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Young adults aged 18–28 represent a pivotal demographic whose experiences of inequality significantly shape their life trajectories in cities. Despite their potential for innovation and social advancement, public agendas often marginalize their needs and aspirations. This paper explores urban inequality among young adults by examining how they define and value different aspects of their daily lives when urban inequality is at play. Drawing on focus group discussions in two socioeconomically segregated urban districts in Bogotá, this paper employs the capability approach to construct a comprehensive list of 15 capability domains that young adults use to define and value their daily experiences. The paper adds to the existing literature a detail a step-by-step process involving the identification, selection, and ranking of relevant capabilities, with young adults actively engaged in value judgements through a deliberative process of public reasoning. Findings reveal that quality-of-life domains for young adults extend beyond traditional youth policy sectors, encompassing political participation, public space and mobility, social norms, and independence. The results not only expand the scope of existing youth agendas but also align with demands expressed during recent social unrest in Colombia and the region, where young adults have played a central and vocal role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across Latin America, there continues to be strong resistance to the claim that racism plays a role in the production of urban space. Deemed antipatriotic, this issue remains widely unaddressed in urban planning and geography. Based on qualitative research in Bogotá and secondary literature on other Latin American cities, this article explores the afterlife of mestizaje (racial mixture) as a racial–colonial project from the viewpoint of its materialisation in the city and society–space relations. In particular, it illustrates how racism in the city is transfigured as 'always something else' (e.g., culture, class, regionalism, displacement) through a variety of normative, discursive and operational devices. Thus, the article confronts the need to divest from the racial hegemony of mestizaje in urban planning and geography, suggesting that it is hindering the path towards more equitable urban futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural area of Ciudad Bolivar is a territory that has developed on the outskirts of the city. Far from sharing the same cultural values as the city of Bogotá, its social dynamics are more closely related to peasant traditions and customs. Initially, this article explores the different connections established between two territories founded in the same space but, at the same time, responding to different ways of constructing their own identity and culture. In a second phase, a methodology is proposed to explore the conditions of oblivion and how these have given rise to different forms of memory representation. In conclusion, a proposal is presented whereby the various forms of memory found in this territory generate an instrument of representation derived from the different specificities that shape this community. In this case, the article describes a path which attempts to restore the value to a form of memory that has endured the various onslaughts of oblivion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nexus (1900-9909) is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Colombia, during covid-19 quarantine, approximately every ten minutes a complaint of domestic violence was made. This article estimates the probability of physical violence against women in Bogota under mandatory isolation. This estimate is based on probabilistic logit econometric models that measure different socioeconomic variables of women victims of physical violence in Bogota as: place of residence, age, marital status, occupation, type of relationship with the aggressor, socioeconomic stratum, level of schooling, and whether the violence occurred in a private or public space. Thus, it is evident that women who do not have their own income and live in lower socioeconomic strata areas of the city are more likely to be victims of physical violence. In turn, it is found that the localities with the highest probability of this type of violence are: Rafael Uribe Uribe, Teusaquillo and Ciudad Bolivar. Likewise, it is evident that being in a private space increases the probability of being a victim of violence, so that in confinement the risk of suffering physical violence in the homes increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Música, Artes Visuales y Artes Escénicas is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modernist dogma declares that 'form follows function', which historically has led to the design of buildings that tightly prescribe what can happen where and when. These uni‐functional spaces often lack a sense of happy expediency and joy. Columbian architect Giancarlo Mazzanti believes spaces and buildings should occupy a twilight zone that facilitates changes of function, is performative, and encourages unexpected social interactions between users and the city. Here he explains some of his firm's spatial tactics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Intropica is the property of Revista Intropica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rapid urbanization contributes to the development of phenomena such as climate variability, especially in tropical countries, which negatively impact ecosystems and humans, factors that influence urban sustainability. Additionally, the increase of building construction prevents the flow of wind streams contributing to the retention of pollutants and hot air masses, causing events such as urban heat islands (UHI). This study aimed to analyze from the micro-territorial level, the influence of urban growth on the UHI phenomenon over the last two decades (2000–2020) in the locality of Kennedy, in Bogotá, Colombia. For this purpose, environmental and socio-economic factors were evaluated. For the former, Landsat satellite images and spectral indices were used to evaluate the spatial–temporal variation in the quantity and quality of vegetation, bodies of water, urbanized areas, impervious surfaces, as well as to calculate the land surface temperature and its distribution in the study area. With regard to the socio-economic factors, the variables considered for analysis were population density and energy consumption. Lastly, a principal component analysis was carried out to identify possible associations between the variables and to identify the contribution of each micro-territory to the UHI phenomenon in the study area. The spatio-temporal variations reveal a growing trend over time, especially in impermeable areas where several economic activities, vehicular traffic, and population density converge, which require certain actions to be prioritized in territorial planning and the addition of public green spaces in urban zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista La Tadeo de Arte is the property of La Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Interamericana de Investigación, Educación y Pedagogía - RIIEP is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dearq is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is a set of relationships between crime governance and segregation in big cities. As an excuse to justify security and reduce crime, several techniques have been used to build cities where certain populations receive the benefits, while others bear the weight of the control techniques implemented. In this paper, we analyze how Colombian security policies have led to the emergence of a particular device of urban segregation rationalized through the justification of security. This device has been made possible by controversial discourses and practices implemented in Bogotá for governing public space and crime during the last three decades, that not only favor the preservation of traditional forms of spatial segregation, but also allow new ways of managing and perpetuating urban exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Latin American Law Review is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: cities need to adapt their drainage systems to the challenges posed by the increasingly recurrent flood events derived from factors such as climate change, the phenomenon of urbanization, subsidence, and changes in land use. An adaptation response consists of complementary structures (SUDS) to the existing system that collect small drainage areas to control the amount of runoff, improve quality and provide amenity to urban spaces. Bioretention zones are a type of SUDS that adapts to the city of Bogotá and meets these goals. Objective: make the basic design of a SUDS of the bio-retention zone type involving native flora of the Bogotá savanna. Materials and Methodology: the methodology of the Urban Drainage and Flood Control District -UDFCD of the city of Denver, USA was used in accordance with the guidelines of the Technical Standard Criteria for design and construction of SUDS of the Aqueduct and Sewerage Company of Bogotá. For the selection of plants, a series of conditions that they must meet were considered. Results: a geometric design which adapts to the space available for the prototype that meets the recommendations for the city of Bogotá. Conclusions: It is proposed to use the Peperomia galioides species, a very common native species in the hills surrounding Bogotá that meets the required conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, rethinking lifestyle and quality of life through the appropriate use of public space is necessary. This study aims to verify the measures of social distancing in Chapinero Centro, which, according to the mobility survey 2019 of Bogota, has an average of 4,633 trips on foot between 10 and 20 minutes according to the travel patterns in the areas of transportation analysis studied. Despite having great social and economic dynamics, this area has small sidewalks that hinder compliance with social distancing, which is necessary to mitigate the coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, geographic analysis of this area was performed using data provided by the vulnerability map of the Coronavirus web in Colombia by the National Planning Department, the Institute for Health Technology Assessment, and the National Administrative Department of Statistics. This geographic analysis made it possible to calculate the variables of population indicator per block, maximum population per sidewalk, and the criterion of compliance with social distancing. When developing the vulnerability and social distancing maps, it became evident that 37% of the sidewalks do not comply with the 2 meters of social distancing between people, so we propose extending them to 3.5 meters and reducing this same value in the vehicular space to design an effective social distancing map. We concluded that the widening of the sidewalks allows flexible use of the streets oriented to a healthy distance, which could be complemented with an accessibility study and a study of vehicular traffic to measure the impact of this intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Vivienda y Urbanismo is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Vivienda y Urbanismo is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Música, Artes Visuales y Artes Escénicas is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quaderns de Recerca en Urbanisme is the property of Grup d'Investigacio en Urbanisme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dearq is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Didáctica Geográfica is the property of Grupo de Didactica de la Geografia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gated communities in Latin American cities have become the new normal. The streets bordered by fences, walls and the occasional gate, formed when two or more gated communities face each other, dominate the urban landscape today. Taking Bogotá with its 3500 gated communities as my case study, I create a novel typology focusing on the gated community's spatial dimension, not portraying it as an isolated island but as an integral part of the urban realm. Using an empirically grounded typology formation process, I present five distinctive types of gated communities in Bogotá, varying widely in how they shape the surrounding public spaces. Some types have significant expected negative effects on activity and security in the adjacent streets and others hardly any. I show how future gated community research and policymaking would benefit from disaggregation of the concept and present some policy strategies to mitigate negative external effects of gated communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economic Botany is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban socioeconomic residential segregation is a persistent problem in capitalist cities. However, theorical approaches to explain this problem are limited, where sociological or geographical descriptive approaches and methodologies predominate. In this work, we propose to make operational the urban land rent theory. This presentation main purpose is to determine the level of socioeconomic segregation in Bogotá, based on the construction of an indicator that seeks to make operational the notion of segregation monopoly rent (Jaramillo, 2009), which offers an explanatory framework of this phenomenon. Our starting point is the implementation of the Socioeconomic Spatial Segregation Index (sssi), initialized by Villanueva (2018), which allows us to measure inequality in access to residential urban land, based on the relation between the population distribution and the income level, which can be used to determine a range of feasible locations (potential access to land) for each population group on the urban space of the city, given the prices of land (and built space). Thus, the presentation contributes to the understanding of the socioeconomic residential segregation and opens the debate on an original methodological device for its measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pensamiento, Palabra y Obra is the property of Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dearq is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Punto de Vista is the property of Revista Punto de Vista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dearq is the property of Universidad de los Andes and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although the last decades have seen an advance in equality and empowerment for women, there are still numerous challenges to be addressed. Among them, and particularly pressing in cities, are issues of gender-based violence, including sexual harassment in public spaces. Despite the numerous effects that street harassment has on women, and the high incidence of it in different countries, this issue has not been broadly studied, and even less so in cities in the Global South. This study aims to characterise the ways in which women in Bogotá experience sexual harassment in public spaces, specifically focusing on public transport and including vehicles, stations, stops and walking routes to and from their origins or destinations. Focusing on this objective, this study made use of a mixed-method approach, including an online self-completing questionnaire, as well as in-depth semi-structured interviews. The data gathered showed that sexual harassment in public transport – and public space – is widespread in Bogotá, and intersections with age and class play a very important role. Additionally, episodes of sexual harassment are widely under-reported, and there is a general perception that reporting is useless, which is supported by accounts of women who have tried to report an incident and have faced several difficulties. Finally, policies proposed so far in Bogotá have been unsuccessful in reducing sexual harassment in public transport and, in many cases, do not tackle the problem. Consequently, a comprehensive set of policies aimed at preventing and reducing sexual harassment in different spaces associated with public transport must be put in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The city of Bogota's symbols are a way of interpreting different abstract manifestations of contemporary urban spaces that are summarized in imaginaries, narratives and identity signs of the city. These elements contribute to creating the concept of city brand, understanding that this is an imprint these spaces are identified with. In general terms, the city brand is a marketing strategy that seeks to promote a specific urban center. This strategy may be for example the idea that Bogotá is closer to the stars, a statement intended to sell a city that looks at the heights. By approaching a study with university students to find out how they see the city, the goal is to analyze if they consider the traditional symbols of Bogotá; if the information and traditions coming from the mass media or from outsiders who visit and inhabit the city correspond to the identities of the inhabitants of Bogotá; and how the narratives of Bogotá occur in relation to the identity signs of young people. The interest of this research is to understand what identity signs, imaginaries and narratives are considered by young Bogota university students to characterize the city and which ones can contribute to the construction of a city brand proposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study how the legal subject "homeless" (habitante de la calle) was created in Colombia, and how it allowed certain ways of governance in contemporary cities. Focusing on the Colombian case, we argue that contemporary forms of control were only possible when the subject 'homeless' was distanced from other concepts such as lazy, indigent or mad. Furthermore, we make an analysis of the legal frame and academic discourses that developed the new subject of government, and studied how they legitimized new forms of crime control and new ways of organizing urban spaces. In order to do so, a case study of Bogota has been conducted focusing on national and local regulations on the matter, as well as on the discourses on security, crime control and government of problematic populations in both scales of the state administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes cycling activism in Bogotá (Colombia) as a point of departure to conceptualise the right to the mobile city. Mobility is a key site of intervention for claiming the right to the city, but has so far only been considered in terms of access to the city. Such a reading obscures the ways in which mobile practices themselves can be exercises in participation, appropriation, and management of urban space. In examining biketivists' playful mobilities, I emphasise the centrality of mobility in the production of the city. Foregrounding play as a means to assert use value over exchange value in the city allows for a non‐utilitarian understanding of mobility and a reconceptualisation of the right to mobility along Lefebvrian lines. However, playful practices can also produce spaces of exclusion, and nuance is necessary to avoid totalising accounts of cycling politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ESTOA: Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca is the property of ESTOA Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Grafía is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As stated by the UNESCO, cultural heritage is both a product and a process that provides societies with a wealth of resources that are inherited from the past, they are currently created present and transmitted to future generations for their benefit. According to its needs each country has regulated and taken actions aimed at preserving its heritage (UNESCO,2017). In the case of the city of Bogotá, different regulations have been enacted seeking to protect and preserve the cultural heritage. Recently, the Instituto Distrital de Patrimonio Cultural (IDPC) (District Institute of Cultural Heritage), with the Secretaria de Planeación Distrital and the Instituto de Desarrollo Urbano, began developing work of an inventory and valuation of the sculptures and monuments found in the public space of Bogotá. In this context, this project seeks to contribute, from the academy, in the virtualization of the cultural heritage of the city by using the Photogrammetry SfM. For this purpose, two emblematic monuments of the city have been selected in order to reconstruct them three-dimensionally and therefore contribute to their conservation as a heritage. The chosen monuments correspond to a replica of the sculpture of San Agustín No. 28 which represents the God of War of that culture and the Rebeca, first nude located in public place in Bogota. Several images were taken from each monument, using different device and software's. The product obtained meets the initial expectation of three-dimensional reconstruction and establishes a workflow to be applied to other monuments in the city or anywhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following article describes the implementation of a methodology for the structural reconstruction of the Heroes monument and the statue on the north side of Simon Bolivar Ecuestre located between the intersection of the north highway and 80th Street in Bogota (Colombia) from the acquisition of SFM photogrammetry methods and images, using low-cost sensors for this process and making use of drones from the obtaining of frames of a video to for areas with lower altimetric reach, and thereby creating an analysis in their accuracy, sizing and quality within the framework of appropriation and documentation of the cultural assets in the public space of the city Bogotá taking this data as a starting point for future developments in the process of 3D reconstructions Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural stone has been an important element in Colombian construction since the hispanic period, especially in Bogotá city capital from Colombia. Sandstone and limestone rocks are ornamental and structural elements on heritage buildings and new constructions, and their use is important to revitalization of urban spaces for the enjoyment of the population. This paper shows the results of some technological characterization tests of two rock types widely used in construction, commonly known as Piedra Muñeca or Piedra Bogotana and Marmol Royal Bronce, used in historical buildings as well as modern ones. Petrophysical and mechanical properties of these rocks identified in a preliminary way were: Petrographic analysis, physical properties (bulk density, bulk porosity and water absorption), compressive strength, flexural strength, weathering resistance and impact resistance, as shown in the Brazilian technical standard ABNT NBR15845. The obtained results allows to determine, in an early way, that the two varieties (yellow and pink) of the Piedra bogotana stone can be used as a structural element (walls, columns, beams and foundations) and also as a dimension stone for buildings, floors and squares. It´s recommended the use of yellow variety specially on interior spaces. Marmol Royal Bronce can be used in finishes and also in any type of facing, floor and as a structural element in highly traffic streets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Quaderns de Recerca en Urbanisme is the property of Grup d'Investigacio en Urbanisme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Insurgent movements have commonly re-located to isolated rural areas with weak state presence where their security was guaranteed by a hostile environment to launch insurgencies. Yet, some groups have chosen to predominantly base their armed mobilisations in cities with much higher security risks where they are obliged to mobilise clandestinely. Clandestinity is often seen as an impediment to insurgent consolidation. This article explores the forms of rebel governance adopted by the M-19 in Colombia to construct networks of social ties needed to embed itself in urban environments. It highlights a case of urban rebel governance without territorial control, thus extending the scope of the rebel governance literature. It addresses the spatial variation of the M-19's insurgency by analysing its diverging experiences of its clandestine mobilisation in Bogotá and Cali, as well as a brief window where it conducted more public urban mobilisation. It is based on qualitative interviews conducted with former militants in Bogota in 2018 and an extensive qualitative, coding of M-19 primary archival sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin America is a highly urbanized region characterized by remarkable inequality levels, also reflected in an uneven distribution of opportunities, making socio-economic segregation quite visible. Since the individual possibility to travel and therefore access to urban opportunities strongly depends on socio-economic status and the distances to overcome, highly unequal patterns of mobility and accessibility emerge. The continuous expansion of Latin American cities originates specific mobility-related inequalities visible in periurban areas, which tend to lack some key urban opportunities and public transport services usually available in cities. Due to established and new patterns of territorial segregation, these areas may generate new forms of marginality in relation to mobility, posing challenges for public action and territorial governance. Our paper considers if and how periurban areas experience different forms of mobility-related inequalities in three Latin American metropolises in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia (São Paulo, Santiago, and Bogotá, respectively). We do so by examining the differences among urban core and periurban zones based on four elements: socio-demographic features, access to the public transport system, spatial continuity, and functional dependence. Our analysis shows that the three metropolitan regions have different structures: while Bogotá and Santiago appear to be more dependent on the urban core, São Paulo shows more autonomous and self-sufficient periurban zones. The analysis also highlights different forms of peripherality, defined by differentiated mobility patterns and modal choices that suggest that city-specific lines for public action might be needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Potosí, is a neighborhood in the urban-rural border in Bogotá, Colombia, founded in the 1980's as an informal settlement with no running water, electricity, cultural buildings or activities, not even public space reserved for their inhabitants. ICES worked with the "Expanding Buildings" team to transform an abandoned building in the community that had been on fire into a community cinema, creating a variable public space for a specifc purpose for the community, as it works as some sort of beacon in the neighborhood that embodies the notion of the public property in face of the capitalization of public spaces as well as the culture in contemporary cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]