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Background: Pyometra is defined as chronic purulent inflammation of the uterus that causes changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The disease is characterized with bacterial infection and pus accumulation in the uterus. Transabdominal B-mode ultrasonography provides easy and certain diagnosis of this disease. The hemodynamic changes in pyometra are evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography. The aim of the study is to determine the changes in hematological parameters and Doppler indices in bitches with pyometra, diestrus healthy bitches and evaluate the relationship between hematological parameters and hemodynamic indices within the both groups.Materials, Methods & Results: A total number of 27 bitches were enrolled in the study. The healthy diestrus bitches (group H; n = 7) aged 6.2 ± 1.14 years, weighted 14.57 ± 3.75 kg. The bitches with pyometra (group PYO; n = 20) aged 9.1 ± 0.62 years and weighted 17.65 ± 2.60 kg. Before all bitches had ovariohisterectomy, hematological analyses were performed. Transabdominal ultrasonography (USG) was performed with a 6.6 MHz convex transducer. The widest cross-sectional uterine diameter (UD), wall thickness of uterine horns (UWT) and presence of luminal content were evaluated. Diameter of the uterine artery (DUA) was measured on a mapped color image using the USG software program. The examination was carried out with pulsed-wave Doppler USG to characterize the waveform of the uterine artery (UA). Anechogenic areas in uterine lumen, increase in UD and UWT were observed in group PYO. All cases in group PYO had luminal content in both uterine horns ranging from 1.2 to 5.6 cm. The DUAs were measured in group H and in group PYO as 1.75 ± 0.03 mm, 1.94 ± 0.08 mm; respectively (P < 0.05). The PI and RI values of group PYO were lower than group H (P < 0.001). Hematological analysis results showed that RBC, HGB, HCT levels in group PYO were lower than group H (P < 0.001). However, WBC, NEU, LYM, MONO levels in group PYO were higher than group H. Hemodynamic indices were positively correlated with RBC, HGB, HCT, whereas they were inversely correlated with NEU, WBC, UD and UWT. Also, PI value was negatively correlated with MONO.Discussion: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) is a predisposing factor for development of the pyometra in bitches. Besides, naturally occurring CEH and pyometra can arise independently from each other. The enlarged uterine body exhibits the development of intense exudative processes due to the higher proliferative stimulation in uterine infections. Uterine infections were associated with increase in uterine blood flow. Elevated uterine blood flow, vasodilatation and angiogenesis arise during inflammatory response. The inflammatory process leads to a diminution in hemodynamic indices of uterine arteries. Total blood count parameters are affected from the presence of pyometra. Elevated levels of leukocytes in bitches with pyometra are associated with worsening prognosis. Erythrocyte diapedesis into the lumen of the uterus, toxic depression of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow can cause anemia. In conclusion, hematological parameters were strongly correlated with hemodynamic indices in this study. Reduced RBC, HGB and HCT levels, decreased PI and RI values and elevated levels of UD, UWT, DUA were observed in group PYO. To our knowledge, this was the first study that observed the increase in DUA during pyometra in bitches.

Clinical records of bitches older than six months that were treated at the Small Animals Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos during the period 2009-2013 were revised to obtain statistical information about the frequency of pyometra and its relationship with age, breed, size and season of the year. Out of 4715 records of bitches, 207 were diagnosed with pyometra, representing an incidence of 4.4 ± 0.6%. A statistical association was found between pyometra and breed, but not with the size of the animal or the season of the year., Se revisaron las fichas clínicas de perras mayores de seis meses que fueron atendidas en la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos durante el periodo 2009-2013, con el fin de obtener información estadística acerca de la frecuencia de piometra y su relación con la edad, raza, tamaño y estación del año. De los 4715 registros de perras, 207 fueron diagnosticados con piometra, representando un 4.4 ± 0.6% de incidencia. Se halló asociación estadística entre la raza y la piometra, más no así con el tamaño del animal ni la estación del año.

Se revisaron las fichas clínicas de perras mayores de seis meses que fueron atendidas en la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos durante el periodo 2009-2013, con el fin de obtener información estadística acerca de la frecuencia de piometra y su relación con la edad, raza, tamaño y estación del año. De los 4715 registros de perras, 207 fueron diagnosticados con piometra, representando un 4.4 ± 0.6% de incidencia. Se halló asociación estadística entre la raza y la piometra, más no así con el tamaño del animal ni la estación del año. Clinical records of bitches older than six months that were treated at the Small Animals Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos during the period 2009-2013 were revised to obtain statistical information about the frequency of pyometra and its relationship with age, breed, size and season of the year. Out of 4715 records of bitches, 207 were diagnosed with pyometra, representing an incidence of 4.4± 0.6%.Astatisticalassociationwas found betweenpyometraand breed, but not with the size of the animal or the season of the year.

The estrus cycle of bitches is divided into four phases: proestrus, estrus, diestrus and anestrus, during which different morphological changes, and also cyclic changes of estrogen and progesterone receptors are present. Several pathological changes can be differentiated on the endometrium, but one of these is the most important - cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which frequently develops into pyometra. The aim of the present study was to describe morphological characteristics, and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors on the endometrium of mixedbreed bitches during the different phases of the estrus cycle, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra. The uterus and ovaries of 36 mixed breed bitches in different phases of the estrus cycle and also with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and chronic purulent endometritis - pyometra were examined macroscopically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically for estrogen receptors (ΕR) and progesterone receptors (PR). During proestrus uterine cells showed a weak reaction for both estrogen and progesterone receptors, but during estrus a large number of uterine cells showed a strong reaction on estrogen receptors and moderate reaction on progesterone receptors. On the contrary, during diestrus the scores for the estrogen receptors decreased, while the progesterone receptors level increased - uterine cells expressed strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and moderate reaction for estrogen receptors. Uterine cells in cystic endometrial hyperplasia expressed a strong reaction for estrogen receptors, and moderate reaction for progesterone receptors, but on the other hand the uterine cells in the uterus with pyometra expressed a moderate to strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and a weak reaction for estrogen receptors. In further investigations it would be interesting to perform quantitative analysis for both estrogen and progesterone receptors during different phases of the estrus cycle and also in the uterus with cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra.

Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-27T11:29:04Z No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-05-27T14:43:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 2-s2.0-84880718758.pdf: 737760 bytes, checksum: e46db62077d9b70b46d8536576a02501 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-27T11:29:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-05-01 The aim of this study was evaluate the renal hemodynamics of bitches with pyometra by means of laboratory tests, ultrasound B mode and Doppler, before and after treatment with ovariohysterectomy (OSH). This study evaluated 30 bitches with pyometra, all were subjected to OSH (moment 1) and 20 were evaluated after 7 days (moment 2). The renal perfusion, the resistivity index (RI) of the main renal artery and the interlobar arteries (cranial, middle and caudal) were statistically different between times 1 and 2 (p

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:56:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352012000500004.pdf: 556723 bytes, checksum: 34ba8578ed766aceed7c751736bb6dac (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0102-09352012000500004.pdf: 556723 bytes, checksum: 34ba8578ed766aceed7c751736bb6dac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:50:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352012000500004.pdf: 556723 bytes, checksum: 34ba8578ed766aceed7c751736bb6dac (MD5) S0102-09352012000500004.pdf.txt: 34890 bytes, checksum: 2f977a37f8ea5d8ab5005ca2bf2c33e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:39:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352012000500004.pdf: 556723 bytes, checksum: 34ba8578ed766aceed7c751736bb6dac (MD5) S0102-09352012000500004.pdf.txt: 34890 bytes, checksum: 2f977a37f8ea5d8ab5005ca2bf2c33e1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:39:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0102-09352012000500004.pdf: 556723 bytes, checksum: 34ba8578ed766aceed7c751736bb6dac (MD5) S0102-09352012000500004.pdf.txt: 34890 bytes, checksum: 2f977a37f8ea5d8ab5005ca2bf2c33e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-01 Analisou-se a piometra de 31 cadelas, de raças e idades variadas, sendo 25 cadelas com piometra de cérvice aberta e seis de cérvice fechada. Após ovariossalpingo-histerectomia, foram coletados fragmentos da cérvice e do útero para a avaliação imunoistoquímica. Foram analisados os receptores de estrógenos α e β, progesterona e colágenos I e III. Foram realizadas imunomarcações em diferentes regiões da cérvice, como o epitélio glandular, o epitélio luminal e o estroma glandular, assim como em diferentes regiões do útero, como o epitélio glandular e o estroma glandular. As imunomarcações de colágenos I e III foram realizadas nas regiões glandular e muscular da cérvice e do útero. Concentrações de receptores de progesterona foram maiores em cadelas com piometra fechada. The pyometra in 31 bitches of different breeds and ages, 25 with pyometra cervix open and 6 closed cervix was analyzed. After the ovariohysterectomy procedure, samples were collected from the cervix and uterus to evaluate immunohistochemistry. For immunohistochemical evaluation estrogen receptors α and β, progesterone and collagen I and III were analyzed. Immunostainings were performed in different regions of the cervix such as glandular epithelium, luminal epithelium and glandular stroma, as well as in different regions of the uterus, such as glandular epithelium and glandular stroma. The immunostainings for collagen I and III were performed in muscular and glandular regions of the cervix and uterus. The concentration the progesterone receptors were elevated in bitches from the closed pyometra. UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia

Twenty bitches with acute endometritis-pyometra complex (EPC) and 20 clinically healthy bitches were examined. The following coagulation parameters were determined in haemostatic evaluations: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), fibrinogen concentrations (FBG), D-dimer concentrations (D-D), antithrombin activity (AT), and blood platelet counts (PLT). Morphological and biochemical blood parameters were also analysed. Examinations of animals affected by EPC revealed blood coagulation and fibrinolytic disorders, and the noted results (PT 13.7 ±1.06 s, aPTT 23.4 ±1.04 s, TT 15.6 ±0.68 s, FBG 2.2 g/L, D-D 785.4 ±103.05 μg/L, AT 111.1 ±13.51%, PLT 169.30 ±126.31 103/μL) point to a high risk of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The findings indicate that the coagulation parameters of bitches affected by EPC should be analysed before treatment as the noted disorder can significantly complicate therapy and ovariohysterectomy, and endanger the patients' life.

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is produced enzymatically in humans and animals from kynurenine. Reports concerning changes of kynurenine metabolism during inflammation are available in the literature. Pyometra is a pathological condition characterized by the accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen and bacterial infection. The objective of the study was to compare the serum and endometrial KYNA concentrations in healthy bitches and those with pyometra. KYNA was determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection. The serum content of KYNA in bitches with pyometra was significantly higher than in healthy bitches. The KYNA content in the endometrium of bitches with pyometra was higher, yet the difference was not statistically significant. Our result indicates that determination of KYNA might be a marker of pyometra in bitches.

Bu çalışma, 9-11 Temmuz 2008 tarihlerinde Viyana Üniversitesi[Avusturya]'da düzenlenen 6. International Symposium on Canine and Feline Reproduction'da bildiri olarak sunulmuştru. The present study examined the degree to which downregulation with a GnRH agonist impaired spermatogenesis and the time course of morphological and hormonal changes that occurred during recrudescence of spermatogenesis. Using a control group (group 1, n = 5) of dogs, the effect of a removable slow release GnRH-agonist implant was investigated in beagle dogs (group 2, n = 30). The implant was removed after 5 months (week 0) and three to four dogs were castrated at weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24. The degree of downregulation and recrudescence of spermatogenesis was assessed by evaluation of 200 tubular cross-sections, resulting in an assigning of dogs of group 2 to testis developmental groups (DG) according to the most developed germ cell observed: DG A, spermatocytes; DG B, round spermatids; DG C, elongating spermatids and DG D, elongated spermatids. Downregulation led to an arrest of spermatogenesis at the level of spermatogonia/primary spermatocytes. The time course of recrudescence showed high individual variations and the number of dogs falling into DG A, B, C and D was 4, 3, 6 and 17 respectively. Spermatogenesis in group 2, DG D was not different from group 1 (control). In DG A, mean area of Leydig-cell nuclei was lower (p < 0.001) than in the other DG and group 1 and resembled that of juvenile dogs (group 3, n = 3); nuclei of Sertoli cells had changed from more flat/polygonal (group 1, group 2, DG C and D) to round/ovoid and had moved to a more luminal position. As indicated by basal testosterone (T), luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations at implant removal, full downregulation had been obtained. Testosterone, LH and FSH concentrations [(g) (DF), ng/ml] increased (p < 0.05) from implant removal to DG B [T: 0.1 (1.24) vs 2.12 (2.31); LH: 0.2 (2.15) vs 1.11 (1.7); FSH: 0.37 (3.50) vs 6.37 (1.68)] and were more or less constant thereafter indicating that onset of spermatogenesis was related to an increase of plasma T occurring in a very narrow time window. Following GnRH implantation, the size of the testes and the prostate decreased by approximately 55% (p < 0.001), they increased to sizes similar to pre-treatment values following implant removal.

The aim of this study was to determine the therapeutic success of the medical treatment of pyometra with the antigestagen aglepristone and to document the recurrence rate in relation to the time interval after treatment with antigestagens in cats. Ten cats, 2–13 years of age and nulliparous were used in the study. The cats were treated with aglepristone at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously on days 1, 2, 7 and 14 (if not cured). In addition, trimethoprim/sulphadoxine was also administered at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously once a day for 7 days. Nine out of the 10 cats responded well to treatment. No recurrence was observed in a follow-up period of 2 years. No side effects were observed. The data suggest that aglepristone treatment is a promising approach for the medical treatment of pyometra in cats.

As pyometra is recognized as one of the main causes of disease and death in the bitch the purposes of this study were to evaluate microbiological and histopathological aspects of canine pyometra and to research the virulence factors of the E. coli isolates identifying possible risks to human health. The microbiological isolation from the intrauterine contents of 100 dogs with pyometra was carried out and the virulence factors in the E. coli strains were identified using PCR method. This study also consisted of the counting of microorganisms colonies forming units in samples of intrauterine content, tests of antimicrobial susceptibility of the E. coli isolates and the histological examination of the uterus. E. coli was the most prevalent microorganism isolated (76.6%) and 120 strains (79.5%) were positive for sfa, 86 (56.9%) were positive for cnf, 87 (57.6%) were positive for pap, 52 (34.4%) were positive for hly, 51 (33.8%) were positive for iuc and 5 (3.3%) were positive for afa genes. One observed more sensitivity of E. coli to norfloxacin, polimixin B, sulphazotrin, chloranfenicol and enrofloxacin. In 42% of the samples of uterine walls where microorganisms were isolated, the sizes of the areas of the inflammatory responses corresponded to 39-56%. Virulence factors were identified in 98.0% of the strains evaluated, demonstrating a high frequency of potentially pathogenic E. coli. It must be considered that dogs are animals that are living in close proximity to man for thousands of years and have an important role in the transmission of E. coli to other animals and to man.A piometra é uma enfermidade da cadela adulta, sendo a doença reconhecida como uma das causas mais comuns de morte desta espécie animal. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a avaliação de aspectos microbiológicos e histopatológicos da piometra canina e pesquisa de fatores de virulência de E. coli, identificando possíveis riscos para a saúde humana. Foi realizado o exame microbiológico de conteúdo intra-uterino de 100 cadelas com piometra bem como a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias de microrganismos nestas amostras, testes de susceptibilidade "in vitro" aos antimicrobianos de E. coli e pesquisa de fatores de virulência nestas estirpes, e exame histopatológico de amostras de útero. Escherichia coli foi o microrganismo mais freqüentemente isolado (76,6%), sendo que 120 estirpes (79,5%) foram positivas para os genes sfa, 86 (56,9%) foram positivas para cnf, 87 (57,6%) foram positivas para pap, 52 (34,4%) foram positivas para hly, 51 (33,8%) foram positivas para iuc e 5 (3,3%) foram positivas para afa. Observou-se maior sensibilidade de E.coli à norfloxacina, polimixina B, sulfazotrim, cloranfenicol e enrofloxacina. Em 42% das amostras de parede uterina nas quais foram isolados microrganismos, os tamanhos das áreas de processo inflamatório corresponderam a 39-56%. Foram identificados fatores de virulência em 98,0% das estirpes de Escherichia coli avaliadas, demonstrando uma alta freqüência de E. coli potencialmente patogênica. Deve-se considerar que os cães são animais que vivem em proximidade aos homens há milhares de anos e possuem um papel importante na transmissão de E. coli aos outros animais e também ao homem.

Background Pyometra is a serious bacterial infection of the uterus affecting female dogs and manifests as an accumulation of pus in the uterine lumen. The aim of the study was to assess changes in serum interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 concentrations in bitches with pyometra undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Findings Blood samples were collected from healthy bitches (controls) and bitches with pyometra before surgery, and 3 and 10 days after ovariohysterectomy. Before surgery, bitches with pyometra had significantly higher serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 than the controls. After surgery, the serum concentration of IL-6 and IL-10 decreased significantly. In healthy dogs, the concentration of IL-6 and IL-10 showed a significant increase 3 days after surgery followed by a decrease on day 10. Conclusion An increase in serum concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 was present before surgery in bitches with pyometra and 3 days after ovariohysterectomy in healthy controls. Concentrations decreased after ovariohysterectomy and/or proper healing, suggesting that these cytokines can be useful for assessment of the postoperative period in bitches.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a hemodinâmica renal de cadelas com piometra por meio de exames laboratoriais, ultrassonografia Modo B e Doppler, antes e após o tratamento cirúrgico com ovariosanpigohisterectomia (OSH). Foram utilizadas 30 cadelas com diagnóstico de piometra, todas foram submetidas a OSH (momento 1) e 20 foram reavaliadas sete dias após a cirurgia (momento 2). A perfusão renal, o índice de resistividade da artéria renal principal e de cada artéria interlobar (cranial, média e caudal) foi estatisticamente diferente entre os momentos 1 e 2 (p

Objective To determine the efficacy and reliability of cabergoline and pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) for induction of oestrus in bitches with primary or secondary anoestrus. Procedures We studied 39 healthy bitches of various breeds aged 2-6 years and in primary or secondary anoestrus: 20 bitches were administered 5 mg/kg/day cabergoline orally until day 2 after the onset of pro-oestrus or for a maximum of 42 days, and 19 bitches were administered 20 IU/kg/day PMSG intramuscularly for 5 consecutive days, followed by an additional single injection of 25 IU/kg of human chorionic gonadotrophin on the fifth day. Results The rates of oestrus induction in the primary and secondary anoestrous bitches treated with cabergoline and PMSG were found to be similar. Pregnancy and whelping rates in the cabergoline group were statistically different from the rates in the PMSG group (P < 0.001). Conclusion Cabergoline is more effective and reliable for the induction of a fertile oestrus in bitches with primary or secondary anoestrous.

A four-year-old cat was admitted with signs of lethargy and abdominal distention. Based on clinical, haematological and pathological findings and on diagnostic imaging, a diagnosis of hydrometra was made. This paper describes secondary hydrometra with septal formations, associated with local cystic endometrial hypernlasia.

Contents There is no safe and accurate method for early termination of pregnancy in the rabbit. So this study was carried out to determine the effect of aglepristone administration in preventing early pregnancy before implantation in this species. Twenty-two animals (10-12 months old, New Zealand White rabbits) were naturally mated and pregnancies were confirmed in all animals by ultrasonographic examinations on day 6 after mating (5-7.5 MHz linear array transducer Dynamic Imaging Sonostar, UK) and the animals were grouped randomly: Group I & Group III: Aglepristone (Alizin (R), Virbac; 10 mg/kg, subcutaneously) was injected twice, 24 h apart, on days 6 and 7 after mating (n = 5; n = 8). Group II & Group IV: The same volume of 0.9% NaCl solution was subcutaneously injected in the same interval and served as controls (n = 5; n = 3). Ultrasonographical examination of the uterus was performed daily from day 7 to day 11 post-mating to test aglepristone efficiency. Blood samples were collected between days 6 and 30, centrifuged at 3070 g for 10 min and stored at -20 degrees C. The does in aglepristone groups (Group I, III) were not pregnant whereas all animals in control groups were pregnant (Group II, IV). The does in group I & III were examined only clinically and ultrasonographically; however, does in groups III and IV were laparomized on days 6, 7, 9 and 11 post-mating to control countable implantation sites. No implantation sites were present in group III whereas they were seen obviously in group IV. Side effects were not observed. The mean serum progesterone (P4) concentrations were not significantly different between control and treated does (p > 0.05). The results indicate that aglepristone treatment on days 6 and 7 after mating could prevent pregnancy after unwanted matings without any side effects in the rabbit. Aglepristone treatments are possibly not affecting further fertilities before implantation.

The aim of the present study was to determine vaginal, cervical and uterine bacterial flora at the different stages of the reproductive cycle in mixed-bred bitches. Vaginal, cervical and uterine swab specimens were obtained from 55 bitches (Anoestrus = 11, Proestrus = 16, Oestrus = 13, Metoestrus = 9 and Pregnant = 6) at ovariohysterectomy. A total of 61 bacteria were isolated from vagina. These organisms include Yeast (45.4%) and E. coli (30.9%), Proteus sp. (20%), Streptococcus sp. (12.7%) and Enterococcus sp. (1.8%) have been isolated. The mean number of isolates from vagina was 1.2. High bacterial counts in the vagina were found proestrus and oestrus. The results indicated that no bacteria were isolated from the cervix and the uterus and no mycoplasmas were cultured in vagina, cervix and uterus. The uterine microflora did not reflect the vaginal and cervical microflora.

In der Humanmedizin ist das abdominelle Kompartmentsyndrom (AKS) als Folge einer intraabdominellen Druckerhöhung eine gefürchtete Komplikation beim Intensivpatienten. Es entsteht bei schwerwiegenden abdominellen Erkrankungen und nach Operationen. Bleibt es unerkannt und unbehandelt, führt es zum Multiorganversagen und zum Tod. Die indirekte Messung des intravesikulären Drucks (IVD) ist einfach, um den intraabdominalen Druck (IAD) annähernd genau zu bestimmen. Über einen Harnblasendauerkatheter können die Messungen beliebig häufig erfolgen. In einer prospektiven Studie wurde an 42 Hündinnen der Klinik und Poliklinik für kleine Haustiere der Freien Universität Berlin die intravesikale Druck (IVD)-Messung vor und bis zu 48 Std. post operationem bei Hündinnen mit Mastektomie und Ovarhysterektomie vorgenommen und ihre Bedeutung für die Kleintiermedizin erarbeitet. Der IAD wurde bei 33 Hunden vor und nach Mastektomie und bei weiteren acht Tieren vor und nach Ovarhysterektomie wegen einer raumfordernden Gebärmuttererkrankung gemessen. Den Hündinnen war ein Foley-Katheter mit einer Verweildauer bis zu 48 Stunden gelegt wor-den. Nach 24 Stunden konnte bei 56% und nach 48 Std. bei allen Patientinnen eine Hämaturie beobachtet werden. Eine Harnwegsinfektion konnte klinisch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Bei 26 Hündinnen ohne Hinweis auf eine IAH wurde der IAD prae operationem in Narkose bestimmt und als Normalwert 3,6 mmHg ermittelt. Alle Patienten waren für die Messung vor dem Eingriff in Narkose. Post operationem wurden 33 davon noch in Narkose und acht in der Aufwachphase gemessen. Weitere Druckbestimmungen wurden am wachen Tier vorgenommen. An angespannten Patienten mit erhöhter Bauchdeckenspannung, sind die Messergebnisse vorsichtig zu interpretieren. Bei allen Patienten (N=33), die mastektomiert wurden stieg postoperativ der IAD an. Bei de-nen, die einseitig mastektomiert (n=13), mastektomiert und kastriert (n=6) oder bei denen die zweite Gesäugeleiste (n=8) entfernt wurde, wurde ein deutlich höherer Anstieg des IAD gese-hen, als bei denen, die partiell mastektomiert (n=6) wurden. Vier Stunden nach der Operation wurde der höchste Wert des IADs bei allen mastektomierten Tieren gemessen. Danach fielen die Druckwerte wieder ab. Ein Teil der Patienten erreichte nach 48 Stunden fast wieder präoperative Messwerte. Sieben Hunde wurden wegen einer geschlossenen Form der Pyometra und einer wegen einer glandulär-zystischen Endometritis ovarhysterektomiert. Bei diesen Erkrankungen lag der präoperativ ermittelte IAD deutlich über dem Normalwert. Der postoperative Wert fiel gegenüber dem präoperativen IAD ab. Vier Stunden nach der Operation konnte auch bei diesen Patien¬ten wieder ein Druckanstieg beobachtet werden. Im weiteren Verlauf näherten sich die Druckwerte den Normalwerten an. Kein in dieser Studie untersuchtes Tier entwickelte Symptome eines AKS. Sowohl bei der Pyometra als auch nach Mastektomien wurden abdominelle Druckwerte bis zu 15 mmHg gemessen. Um die klinische Bedeutung der IAH besser beurteilen zu können, sind weitere Studien nötig, die Vorschläge zur sinnvollen chirurgischen Behandlung in der Kleintiermedizin geben., In human medicine, abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) as a result of intraabdominal pressure increase is a dreaded complication in intensive care patients. It occurs in serious abdominal illnesses and after operations. If undetected and untreated, it leads to multi-organ failure and death. In order to nearly precisely determine the intraabdominal pressure (IAD), the indirect measurement of intravesical pressure (IVP) is simple and can be performed as frequently as desired through a transurethral catheter. In a prospective study, the IVP measurement was performed on 42 female dogs at the Klinik und Poliklinik der Freien Universitaet Berlin before and up to 48 hours after mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy and its significance for small animal medicine was assessed. The IAD was measured in 33 dogs before and after mastectomy and with eight other animals before and after ovariohysterectomy performed due to a space-occupying uterine disease. A Foley catheter was inserted in the female dogs with a resting time of up to 48 hours. After 24 hours hematuria could be observed in 56% of the patients and after 48 hours in all the patients. A urinary tract infection could not be seen. In 26 female dogs with no indication of IAH the IAD was determined pre-operatively under anesthesia and calculated as a normal value at 3.6 mmHg. All patients were measured under anesthesia before the surgery. After the operation, 33 of them were measured while still under anesthesia and eight of them were measured during the recovery phase. Further pressure measurements were performed on awake animals. Measurement results for tense patients with severe abdominal contractions should be interpreted carefully. In all patients (N=33) who have undergone mastectomies, the IAP increased postoperatively. Among those who had a mastectomy on one side (n=13), who had mastectomies and were neutered (n=6) or who had the second mastectomy, a much higher increase in the IAD was seen, as among those who had a partial mastectomy (n=6). Four hours after the operation, the highest IAD value was measured for all animals that had mastectomies. After that point, many of the pressure values again fell. After 48 hours, some of the patients had again reached the same preoperative measurement values. Ovariohysterectomies were performed on seven dogs due to a closed form of pyometra and one due to a cystic endometritis. With these illnesses, preoperatively the ascertained IAP was significantly higher than the normal value. The postoperative value fell versus the preoperative IAP. Four hours after the operation, in these patients a pressure increase could again also be observed. In the further course of the study, the pressure values again returned to normal. None of the examined animals in this study showed symptoms of an ACS. Abdominal pressure values were measured up to 15 mmHg. In order to be able to better assess the clinical significance of the IAH, further studies are necessary to produce proposals for meaningful surgical treatment in small animal medicine.

As pyometra is recognized as one of the main causes of disease and death in the bitch the purposes of this study were to evaluate microbiological and histopathological aspects of canine pyometra and to research the virulence factors of the E. coli isolates identifying possible risks to human health. The microbiological isolation from the intrauterine contents of 100 dogs with pyometra was carried out and the virulence factors in the E. coli strains were identified using PCR method. This study also consisted of the counting of microorganisms colonies forming units in samples of intrauterine content, tests of antimicrobial susceptibility of the E. coli isolates and the histological examination of the uterus. E. coli was the most prevalent microorganism isolated (76.6%) and 120 strains (79.5%) were positive for sfa, 86 (56.9%) were positive for cnf, 87 (57.6%) were positive for pap, 52 (34.4%) were positive for hly, 51 (33.8%) were positive for iuc and 5 (3.3%) were positive for afa genes. One observed more sensitivity of E. coli to norfloxacin, polimixin B, sulphazotrin, chloranfenicol and enrofloxacin. In 42% of the samples of uterine walls where microorganisms were isolated, the sizes of the areas of the inflammatory responses corresponded to 39-56%. Virulence factors were identified in 98.0% of the strains evaluated, demonstrating a high frequency of potentially pathogenic E. coli. It must be considered that dogs are animals that are living in close proximity to man for thousands of years and have an important role in the transmission of E. coli to other animals and to man. A piometra é uma enfermidade da cadela adulta, sendo a doença reconhecida como uma das causas mais comuns de morte desta espécie animal. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram a avaliação de aspectos microbiológicos e histopatológicos da piometra canina e pesquisa de fatores de virulência de E. coli, identificando possíveis riscos para a saúde humana. Foi realizado o exame microbiológico de conteúdo intra-uterino de 100 cadelas com piometra bem como a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias de microrganismos nestas amostras, testes de susceptibilidade "in vitro" aos antimicrobianos de E. coli e pesquisa de fatores de virulência nestas estirpes, e exame histopatológico de amostras de útero. Escherichia coli foi o microrganismo mais freqüentemente isolado (76,6%), sendo que 120 estirpes (79,5%) foram positivas para os genes sfa, 86 (56,9%) foram positivas para cnf, 87 (57,6%) foram positivas para pap, 52 (34,4%) foram positivas para hly, 51 (33,8%) foram positivas para iuc e 5 (3,3%) foram positivas para afa. Observou-se maior sensibilidade de E.coli à norfloxacina, polimixina B, sulfazotrim, cloranfenicol e enrofloxacina. Em 42% das amostras de parede uterina nas quais foram isolados microrganismos, os tamanhos das áreas de processo inflamatório corresponderam a 39-56%. Foram identificados fatores de virulência em 98,0% das estirpes de Escherichia coli avaliadas, demonstrando uma alta freqüência de E. coli potencialmente patogênica. Deve-se considerar que os cães são animais que vivem em proximidade aos homens há milhares de anos e possuem um papel importante na transmissão de E. coli aos outros animais e também ao homem.

This is the first report of successful induction of normal estrus and ovulation in breeder bitches with as a low dose as 0.6 mu g/kg/day of cabergoline formulation marketed for use in women. Sixty-one pure breed bitches from various breeds were used in the study at their already determined periods of anestrus. Twenty-four dogs formed the control group, while 37 bitches were administered with two different doses of cabergoline (recommended dose group, n = 10, 5 mu g/kg/day and low dose group, n = 27, 0.6 mu g/kg/day). Induced estrus rates and mean treatment and proestrus durations of dogs in these two dose groups were compared. At the second phase of the study, the effects of 500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administered on days 1 and 3 of estrus induced by the low dose of cabergoline, on the duration of behavioral estrus, ovulation rates, pregnancy rates and the number of offspring were investigated. For this purpose, the dogs with signs of proestrus (22/27) following the treatment in the low dose group were assigned into two subgroups. Five hundred IU of hCG (Pregnyl, Organon, Turkey) was intramuscularly administered to eight of these dogs [low dose (hCG+) group] on days 1between days 8-45 and 4-48 (mean: 23.63 +/- 14.33 and 24.41 +/- 14.31 days), in the ratio of 80.0 and 81.5%, respectively (p > 0.05). In both dose groups, post-treatment interestrous intervals were significantly shorter than both those of the control group and their own pre-treatment interestrous intervals (p < 0.05). Ovulation rates, pregnancy rates and mean number of offspring delivered by the dogs in the recommended dose, low dose (hCG-), low dose (hCG+) and control groups were found to be similar (p > 0.05). However, the mean duration of behavioral estrus of the dogs in the low dose (hCG+) group was found to be significantly longer compared to dogs in all other groups (p < 0.05). In both dose groups, no correlation could be found between the anestrus stages and treatment durations (p > 0.05). Shortly, it has been concluded from the study that (1) normal and fertile estrus can be induced more economically in bitches during different stages of anestrus using as a low dose of 0.6 mu g/kg of cabergoline formulation marketed for use in women, and that (2) hCG injections on days 1 and 3 of the estrus induced by this method has no positive effects on the ovulation rates, pregnancy rates and the number of offspring per pregnancy. (C) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. and 3 of estrus. The remaining 14 dogs were not treated with hCG [low dose (hCG-) group]. An aqueous solution of cabergoline (Dostinex, Pharmacia, Italy) was orally administered until 2 day after the onset of proestrus or for a maximum of 42 days. Blood samples were taken daily from all treatment and 11 control bitches during the first five days of behavioral estrus to measure progesterone concentrations. In the recommended dose and low dose groups, estrus was induced.

The presence of oestrogen-alpha receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) oncoprotein in the uterine walls of 10 healthy cats and 20 subjects with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra (CEH-P) were evaluated. Lesions were graded according to the severity of cystic dilation, hyperplasia and inflammation, and were classified as normal, mild uterine hyperplasia and severe uterine hyperplasia. The ER, PR and c-erbB-2 expression in the endometrium, glandular epithelium, stromal fibroblasts and myometrial smooth muscle cells was quantified by immunohistochemistry. The ER, PR and c-erbB-2 staining patterns differed between normal uteri and uteri with CEH-P. The ER expression was tended to be higher in the endometrial surface and glandular epithelium in the severe hyperplasia group (P > 0.05) and significantly lower in the mild hyperplasia cases compared with normal endometrium (P < 0.05), whereas the PR expression in both severe and mild hyperplasia cases tended to be higher in stromal cells and glandular epithelium than those in the normal uteri. C-erbB-2 immunoreactivity was observed only in the endometrial surface and glandular epithelium of the uterine wall and immunostaining was found to be highest in cases with severe hyperplasia. As a conclusion, we suggest that c-erbB-2 oncoprotein may play a role in the pathogenesis of the CEH together with the ER and PR in cats, and that ER does not have a role in the mechanism of pyometra, whereas PR plays a role in the pathogenesis of both CEH and pyometra.

Pyometra was diagnosed in 17 cats with a mean (+/-SE) age of five years. The most common signs detected by owners included vaginal discharge, anorexia and lethargy. Main clinical findings on physical examination were vaginal discharge, abdominal distention and dehydration. During ultrasonographic examinations, the uteri in cats with pyometra appeared as hypoechoic and anechoic areas with linear and disordered tubular structures. Cats with pyometra were found to have normocytic, normocromic anaemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia and thrombocytopaenia. In cats with pyometra, decreased ALT levels were recorded compared to the results from healthy cats. Increased parabasal cell density was detected in vaginal cytology. Histopathologic diagnosis of pyometra was classified as types III and IV and most of the ovaries had corpi lutea.

This study was performed with 18 German Shepherd female dogs whom previous cycles were recorded. Bitches were separated into three groups: two treated groups and a control one. The first group was selected from 7 bitches in early anestrous period, i.e., at the stage 108 to 124 days after the beginning of their last pro-oestrus. The second group consisted in 6 bitches in late anestrous period, i.e., at the stage 160 to 187 days after the beginning of their last pro-oestrus. The control group was constituted by 5 untreated bitches which reach their spontaneous pro-oestrus 173 to 204 days after the beginning of their preceding pro-oestrus. Cabergoline was orally given to each of the dogs of the first and second groups at a daily dose of 6 mg/kg until the onset of pro-oestrus symptoms or maximally up to 14 days. The mean time separating the beginning of the preceding pro-oestrus and the initiation of the treatment was 116.1 +/- 15.8 and 171 +/- 9.2 days for the first and the second group, respectively. The mean duration of cabergoline treatment and the mean number of bitches in pro-oestrus 14 days after the onset of the treatment were 11.3 +/- 2.8 days (5/7) and 6.6 +/- 0.8 days (6/6) in the first and the second group, respectively. When considering the cycle following the treatment, the plasma levels of progesterone ranged between 2.5-8 ng/ml on the 4(th) day of oestrus in all groups. The mean duration of the pro-oestrus (7.6 +/- 0.9, 8.7 +/- 1.0, 8.0 +/- 1.0 days, for the first, second and control groups, respectively) and oestrus (7.0 +/- 1.0, 7.0 +/- 0.7, 8.0 +/- 1.0 days, for the first, second and control groups, respectively), the mean number of pregnant bitches (5/7, 6/6, 5/5, for the first, second and control groups, respectively), the mean time lag between births and the following pro-oestrus (224.2 +/- 14.5, 215.5 +/- 14.1, 218.2 +/- 6.0 days, for the first, second and control groups, respectively) and mean litter size (6.8 +/- 1.30, 6.0 +/- 0.89, 7.2 +/- 1.5, for the first, second and control groups, respectively) did not differ between groups. In conclusion, cabergoline applications are effective to induce oestrus without deleterious effect in bitches, the efficacy being increased in late anoestrus.

A ultra-sonografia do tipo B (SCANNER 450 (5MHz), Pie Medical, Holanda) foi utilizada isolada ou em conjunto com exames laboratoriais e radiográficos em 33 cadelas com história clínica compatível com piometra. O útero dilatado apresentou imagem ultrassonográfica de uma estrutura tubular bem definida com diâmetro entre 0,5 e 4,0 cm. O conteúdo luminal uterino apresentou menor ecogenicidade que a parede, com cintilações ecogênicas bem evidentes. Houve concordância entre o aumento da viscosidade da secreção e a intensidade ecogênica. O diagnóstico ultra-sonográfico foi possível em 31 animais (94%), e foi confirmado através de laparotomia ou necrópsia. Concluímos que a ultra-sonografia do tipo B é método eficiente, podendo ser utilizado no diagnóstico da piometra canina. A B-mode ultrasonography (SCANNER 450 (5MHz), Pie Medical, Netherlands) was used either alone or associated with laboratorial and radiographic examinations in 33 bitches with clinical diagnosis of pyometra. The increased uterus appeared as a well defined tubular structure with diameter ranging from 0.5 up to 4.0 cm. The uterine lumen was less echoic than the wall, with evident echoic shinings. There was an accordance between the increasing in the viscosity of the vaginal secretion and the echoigenicity. The ultrasonographic diagnosis was possible in 31 bitches (94%) confirmed by laparotomy and autopsy. The B-mode ultrasonography can be used in the diagnosis of bitches with pyometra.

Kidney disease that affects bitches with pyometra may lead patients to develop chronic renal failure even after pyometra treatment. Therefore, several studies have sought to clarify the gaps in the understanding of the pathogenesis of renal injury in pyometra. Identification of early detection markers for renal damage, which can predict and identify the prognosis of the disease, is very important. Proteinuria analysis can diagnose kidney damage, since proteins such as albumin are not filtered through the glomerulus and those that undergo glomerular filtration are almost completely reabsorbed by tubular cells. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC) can detect renal injury in bitches with pyometra before development of azotemia. For this, 44 bitches with pyometra were divided into two groups: bitches with azotemic piometra (A, n=15, creatinine >1.7) and bitches with non-azotemic pyometra (NA, n=29). The two groups were compared to the control group (CG, n=12), which had no signs of systemic disease. All animals underwent blood and urine tests. Leukocytosis was more evident in bitches in the A group than in the other groups. This shows that the inflammatory response may be associated with the pathogenesis of renal injury. The median UPC in bitches with pyometra was significantly higher than in the CG, with a median above the reference values. In conclusion, the UPC can be used in bitches with pyometra to detect renal damage before the development of azotemia. It has been suggested that the UPC of bitches with pyometra should be followed through during the postoperative period so that permanent renal lesions secondary to pyometra can be diagnosed and treated properly before the development of azotemia.

In this study, female canines referred with clinical signs consistent with pyometra were prospectively evaluated. Signalment, clinical signs, laboratory findings and surgical findings were compared between dogs with and without bacterial isolation based on aerobic techniques. Patients with positive bacterial isolation were placed in the pyometra group, whereas patients with negative bacterial isolation were grouped as mucometra. A total of 140 dogs (118 with pyometra and 22 with mucometra) met the inclusion criteria. Prereferral antibiotic administration was associated with a prolonged duration of clinical signs in the patients of the pyometra group (12 ± 2 days versus 7 ± 1 days; P=0.006). In the pyometra patients, clinical signs, like pyrexia, anorexia and discomfort on abdominal palpation, were observed more commonly than in the mucometra group. The total leukocyte count was the only parameter that differed significantly between the two groups (P=0.01). Although no difference in color and consistency of the uterine fluid was noted, the uteri of the pyometra group were heavier (851.80 ± 800.30 g compared to 263.50 ± 297.10 g). E. coli was the most commonly isolated bacterium (92/123).