Silver Plains, Cape York Pen., 14.iv.1959, J. L. Wassell; 1♀, 11.58°S 142.55°E, Harmer Creek, 22.v.1993, at light, riverine forest, P. Zborowski & A. Roach; 1♀, 12.42°S 141.55°E, Beening Creek, 16.ii.1994, at light, P. Zborowski; 1♂, 13.43°S 143.19°E, Weather Stn. Mcllwraith Ra., 420 m, 29.vi.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak; 3♂, 13.44°S 143.20°E, Golden Nugget Ck. Camp Site, Mcllwraith Ra., 520 m, 28, 30.vi., 2.vii. 1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak (ANIC, QMBQ, NHMUK); 1♀, 13.44°S 143.20°E, Golden Nugget Ck. Camp Site, Mcllwraith Ra., 520 m, 7.vii.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak; 1♀, 13.45°S 143.22°E, Mango Tree, Mcllwraith Ra., 500 m, 11.vii.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak, genital slide no. ANIC 8849; 1♂, 15.12°S 143.52°E, Hann River Crossing, 520 m, 2.vi.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak; 1♂, Cooran, 12.ii.1955, V. J. Robinson; 1♂, Brisbane, v.[19]34, [Turner]; 1♀, Brisbane, 17. iv. [19]34, [Turner]; 1♀, Brisbane, [19]34, [Turner]; 1♀, Stradbroke, 14.viii. [19]10; 1♀, Coolangatta, 9.iii. [19]13. New South Wales: 1♂, Tweed R., 25.i. [19]22; 1♂, Rous, Richmond River, 16.ii.1923, V. J. Robinson. Distribution. Australia (Northern Territory; Queensland; New South Wales). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin word genuflexus = geniculate, referring to the valva with its dorsal part bent ventrally.