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Pigmentation anomalies and lesions are aspects of wild bat populations that have been rarely addressed and scarcely documented. We captured a total of 4,118 bats belonging to 30 species during 2020, 2021, and 2022 in the municipalities of Santa Maria Huatulco and San Miguel Lachiguiri, Oaxaca, southeastern Mexico. Of these, 9 individuals (0.21 %) showed piebaldism (6 females and 3 males), and 11 individuals (0.26 %) had skin and hair lesions (7 females and 4 males). The highest number of piebaldism and lesions was observed in Natalus mexicanus (6 of the 20 individuals), followed by Mormoops megalophylla (n = 4), Pteronotus mesoamericanus (n = 3), Pteronotus fulvus (n = 3), Glossophaga mutica (n = 2), and Artibeus lituratus (n = 2). The months with the highest number of bats with piebaldism and lesions were October (n = 6) and July 2021. Seventeen records occurred in caves, two in the medium sub-evergreen forest, and one in a human settlement. To date, it has not been confirmed that skin depigmentation in bats affects the social life and reproductive activity of bats, but they could be more susceptible to predation events. Furthermore, lesions could negatively affect flight performance and, consequently, foraging efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a serious and rare adverse reaction to clindamycin. This study investigated the clinical features of clindamycin-induced AGEP and provided reference for the prevention and treatment of AGEP. Case reports, case series and clinical studies of clindamycin-induced AGEP were collected by retrieving English and Chinese database from inception until May 31, 2024. Of the 35 patients included, 25 (71.4%) were female, and the median age was 57 years (1.6–88 years). The duration of AGEP onset is 2 days (range 0.04,13) after initial administration. The main clinical morphology of AGEP is a non-follicular pustular on an erythematous base, which may be accompanied by fever (54.3%) and pruritus (40.0%). These lesions mainly involved extremities and trunk. The median elevated neutrophil count was 13.3 × 109/L (range 10.3, 31.4). Histologic features of AGEP are characterized by intracorneal, subcorneal, and/or intraepidermal pustules with papillary dermal edema containing neutrophilic, lymphocytic, andeosinophilic infiltrates. Patients gradually recovered after the withdrawal of clindamycin and supportive therapy with a median time of 9 days (range 2, 30). Clinicians should be aware of AGEP as a rare adverse effect of clindamycin. When clindamycin is prescribed, it should be stopped in time when AGEP occurs, and active systemic treatment should be given. AGEP is a self-limiting disease with a good prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE, OMIM 201100) is a rare autosomal recessive dermatosis characterized by periorificial dermatitis, diarrhea, alopecia, and hypozincaemia due to pathogenic variants of SLC39A4. Herein, we present a case series describing four unrelated patients with AE from Han, Yi, and Tibetan ethnicities in Sichuan region of southwestern China, speculate the hotspot variants of SLC39A4 causing AE in Sichuan region and highlight physicians should be alerted to unusual presentations of AE, such as the absence of hypozincaemia and the presence of acne-like lesions. Serum alkaline phosphatase and genetic testing should be considered to accurately evaluate the zinc deficiency in human body and help make the correct diagnosis.

Key Clinical Message: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects several organs including the skin. Clinical cutaneous symptoms of SLE come in a broad range, consisting of both non‐specific and specific cutaneous lesions. Except for cases of amicrobial pustulosis of the folds, generalized pustular psoriasis, acneiform eruptions, pustular vasculitis, Wells' syndrome, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, and neutrophilic dermatosis, there are no reports of pustular lesions linked to SLE. The unusual cutaneous features of our patient were annular plaques with pustules and crusts on the margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis (PNGD) is a relatively rare skin disease that is characterized by a reactive granulomatous histopathological pattern and is often associated with systemic autoimmune diseases. We encountered a case of PNGD that presented with pustules, although the prototypical clinical presentation of PNGD is mainly erythema and papules. Here, this rare case of PNGD with pustules is presented and discussed in relation to the relevant literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Clinical Message Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects several organs including the skin. Clinical cutaneous symptoms of SLE come in a broad range, consisting of both non‐specific and specific cutaneous lesions. Except for cases of amicrobial pustulosis of the folds, generalized pustular psoriasis, acneiform eruptions, pustular vasculitis, Wells' syndrome, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, and neutrophilic dermatosis, there are no reports of pustular lesions linked to SLE. The unusual cutaneous features of our patient were annular plaques with pustules and crusts on the margins.

We report a case of monkeypox in a physician after an occupational needlestick injury from a pustule. This case highlights risk for occupational transmission and manifestations of the disease after percutaneous transmission: a short incubation period, followed by a solitary lesion at the injured site and later by systemic symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eozinofilni pustulozni folikulitis otroške dobe (EPFI) je redka, idiopatska, ponavljajoča se samoomejujoča kožna bolezen. Kaže se s folikularno ležečimi papulami ali pustulami z eozinofilno infiltracijo. Spremembe navadno najdemo v lasišču, lahko pa se pojavijo tudi drugje po glavi, vratu, trupu ali udih. Bolezen se največkrat pojavi v prvih mesecih življenja in poteka brez pridruženih sistemskih znakov. Navadno v nekaj mesecih do letih spontano izzveni. Zdravniki je pogosto ne prepoznajo in jo zato neustrezno (tj. prekomerno) zdravijo.

In this study, dermoscopy was applied to determine the site of skin biopsy in cases of palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP) with invisible tiny pustules or vesicles. Fifty‐two clinically diagnosed PPP patients (11 men and 41 women) were observed by a dermoscope and underwent skin biopsy. Nineteen patients had visible pustules, whereas 33 had no visible pustules. Pustules were detected by a dermoscope on palmoplantar lesions in 17 of the 33 PPP patients. In contrast, 16 patients showed no presence of pustules or vesicles observed by a dermoscope. In this group, biopsy specimens were taken from scaly lesions. Out of the 16 patients, 10 histologically showed pustules in the epidermis. We finally detected pustules for 46 patients among 52 who were clinically diagnosed with PPP. As a result, we detected pustules in PPP for 19 patients on "inspection", and 36 patients on "inspection and dermoscopy", and 46 patients on "inspection, dermoscopy, and biopsy". Dermoscopy is significantly useful comparing the detection rate (inspection, 0.41; inspection and dermoscopy, 0.78; p = 0.0003; using χ2‐test). In addition, we also should learn from the results that the detection rate goes down to 0.78 without a biopsy. Thus, dermoscopy is certainly a useful tool for invisible pustules and also undetectable pustules to detect pustules in PPP. Moreover, we objectively showed that "inspection, dermoscopy, and biopsy" are the best way to make a PPP diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare X‐linked dominant, male‐lethal disorder characterized by pathognomic skin lesions. As described in the literature the typical cutaneous changes follow the pattern of Blaschko's lines and develop in four stages that usually start at birth. Stage 1 is called vesicular, bullous or inflammatory. The vesicles are rapidly filled with eosinophils and thus turn into pustules. Thus, the term "pustular" is relevant to the first phase of IP, and the stage can be considered as "vesiculopustular/inflammatory" to be more precise than "vesicular" or "bullous." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute localized exanthematous pustulosis (ALEP) is a rare disease characterized by the acute onset of multiple localized non‐follicular, pinhead‐sized pustules. ALEP is considered a localized form of acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis but its pathogeny is not well identified. We performed a systematic review of the literature of all publications regarding ALEP cases using the term "acute localized exanthematous pustulosis," to provide an update on this disease and its management. Results and conclusion ALEP is an uncommon skin condition attributed primarily to a hypersensitivity reaction to a systemic drug (classical or herbal); though a contact mechanism has been reported. It may be misdiagnosed as infectious or inflammatory disease but the clinico‐pathological correlation in addition to the rapid response to withdrawal of the culprit agent supports this diagnosis. The pathogenesis of ALEP is still unclear, and there are no standardized treatment guidelines to manage this disease. Both AGEP and ALEP have a good prognosis if an early diagnosis is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the level and way of the internet usage for reaching alternative methods, the level of obtaining information about the treatment of acne vulgaris (AV), i.e. pustule through social media, and the level of using this acquired information in patients diagnosed with AV which is known as pustule colloquially. In the study, the face-to-face interview technique was applied to a total of 121 patients diagnosed with AV who applied to Dermatology Outpatient Clinic of Sivas Cumhuriyet University. An interview form questioning the patients’ socio-demographic characteristics, frequency of using internet and media, their social media accounts, their level of searching about their diseases through these tools, their level of acquiring information and status of realizing them as well as acne severity (PA), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Acne-Specific Quality of Life Index (AQOL) was applied to the patients. The interviewed patients’ levels of following the contents in the social and traditional media about the acne disease were found to be high, 51.2% of them were following the contents about the disease, and 55.4% were applying what they learnt. Variables of purchasing products at least once from the social media for the acne disease (p=0.026

Infection due to Nocardia is reported mainly in immunocompromised patients. It usually presents as a pulmonary or disseminated disease with a predilection for the brain. Infections are a rare etiology of intracranial vascular aneurysms. Herein we report a case of disseminated Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (N. otitidiscaviarum) in a young female newly diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) complicated by the development of an infectious intracranial aneurysm. To the best of our knowledge this is the fourth case of nocardial infection-related intracranial aneurysm and the second case of N. otitidiscaviarum infection to be reported in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Features of previously reported N. otitidiscaviarum related intracranial aneurysm are reviewed.

The clinical symptoms of acne are of polymorphic nature and its lesions can be investigated in two groups, primary and secondary. The primary acne lesions include open and closed plugged pores, papules, pustules, and nodules. Developing mostly from primary lesions, the secondary lesions include abscesses, cysts, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, signs of excoriation, and scars. The severity of primary lesions determines the disease activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among 46 numbers of total germplasms screened, two germplasms Pant P 244 and Pant P 42 showed moderate resistant, 13 germplasms were moderately susceptible, 29 germplasms were found susceptible and two germplasms HFP-4 and HUVP 1 were found highly susceptible. Moderately resistant germplasm showed low AUDPC value (160.83-188.33) with slow infection rate (0.054-0.062). Pustule appeared on these genotypes were small (1.5-1.7mm) as compare to other susceptible genotypes whereas moderately susceptible genotypes scored AUDPC value from 175.83-437.50 with infection rate of 0.051-0.095. Size of the pustules showed high variation of 1.3-4.4mm. Genotypes with susceptible reaction showed AUDPC value of 292.50-797.50. Infection rate was ranged from 0.055-0.113 with pustule size of 2.9-4.8mm. Those genotypes which fall under highly susceptible reaction (HFP-4 and HUVP-1) scored highest AUDPC value of 1078.33-1223.33 with 0.064-0.075 infection rate. They showed largest pustule size of 4.2-4.6mm. Thus, two genotypes showing moderately resistant reaction in the following experiment can be fruitfully integrate with reduced number of fungicidal spray to obtain maximum yield with minimal rust severity.

To develop a system that increase the precision in the resistance evaluations to sugarcane brown rust disease through the use of the quantitative sampling, six cultivars of differential behavior versus the disease (PR980, My5514, Ja60-5, C334-64, C323-68 and B4362) were studied. A random block experimental design with three replications was used in a heavy infections conditions obtained from the cultivar highly susceptible B4362. The evaluations were done at three and five months of age, in the three-thirds: bottom, half and top of the +1, +3 and +5 sugarcane plant leaves of 10 plants for replica. The variable total leaf area affected of the leaf and in each third was analyzed. In 2 cm2 were observed the long and wide of the biggest and more frequent pustule, the total of pustule and the area of the biggest and more frequent pustule, and the area percentage occupied by the most frequent pustule by each cm2 were determined. Variance analysis and Tukey tests as well as confidence intervals analysis to determine the coefficient to use as constant of the pustule width, due to the little variation of this parameter were realized. The +3 leaf represented the half infection of the incidence of the brown rust, constituting for it the most appropriate to carry out the observations and the half third. An equation was also obtained to calculate the area occupied by pustules with a high level of confidence.

We propose the main characteristics of a new bacterium species named Nissabacter archeti strain 2134 (CSURP3445 = LT631518), isolated from pustule scalp of a 29-year-old man at hospital Archet 2, Nice, south of France.

Pemphigus Foliaceus is a frequent autoimmune dermatopathy, which can develop either spontaneous, secondary to the use of drugs, or correlated to neoplasms. The different presentations of the Pemphigus complex are accompanied with the existence of antibodies attacking desmosomal proteins that join together the keratinocytes. Lesions may be localized or generalized, and are usually found in the face, nasal planum, auricular area, abdominal region, and in some cases, in paw pads. The diagnosis is based on clinical history, clinical signs, and cytology and histopathology results. The management of Pemphigus Foliaceus is based on administration of immunosuppressive agents. The case report. Canine Pinscher breed, female, castrated, 11 years old, 2 kg weight, coexisting with 2 adult dogs without clinical signs. There are no injuries in the people at home, and their reason for consultation was hair loss, intense scratching and grains. Trichogram, skin scrapings, cytology and histopathology of pustules were used as diagnostic plan. The results of the latest tests had acantholytic cells in common, for which Pemphigus Foliaceus was diagnosed and therapy with oral prednisolone and chlorhexidine shampoo baths were established. Conclusion. The importance of doing first intension testing as trichogram, scraping, and cytology is once again demonstrated, as well as the importance of the use of a histopathological study to obtain an accurate diagnosis and to establish an adequate therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cuba, the methodology used for the evaluation of resistance to sugarcane brown rust (Puccinia melanocephala Sydow and P. Sydow) lacks quantitative aspects, as well as the definition of representative localities for resistance tests and has limited patterning. In order to establish new evaluation criteria that contribute to the improvement of the Evaluative System of the Resistance to the brown rust in the Program of Improvement of the Sugar Cane in Cuba, during the 2007 - 2015, six patterns of known reaction and 11 commercial cultivars were study in 6 localities. The variables length, quantity and percentage of leaf area occupied by pustules and length of the major pustule were recorded. The six localities of resistance test were ratified and the evaluations must be carried out in the middle third of the leave +3 of ten plants at three and five months of age, with an evaluation scale with new quantitative criteria (area occupied by pustules and length of the major pustule). Cultivars SP70-1284, C88-380 and C323-68 are included as standards. C334-64, Ja60-5 and B4362 are reclassified. The methodology for evaluating the brown rust of sugarcane in Cuba is modified and a new scale of evaluation of the disease is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among 46 numbers of total germplasms screened, two germplasms Pant P 244 and Pant P 42 showed moderate resistant, 13 germplasms were moderately susceptible, 29 germplasms were found susceptible and two germplasms HFP-4 and HUVP 1 were found highly susceptible. Moderately resistant germplasm showed low AUDPC value (160.83-188.33) with slow infection rate (0.054-0.062). Pustule appeared on these genotypes were small (1.5-1.7mm) as compare to other susceptible genotypes whereas moderately susceptible genotypes scored AUDPC value from 175.83-437.50 with infection rate of 0.051-0.095. Size of the pustules showed high variation of 1.3-4.4mm. Genotypes with susceptible reaction showed AUDPC value of 292.50-797.50. Infection rate was ranged from 0.055-0.113 with pustule size of 2.9-4.8mm. Those genotypes which fall under highly susceptible reaction (HFP-4 and HUVP-1) scored highest AUDPC value of 1078.33-1223.33 with 0.064-0.075 infection rate. They showed largest pustule size of 4.2-4.6mm. Thus, two genotypes showing moderately resistant reaction in the following experiment can be fruitfully integrate with reduced number of fungicidal spray to obtain maximum yield with minimal rust severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a system that increase the precision in the resistance evaluations to sugarcane brown rust disease through the use of the quantitative sampling, six cultivars of differential behavior versus the disease (PR980, My5514, Ja60-5, C334-64, C323-68 and B4362) were studied. A random block experimental design with three replications was used in a heavy infections conditions obtained from the cultivar highly susceptible B4362. The evaluations were done at three and five months of age, in the three-thirds: bottom, half and top of the +1, +3 and +5 sugarcane plant leaves of 10 plants for replica. The variable total leaf area affected of the leaf and in each third was analyzed. In 2 cm2 were observed the long and wide of the biggest and more frequent pustule, the total of pustule and the area of the biggest and more frequent pustule, and the area percentage occupied by the most frequent pustule by each cm2 were determined. Variance analysis and Tukey tests as well as confidence intervals analysis to determine the coefficient to use as constant of the pustule width, due to the little variation of this parameter were realized. The +3 leaf represented the half infection of the incidence of the brown rust, constituting for it the most appropriate to carry out the observations and the half third. An equation was also obtained to calculate the area occupied by pustules with a high level of confidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although occurrence of inflammatory lesions of the rumen due to a variety of factors is relatively common in the bovine species, there are a limited number of actually published reports on ruminal pustules. In order to deepen knowledge of the pathological process involving inflammatory rumen disorders in this species, histopathological investigations were performed on ruminal pustules in two 2-year-old steers which were slaughtered conventionally for food. On postmortem gross examination of the steers' rumen, the mucosal surface of the ventral sac revealed focal areas of irregular arrangement, discoloration, or atrophy of the ruminal papillae. Histopathology demonstrated the presence of several intraepithelial pustules (<1.5 mm in diameter) in the ruminal papillae. Pustules which occurred separately or in contiguity with each other were characterized by well-circumscribed cavities filled with purulent exudate comprised of neutrophils, fibrin clots, serous fluid, or amorphous inflammatory products. Additional characteristic findings in both steers consisted of non-specific dystrophic changes-akeratosis, dyskeratosis, and parakeratosis-in the stratified squamous epithelial cells enclosing pustular lesions. The development of intraepithelial cyst-like cavities which were different from pustules and containing exfoliated parakeratotic keratinocytes was observed in one steer. Based on these findings, it is apparent that non-specific dystrophic changes in the ruminal epithelium might have been associated with the development of pustules. A possibility is that intraepithelial cyst-like cavities which were formed by focal degradation of parakeratotic keratinocytes played a role as a precursor lesion to the pustules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose the main characteristics of a new bacterium species named Nissabacter archeti strain 2134 (CSURP3445 = LT631518), isolated from pustule scalp of a 29-year-old man at hospital Archet 2, Nice, south of France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adult Epicriidae are characterized by stigmata placed on lateral protuberances and the lack of an obvious peritreme. Mites of the genusEpicriusadditionally show a pair of further prominent protuberances, which bear glandular pores. Both structures, glandular and stigmata protuberances, are occasionally called “pustules”, and both are investigated here for the first time using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It is suggested to restrict the term “pustule” only to the glands-bearing structures. Three glands of similar morphology are present in each pustule ofEpicrius mollis.A single gland consists of a proximal vesicle formed by a secretory cell, a duct with corresponding duct cell and a calyx with calyx cell. The calyx likely functions as a valve connecting to the evacuation canal, which starts with flat lateral extensions forming an infundibulum. The secretion produced in the gland is delivered through a simple glandular pore, or solenostome, and contributes to the cerotegument. The calyx in particular has a very distinctive structure consisting of an inner and outer calyx. The stigma-bearing protuberance includes a depression, the stigmatic atrium representing a reduced peritreme and provided with many micropapillae. The stigma is located at its bottom and leads into a tracheal atrium, from which the main tracheae provided with typical taenidia start. Two glands of a similar structure to those described for the pustules open into the stigmatic atrium. Dermal glands exhibiting the peculiar calices are found also in other anactinotrichid mites, but never in actinotrichids. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background Reflectance confocal microscopy ( RCM)'s interest has been well established for the non-invasive diagnosis of skin cancers, especially melanocytic, and in the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant cutaneous lesions. However, its diagnostic interest in inflammatory skin diseases still needs to be demonstrated. Our purpose was to evaluate the correlation between RCM and conventional histopathology in a series of pustular eruptions of different pathogeny. Methods Reflectance confocal microscopy analysis was performed in eight consecutive unselected patients in whom the diagnoses of pustular psoriasis, bacterial sur-infection, herpes-type virus skin sur-infection, Sneddon-Wilkinson subcorneal putulosis and Hailey-Hailey disease have been made and images were compared to conventional histopathology. Results Neutrophils within the epidermis exhibited never reported earlier specific features, with either a shiny granular sludge or polylobated particules with a bright granular content. Moreover, some specific etiologies could be identified, such as acantholysis and herpes-type virus-infected keratinocytes. Conclusion Our studies show a good correlation between RCM and conventional histopathology in pustular eruptions. Reflectance confocal microscopy may play an important role in the differential diagnosis of pustular eruptions; as most of the pathologic clues are epidermal, narrow thickness of the field of imaging, its main technical limitation, is indeed of lesser importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report a retinal vasoproliferative granulomatous lesion in association with pyoderma. Design: Single case report. Methods: A 32-year-old woman had blurred central vision in the right eye, concurrent with pyoderma of the fingers of both hands, 2 days later followed by fever. Results: The patient had a granulomatous lesion in the upper retina, which caused leakage, leading to subretinal and intraretinal accumulation of hard exudates in the posterior pole, together with periphlebitis extending over the wider area of the retina. The culture of the pyodermic lesion detected Streptococcus pyogenes. With the 2-month course of amoxicillin-clavulanate, combined with prednisolone tapered from 30 mg daily, the visual acuity (decimal fraction) in the right eye returned from 0.01 (logMAR = 2) to 0.9 (logMAR = 0.1). However, after the discontinuation of the antibiotics and prednisolone, the retinal lesion became more vasoproliferative and caused leakage to reduce the vision again. The leakage was remedied by laser photocoagulation to the retinal lesion. Conclusions: The retinal granulomatous lesion was caused by streptococcal infection in pyoderma and later became more vasoproliferative with macroaneurysms and microaneurysms even after the initial subsidence of the lesion with antibiotics treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rosacea is a common skin and ocular disease. Cutaneous rosacea is characterized by facial flushing, telangiectasia, papules, and pustules. It is generally regarded as inflammatory in nature. We believed that the role of bacteria as a contributory factor in pustular and ocular rosacea needed to be revisited. Objectives: We sought to ascertain whether there is an increase in the bacteria isolated from the (1) pustules of rosacea; and (2) eyelid margins of persons with cutaneous pustular rosacea. Methods: Bacterial swabs were taken and cultured from an incised rosacea pustule, the ipsilateral cheek skin, and the eyelid margin of 15 patients with pustular rosacea. Swabs were also taken from the cheek skin and ipsilateral eyelid margin of 15 matched control subjects. Results: A pure growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated from a pustule of 9 of 15 patients with pustular rosacea, and no pure growth of S epidermidis was isolated from their ipsilateral cheek skin. This was a highly statistically significant increase (P = .0003). A pure growth of S epidermidis was isolated from the eyelid margins of 4 of 15 patients with pustular rosacea, and no pure growth was isolated from the eyelids of age- and sex-matched control subjects. This was a statistically significant increase (P = .05). Limitations: This study focuses on the microbial basis of rosacea. Conclusion: Our findings suggest S epidermidis may play a role in pustular and ocular rosacea. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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In the last years, in our region, there has been a growth of decorative birds, particularly of the pigeons. This is the reason of the infections threat augmentation. This fact has attracted the attention of the veterinary services on the precaution of the health and the keeping the diseases under control, and the prophylaxis over the transmitted diseases one ofwhich is Fowl pox (Artrese H. 1985; Elezi Y. 2005; Boucher. S. et Coll. 1995). The study conducted under desertion looks at important epidemiological aspects and the clinical disease of the Fowl pox in pigeons. This study is about the way, which Fowl pox is affected by the age, seasons, and the clinical factors monitored in three flocks of pigeons in the region of Tirana. In freed flocks of pigeons, which are mostly not vaccinated the disease goes up to 95%;this causes problems to their the health although the rate of death is slightly lowered. (Stosskopf, 1994). In the defter-affected birds, the damage can be from 8-10% to a higher rate in the young ages. However, this percentage could go up to 50%. In our region, the disease appeared in the form of variola of the defter and in a mixed form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accumulation of neutrophils within the epidermis and formation of pustules represents a unique, however, ill-understood phenomenon in human skin. In this overview, we compare localized versus systemic pustular disorders. Localized pustules are mostly infectious and appear to be generated by the interaction of skin cells with Th17 cells and macrophages. IL-1β, IL-17βand TNF-α in concert stimulate IL-8 secretion by keratinocytes. This cutaneous defense circuit creates the ensuing pustular pathology. In systemic pustular disease, dendritic cells (DCs) are activated by TLR-mediated signaling. IL-23 secreted by myeloid DCs feeds the cutaneous defense circuit, which results in neutrophilic inflammation and pustules, as seen in infectious pustules. The distinction between local and systemic inflammation, leading to neutrophil migration into the epidermis appears to be helpful in improving understanding of these common disorders of the skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]