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The article focuses on narratives embedded in urban landscapes and focuses on analyzing legal conflicts revolving around expressive visual elements of urban public spaces. It mentions cityscapes are created by a limited social group that predominantly consists of property owners, city planners, politicians, and commercial enterprises. It also mentions legal system assigns and regulates rights to design cityscapes.

In this article we analyze the particular view of the urban landscape proposed by Ingres in his drawing L'Escalier de Santa Maria in Aracoeli, comparing it with the one that results from accepting as a predetermined point of view the one that Michelangelo proposes in its symmetrical composition for the Piazza del Campidoglio. The different ways in which the Campidoglio complex has been graphically represented, both in reference books on urban morphology and in old engravings, are examined and through frame and perspective we trace the background of the alternative look by Ingres. Finally, the analysis of the drawing of the stairway of Santa Maria in Aracoeli is integrated in an interpretation of the urban landscapes drawn by Ingres during his stay in Rome, identifying the distinctively modern features that we can find in his representation of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable, democratic, resilient, inclusive urban regeneration means working with inhabitants when cities are transformed, giving them the opportunity to collaborate in the city's creation. This research studies the relationship between graphic creativity and citizen participation for architectural and university applications in urban processes to build the city, and in the strategies and means to operate it. In schools, this relationship reveals glimpses of new ways of alternative learning. As a research method, we analyze examples that have influenced various graphic disciplines and technological implementations, and urban art practices that have emerged from citizen struggles. The results illustrate that the urban project can be taught by incorporating collaborative design, with strategies such as street art, collective maps or tactical urbanism, and urban sketching and virtual reality, taken together as means of enriching the creative, artistic and educational processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protection and development of historical and cultural ancient town have always been the hot topic. With the continuous deepening of the study of ancient town and the rise of the landscape design subject, systematic, professional information and drawings about the landscape of ancient town are relatively scarce. To make up for the blank, Pingle Ancient Town in Chengdu was taken as the research object, and systemic research on the spatial pattern of urban landscape was conducted. In this paper, landscape features were studied in the scale of the space enclosed by urban boundaries. According to the spatial structure, the landscape features were divided into fi ve aspects: boundary, axis, skeleton, group domain and base, and detailed study was conducted in the changes of time axis. The preliminary research methods were mainly literature and site survey and mapping, and the history, environment and style of Pingle Ancient Town were discussed by referring to historical classics, journal papers and books. In the middle stage, surveying and mapping improvement work was carried out. In the later stage, papers were analyzed and written. The results of this paper included detailed mapping atlas, analysis atlas and text summary on spatial pattern of urban landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns the struggle for Philadelphia's LOVE Park, which involved the general public and its functionaries on one side and skateboarders on the other. This paper argues LOVE Park was one place composed of two distinct spaces: the public space the public engendered and the common space the skateboarders produced. This case demonstrates that public and common space must be understood as distinct, for they entail different understandings of publicly accessible space. Additionally, public and common spaces often exist simultaneously as "public‐common spaces," which emphasizes how they reciprocally shape one another. This sheds light on the emergence of "anti‐common public space," which is evident in LOVE Park's 2016 redesign. This concept considers how common spaces are increasingly negated in public spaces. The introduction of common space to the study of public spaces is significant as it allows for more nuanced understandings of transformations in the urban landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with theoretical and practical aspects of the Bitácora Zombie as a production and representation of the architectural and urban landscape of San José (Costa Rica). It is based on an aesthetic view of the environment, potentiating information about the public space by evidencing conflicts of coexistence and marginalization through the scopic regime. At the same time, the article discusses some theoretical notions that reconfigure the visual construction of reality: postmodern city, hauntology, zombie ecology, modern ruin, black tourism, and fear ecology. Two methodological observation tools provided by visual sociology are used. The first addresses an urban view proposed by the creative flâneur through the "phygital" (physical and digital) walk carried out through geo-located wanderings. The second tool involves the development of a creative urban sketch or drawing of the environment transformed into a notebook and travel document uploaded to the Instagram social network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work has the objective of analyzing the action space of serial criminals at the individual level, from a longitudinal perspective, performing central statistics of the events perpetrated and analyzing them concerning the urban landscape, regarding the distribution of facilities, to verify if they work as attractive for the commission of crimes. In the work, the centrographic techniques of the occurrences, standard distance and the standard deviation ellipse were used. The methodology included a database of police records with spatial delimitation in the municipality of Belo Horizonte from 01/01/2011 to 12/31/2013. The results indicate that there is a criminal scope for most serial offenders and the standard deviation ellipse allows a representation that aggregates the action space and the dispersion form by the urban space, allowing to verify the relationship between the landscape and the location of the events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the urban public landscape fragmentation in the process of rapid urbanization in China. By sorting out the management and control indicators and methods of urban planning management departments for residential land and comparing the actual practices and internal design principles of the mainstream developers in land development and construction based on this method, it is believed that the phenomenon of landscape space fragmentation from the city itself in the residential quarter in the city is caused by the mismatch between the design strategy of the developer and the overall demand of the urban space. Lack of government departments' planning for the integration of urban public resources is the inducement. In view of these problems, several solutions were put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the pragmatics of stickers as a genre prominent in communication in urban public space. Although normally small in size, stickers may quantitatively dominate signage in certain areas of cities. Stickers are examined here as localized communicative events that mediatize social practices through a range of complex multimodal and linguistic processes, based on data from the Digbeth area in central Birmingham, UK. An analysis of the distribution of stickers, their agency, audience, and the multimodal practices involved in their creation reveals that they bring together transgressive, artistic and commercial discourses and form a specific layer of urban communication, especially in areas of pedestrian transit within a city. A large number of stickers also initiate communications that can potentially be continued online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, urban form has been used to understand urban spaces. However, this knowledge has mainly focused on historic city centers and large cities, and the scope of their approaches and methods has been very limited in the planning practice and urban design. Based on these limitations, the article proposes (a) the identification and characterization of urban forms of new contemporary urban landscapes based on a morphogenetic approach, and (b) the evaluation of the influence of spatial configuration on land-use mix based on a quantitative approach. On the one hand, the morphogenetic approach reveals different urban forms in relation to the spatial configuration of blocks, plots, buildings, streets, plazas and green areas. On the other, the quantitative approach, supported by the spacemate technique, the n diagram and the functional urban mix model, firstly informs us of the spatial properties of urban forms and secondly, through factorial and inferential analyses, helps us to evaluate the influence of these properties on the diversity of uses. To sum up, this article contributes to the conceptual debate and combination of methods in the study of the degree of influence of space (urban form) on human activity (land use mix) but also serves to guide urban planning and design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the relationships between urban landscape, public spaces, and territorial management in one medium-sized city of São Paulo state. Three sets of approach are outlined: the establishment of parameters for the characterization of the medium-sized cities of São Paulo; the specific context of São Carlos, with biophysical characteristics conjugated with the socio-spatial dynamics of development and expansion; and the challenges and perspectives in the configuration and management of public spaces and urban landscapes. It is intended to reflect on articulations between the fields of landscape and urban planning and indicate applications to the studied context, with integrations between design, instruments, legislation and public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the Situationist International drifted in urban space on their dérives in the 1950s and 60s to grasp the city's "psychogeography." In this paper, I revisit the Situationist practice of drifting as part of doing nonrepresentational urban research on spatial justice in the city. In contrast to aiming for any fixed representations of a city's contours, I treat the dérive as a process of "becoming with": a continuous invention of the city (and the self) through ephemeral encounters. This understanding implies an emergent human subject, one that is changeable and creates breaks in knowledge via dwelling with other subjects (human, technological, architectural, etc.). Here, thinking is approached as a joint participation of the knowing human subject and the city, it is always spatial‐embodied. I have named this style of non‐linear reflection "hanging‐out‐knowing." Photography is connected to the dérive to direct attention to passing moments and banal details in the urban landscape: to tease out situations, or encounters, that may provoke the generative moment of enchantment. This experience can usually be detected only when it is already gone, but it forces a new perspective to the world. In doing research, this view does not open from practice alone, rather it is often inspired by theory. To illustrate the onto‐epistemological argument, I discuss a sound‐inspired photo‐walk in Vilanova i la Geltrú, a vibrant small city in the province of Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study deals with urban identity in Vinnytsia, one of the most economically vibrant Ukrainian cities, arguably known as a fiefdom of key Ukrainian power holders since the Euromaidan. Assuming that urban space may be treated simultaneously as a mirror and a factor of urban identity, the authors tried to look at urban identity under the lens of urban space transformations. The sociological survey conducted in 2016 and covering 168 respondents was focused on public representations about the city in whole and particular places in the city as well, including important recent changes of urban landscape. We came to conclusion that Vinnytsia represents an inclusive model of urban identity growing from additional actualized strata of historical memory. However, there is a stable core of identity, requiring a great deal of effort to be changed. We confirmed our hypothesis that identity-related discussions in Vinnytsia are centred on the issue of leadership, caused by current privileged position of the city and successful municipal reforms implemented by the local administration, and the issue of modernization, including aggressive commercialization, threating the historic urban landscape. The survey revealed the re-assessment of the role of industry as an element of local identity and demonstrated that the public requirements to the urban space experienced a strong shift towards human-friendliness, aesthetics, safety and diversity instead of political or ideological symbols. We observed pronounced shift to the local and regional values, although the connection with the national identity remains important. Finally, we came to conclusion that the success of transformation is largely defined by the possibility to painlessly combine new senses and connotations of places with the already existing. Thus, local identity may be considered as one of the key factors determining the perception of the urban space transformation, making urban landscape more resilient to the possible harmful impendences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1970 artist Charles Simonds has created miniature clay Dwellings for an invented civilization of 'little people'. Sited in the margins of urban public space, they appear as playful and generous interventions in decaying and chaotic city landscapes. Passers-by stumbling upon these structures often linger to observe Simonds' slow and measured work and sometimes take it upon themselves to watch over the Dwellings, caring for 'theirs' as a cherished part of a neighbourhood. Beginning amidst an artistic climate of experimenting with alternative exhibition models and an ethos of democratic circulation - as in conceptual art's various 'dematerialized' practices and in earthworks - the Dwellings take on the issue of dissemination by proposing that they be encountered as 'a gift, free and clear'. Setting Simonds' practice apart is his priority that the work exists as a public good. That intent is reinforced by the Dwelling's very materiality, for the inevitable crumble or erosion of clay renders them so fragile that moving them would destroy them, ensuring that they can never be privately owned, but can also never be preserved, 'whether motivated by a heartfelt, helpful desire to protect them, by greed or personal gain, or simply by the innocent desire to have one for himself'. That is not to say that the Dwellings leave nothing to be possessed - what can be kept simply does not resemble familiar objects of property. Instead, the works are carried forward as memory or embodied archive by those who have experienced them. These aspects of the work demand, in perpetuity, a wholly different notion of exchange that is more akin to an offering, and, indeed, to a gift, in all valences of the term. These observations are the springboard for a series of conversations between Simonds and van Haaften-Schick in 2016 and 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the landscape components of the golf course from the perspectives of the functionality, beauty and ecology of the golf course, compared the differences between the golf course landscape and the urban garden space landscape in terms of functional requirements, artistic requirements, components, and plant landscaping, and discussed the application of landscape components of the golf course in the of the urban green space landscape design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disadvantages of the construction system based on pre-fabricated elements are commonly known. These include the low standard of finish, high energy consumption, and what Jan Gehl especially points out, a lack of life between the buildings. However, we must not forget that the housing of that period was based upon the principles of modernism, which appealed to elementary human needs in terms of space, light and greenery. This article attempt to answer the question as to whether the authors of the housing estates built in Cracow have, for the last 25 years, drawn the right conclusions from the previous years? Have they managed to reject the 'wrong' and continued with the 'right' solutions? And most importantly, has there been a general improvement in the quality of the living space? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In areas where human action predominates, the modification happens in rapid acceleration. The latter carries the history longing, feelings and sufferings that are not always heard or understood by members of the spatial urbanization of a city. Think of the old port of landscape changes in recent years leads to dialogue between geographical space and the urban traffic light on the geographical science. The objective of the research is to present a study conducted with residents of two neighborhoods, Eletronorte and garden Eldorado, from the historicity of two different realities that mix the traffic landscape. The research follows based on the hermeneutical method of phenomenological approach and the results point to a reflection on the modification of the traffic urban landscape in the capital of Rondônia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The town views were a constant preoccupation of the European scientists, artists, geographers and military stuff, sometimes without a distinct separation between them. Starting with the 17th century, the correct representations of space became a predominant military matter, controlled by the engineers of the main monarchies of Europe. Even so, it remained more "space" to conquer and the artists proved to be real agents of change, especially "vedutisti", concerned to catch that complex genius loci which combines spectacular landmark panoramas with everyday life, choosing Europe's main cities as scenery. Transylvania region has also experienced a similar process due the influence of the Age of Enlightenment, but with a delay specific to its peripheral geographic position and political status. The city of Cluj-Napoca was one of the favourite subjects of the foreign and local artists, which proved to be very sensitive to the trends of the urban change capturing the local colour as a statement of the historic past, but also as a change in perceiving the urban space. Compared with almost one-sided urban views of the past centuries, the 19th century brings a 360-degree perspective over the urban space, significant for the future development of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban space always is a bed for expression of behavior method and repercussions on the public and human activities. Relationship between human and space has appeared in the environment and different scale and extent with society and city. What we know about the world around us and social and physical space as a human? How is the People conception feedback of the environment and surrounding? And whether nowadays landscape and urban spaces in the all dimension acts as the responsible environment? Answer to this questions, and supply the meticulous theory and analysis to city and urban spaces will emphasis this Subject. In this article by using the environment quality indexes and urban design method with choice of "Karaj Edge Stream" and analyzing method of user behavior on this Space we will offer proposals and strategies to urban space development. Therefore the research structure will be based on recognition of literature and landscape, environment quality indexes and analysis and deduction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across North America, street vending of snacks and small meals is growing in popularity, coinciding with a rising interest in local food systems and mixed-use planning in urban neighbourhoods. However, many cities have little or no urban street food due to historically strict bylaws, and in some centres, the move to relax the prohibition on street foods has been difficult. This paper examines the theoretical discourse surrounding street food and presents a case study of the city of Portland, Oregon, which is seen as a leader in the area of allowing a vibrant street food culture to develop. This study found that Portland's success is a product of both progressive municipal bylaws and intrinsic spatial and social qualities of the urban landscape. Lessons for cities trying to encourage a street food industry are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

• A review of urban multifunctionality assessments was conducted in 94 studies. • A variation in assessment methods was found. • A standardized approach for assessing multifunctional urban landscapes is proposed. • This proposed framework allows the comparability among urban ES assessments. The concept of multifunctionality has been increasingly integrated in the assessment of urban ecosystem services (ES). Although an indicator-based approach has been widely used for urban green spaces multifunctionality assessment, a variation in assessment methods still exists. The comparability of the assessment results across cities thus becomes difficult. This article reviewed 94 studies which included more than a single urban ES. The findings demonstrate a variation in the coverage of multifunctionality, indicator types, assessment methods, scoring systems, and the consideration of two important concepts: trade-offs and ecosystem service demands. A standardized assessment framework for urban ecosystems is therefore proposed. It contains five features: enabling users to select ecosystem structures, enabling users to assess the same ecosystem services which are mandatory, enabling users to select indicator types to suit their data availability, the use of reference values to have informative results, and integration of the analysis of trade-offs or ecosystem service demands. With this standardized approach, the comparability of urban green spaces multifunctionality is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a model for exploring urban memorial landscapes on political violence. It is based on a survey of more than 1,600 memorials erected in public spaces of the Austrian capital, Vienna, since 1945 with references to the Austrofascist and the National Socialist regimes. The paper builds on existing theoretical and methodological concepts, such as the 'social production of space' (Von Seggern & Werner, Löw), the 'socio-spatial condition of commemoration' (Dwyer & Alderman), 'symbolic accretion' (Dwyer) and 'figurations of memory' (Olick), and submits them to quantitative analysis using descriptive statistics and mapping. In order to distinguish between temporal and spatial patterns of memorialization, the paper explores all memorials along a range of spatial, temporal, thematic and social subjects and then identifies 'layers of memorialization', which express the structure under which mnemonic actors at specific times and under specific political conditions have addressed and negotiated specific issues of political violence worth of memorialization. After an analytical disentanglement, the paper presents a recomposed map of the urban memorial landscape by overlaying the main spatial-temporal clusters of six layers of memorialization. Instead of applying the widely used term of 'palimpsest', the paper suggests the notion of 'me-moiré' for grasping the historically and spatially structured coexistence of diverse temporalities, issues and social and political dimensions present in the urban memorial landscape on political violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]