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In this paper we report on the perceptions of co-production in the UK voluntary, community and social enterprise sector from those directly involved. We conducted five case studies, each involving interviews with two people who had formed a co-production relationship. We found positive perceptions of co-production from all interviewees. We suggest organisational and individual factors that are important to successful co-production and provide practical examples. We reflect on implications for practice by considering co-production relationships, time and resources.

Despite the growing social entrepreneurship (SE) literature in other disciplines, the research on tourism social entrepreneurship (TSE) is still in its infancy, and the knowledge has not been expli...

The spread of COVID-19 and the consequent restrictive measures that became necessary in the first months of 2020 hit Italy hard. With this research, summarised here and published in the IV Iris Network report on social enterprises in Italy, the authors investigate COVID-19's impact on social enterprises, the behaviours of these enterprises and the strategies they used to cope with the consequences of the health crisis. A qualitative survey was conducted in the second half of 2020 to probe the research questions. The results are based on two data sources: (a) the Resilience Stories database, a collection of 118 experiences of third sector organisations, and (b) 53 in-depth interviews with social enterprises and managers of third sector organisations, as well as interviews with national and regional policymakers. Both investigations suggested that during the first wave of the pandemic, social enterprises and other third sector organisations acted resiliently, engaging in creative rethinking of their activities and services and becoming even stronger reference points for the community. Copyright © 2021 The Authors.

Over the last 20 years, social entrepreneurship has attracted the attention of researchers from a wide variety of disciplines which, in turn, has generated a large variety of understandings of the meaning of social entrepreneurship. This paper maps the existing definitions, using a citation map and cluster analysis methods. Studying 307 documents that contain social entrepreneurship definitions, the analysis reveals that - contrary to what has been commonly believed -there does, in fact, exist widespread consensus within the academic community on the definition and meaning of the term social entrepreneurship and it is primarily centred on the combination of social and financial goals, community ideals and innovation.

Organizations play a fundamental role in mitigating social inequality, with emphasis on social enterprises. Thus, the objective is to analyze how a social enterprise acts as an intermediator to promote social innovations in companies. A case study was held in a local social enterprise located in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil, and which develops projects of social impact for other organizations. The data stems from participant observation, interviews and access to secondary data. The results indicate that social innovation is generated from the interaction between client companies and the final benefited public, through the intermediation promoted by the analyzed company, when conducting the process of creating and implementing social projects. As organizações têm papel fundamental na mitigação da desigualdade social, com destaque para empresas sociais. Assim, o objetivo foi analisar de que maneira um empreendimento social pode atuar como um agente intermediário ao desenvolver projetos para empresas convencionais que desejam promover a inovação social. Foi realizado um estudo de caso em um empreendimento social localizado na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS, que desenvolve projetos de impacto social para outras organizações. Os dados foram provenientes de observação participante, entrevistas, sites e vídeos. Os resultados indicam que a inovação social é gerada a partir da interação entre as empresas clientes e o público beneficiado, por meio da intermediação promovida pela empresa analisada, ao conduzir o processo de criação e implementação dos projetos sociais. Las empresas sociales juegan un papel fundamental en la mitigación de la desigualdad social. Así, el objetivo fue analizar cómo una empresa social puede actuar como intermediaria en el desarrollo de proyectos para empresas convencionales que deseen impulsar la innovación social. Se realizó un estudio de caso en una empresa social ubicada en Porto Alegre/RS, Brasil, que desarrolla proyectos con impacto social para otras organizaciones. Los datos provienen de la observación participante, entrevistas, sitios web y videos. La innovación social se genera a partir de la interacción entre las empresas clientes y el público final beneficiado, a través de la intermediación promovida por la empresa analizada, a la hora de realizar el proceso de creación e implementación de proyectos sociales.

Social enterprise is popular among researchers because of its contribution and prominence in society. Many entrepreneurs seek to create ventures that not only yield a profit but also add value to society. However, previous studies have found that the level of public awareness is still low and that the existence of social enterprises is still at early stage. Thus, they suggest the use of social media as an alternative way to attract attention and create public awareness on social enterprise in Malaysia. To this end, this concept paper seeks to explore the level of public responses on existing social enterprise in Malaysia and discover the role of social media in terms of enhancing social enterprise awareness and promoting social enterprise. The three levels of public responses to be used in this concept paper are ‘aware’, ‘interested’ and ‘engaged’. Data will be retrieved from social media (Facebook and Twitter). Essentially, this concept paper is an attempt to provide first insight regarding the level of social enterprise awareness in Malaysia and to recognize the vital elements in social media sites. In order to enhance social enterprise awareness, this concept paper proposes storytelling canvas as a support tool. For data analysis or data management, this paper will use SPSS and NVivo to elaborate the framework and flow of data collection in order to measure the ability of social media to significantly enhance social enterprise awareness in Malaysia. It will also suggest the framework for related study in the future.

Learning outcomes After studying this case, students should be able to: explain how strategic management relates to the areas of innovation, operations, technology, entrepreneurship and emerging markets; analyse strategy implementation and execution at the operational level, in contrast to strategy formulation at the strategic mission, values and vision level; discuss innovation, entrepreneurship and new technologies in emerging markets; and assess the impact of technology-driven entrepreneurship on significant socio-economic change that is on transformational entrepreneurship, in emerging markets. Case overview/synopsis This case outlines key global challenges facing higher education in the African context. It discusses the African Leadership University (ALU) as an innovative higher education institution, including its origins, establishment, strategy and purpose, curriculum, technology and operations, student support network and funding. It also describes ALU’s ongoing challenges and future prospects. ALU was launched in 2015 by Fred Swaniker, founder and chief executive officer and Khurram Masood, co-founder and chief operating officer. ALU’s vision was to transform Africa by developing and connecting three million high-calibre, ethical and entrepreneurial leaders by 2035. In August 2019, Swaniker and Masood considered how to ensure ALU’s sustainability and its vision. They had already changed ALU’s operational strategy by establishing micro-campuses instead of universities to scale rapidly and avoid regulatory barriers. However, would that be enough to uphold ALU’s vision for 2035? Complexity academic level This case is appropriate for postgraduate-level academic programmes and executive education programmes in management. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.

This article investigates the impact of US Direct Investments (foreign direct investments [FDI]) as channel of international technology transfer on total factor productivity (TFP) of Algeria from 1969 to 2019. We use export diversification distance as relative backwardness (GAP) and revealed comparative advantage (RCA) as trade concentration term. An autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach is used to check for the long-run relationship. The results show that considering the sector of investment, the TFP is differently impacted. Indeed, the impact of FDI of hydrocarbon activities on TFP is negative and statistically significant. As for the out-hydrocarbons sector, the impact is positive with statistical significance. The negative impact of FDI in the scope of hydrocarbons sector can be mainly explained by the effect of industry concentration. This is supported empirically by the negative effect of RCA. We also find that large GAP has negative effect on TFP, contrasting the theory of the advantage of the relative backwardness.

Social enterprises have attracted increased attention from both researchers and practitioners around the world. In the social enterprise context, scaling social impact is considered the main currency or key performance metric. Two overarching social impact scaling strategies are organizational growth strategy and ecosystem growth strategy. However, to date, little cumulative knowledge exists on these two social impact scaling strategies. To address this issue, this article conducts a systematic review of 111 peer-reviewed articles. It identifies and discusses key insights into organizational growth strategy and ecosystem growth strategy as a means to scale social impact in social enterprises. Based on these findings, the current article also develops a framework to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of social impact scaling strategies in social enterprises. Finally, the review identifies gaps in the existing literature and discusses a comprehensive agenda for future research. JEL Classification: L26, L31, O35, M13

Do donors seek out potentially adverse information about organizations making fundraising appeals? Do they react when it is readily available? Do they draw negative inferences when critical information is not available? To answer these questions, we consider previously unexamined large-scale natural experiments involving U.S. charitable organizations—tax-exempt organizations that file Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 990. Using standard difference-in-differences designs, we find that donors penalize organizations with high fundraising costs when there is mandatory disclosure or involuntary disclosure by a third-party reporter. Organizations with lower fundraising costs fundraise more successfully in the presence of these disclosures. The contrast with donors’ behavior when such information is not available suggests that donors do not draw correct inferences when potentially consequential information is not disclosed. Disclose-on-request requirements, in contrast, apparently do not have any significant impact on donors’ or organizations’ behavior. We then sketch implications for the regulation of donations to charities and their modern cousins, such as crowdfunding and social enterprise organizations.

Social equilibriums can be both positively and negatively affected through the actions of social enterprises and social entrepreneurs and have both intended and unintended consequences. Many learners have considered only the light, or positive, viewpoint of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. There are also potential dark aspects. In our increasingly ‘woke’ world, it is critical that we spur discussion of both light and dark issues. To deepen critical thinking about the implications of giving to ‘do good’, learners should consider potential dark motivations to increase the social enterprise’s competitive advantage through ‘green-washing’ tactics which could create dynamics of dependency, unneeded/unwanted assistance, or the disruption of local economies. The participants in the exercise experience the consequences of their decisions along with debrief opportunities for dark-light language. The authors provide a suggested pre-exercise reading assignment to prepare learners, the exercise and debrief guidance.

In recent years ‘social enterprises’ have become important partners in the delivery of key public services such as healthcare. However, little is known about how healthcare social enterprises contribute to public service provision in the health sector. We analyzed 172 social enterprises from four continents involved in healthcare to assess the types of interventions, processes, and roles they play responding to rapidly evolving healthcare systems. We found that they are engaged broadly in three dimensions of health service provision: improving access to health services; improving the quality of health services; and building public health capacity. We contribute to social policy theory by enhancing understanding of the micro-level interventions of social enterprises in the healthcare sector and articulating new dimensions of NPG that include co-innovation, co-lobbying, and co-integration in the context of healthcare.

The growth of research studies on social enterprise over the past ten years has been on a steep positive trend. Social enterprise is commonly defined as the organizational pursuit of blending socia...

For decades, the cooperative enterprise (CE) produces market goods and/or provides services in the interest to its members, such as communities, customers, and suppliers. The upsurge of interest in social enterprises, and their balancing of social and economic interests, has also led to a renewed interest in CEs, often seen as a specific type of social enterprise. However, from an organizational perspective, this renewed interest has been both limited and scattered over a variety of fields. In this paper, we systematically review papers on CE in the mainstream organizational literature, defined as literature in the fields of economics, business, management and sociology. Our review integrates and synthesizes the current topics in the mainstream organizational literature and provides a number of avenues for future research. In addition, we compare our findings in the organizational literature to the social issues literature as these appeared to be quite complimentary. We found multilevel studies, determination of social impact—in particular measurable impact, managerial practices for sustainable (organisational) development, and the entrepreneurial opportunity generation process as the four key avenues for future research.

This paper is derived from a study of the mission statements of a sample of 100 United Kingdom social enterprises. The purpose of the research was to reveal what insight such organisational artefac...

Based on interviews with key stakeholder groups of social enterprises in Hungary, democratic practices in decision making were seen as important features of social enterprises. However, there were ...

COVID-19 has overwhelmed and stretched existing healthcare infrastructure in both developed and developing economies and pushed governmental response mechanisms to the brink. Globally, governments elicited the call for corporate support, asking social entrepreneurs and social business ventures to organise efforts to build voluntary support for the large-scale response needed during the sudden lockdown disruptions. By April 2020, 26.5 million jobs were lost in the US alone (Lambert, 2020), global stocks plummeted at least 25% and gross domestic product (GDP) contracted significantly for all countries. With reduced domestic demand for non-food goods, reduced foreign demand for US goods exports, supply-chain disruptions, and plant closures, the manufacturing sector saw a huge decline (Reinicke, 2020). Governments all over the world announced massive stimulus packages. The US has approved $2 trillion financial support to combat the economic downturn so far (Emma & Scholtes, 2020) and EU finance ministers have recently approved €500 billion in stimulus measures (Riley, 2020). It is estimated that the global economy will grow at -3 percent in 2020. This article sheds light on the role of social enterprises in addressing the societal problems caused by COVID-19. The authors highlight the efforts of virtual and collaborative associations who seek to swiftly recognise issues and develop solutions, which create social value and alleviate the plights of suffering communities. This article sheds light on the role of social enterprises in addressing the societal problems caused by COVID-19. The authors highlight the efforts of virtual and collaborative associations who seek to swiftly recognise issues and develop solutions, which create social value and alleviate the plights of suffering communities. The authors place emphasis upon the role of the social entrepreneur in developing a way forward in these challenging times and present a contemporary conceptualisation of the social entrepreneur in the form of an “avatar” and the impact that this may have on social enterprise.

Social entrepreneurship (SE) is acknowledged as a valuable tool for tackling social problems. Whereas SE intention (SEI) is considered an important prerequisite for founding a social enterprise, em...

In this Special Issue, we hope to reframe the conversation about context and bring back context to the front and centre of our way of knowing and theorizing in the field of social entrepreneurship....

Cross-sector social collaborations are increasingly recognised as valuable inter-organizational arrangements that seek to combine the commercial capabilities of private sector companies with the deep knowledge of social and environmental issues enrooted in social sector organizations. In this paper we empirically examine the configurations of conditions that lead to lasting cross-sector social collaboration. Situating our enquiry in Sch��tz���s theory of life-worlds and the reciprocity literature, we employ fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to analyse data gathered from 60 partners in 30 cross-sector social collaborations. We find two distinct types of configurational pathways leading to lasting cross-sector social collaboration which we label reciprocal economic exchange based on direct reciprocity, and reciprocal social exchange based on generalised reciprocity. The pathways vary in terms of the delivery of expected and unexpected resources and benefits. We introduce the concept of double relationality to explain the interdependence of structure and action in lasting cross sector social collaboration., Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL

Learning outcomes In the light of the case and the accompanying case questions, the students should understand the theoretical underpinnings of the Blue ocean strategy. Application and critical evaluation of analytical frameworks associated with the blue ocean strategy. Role of political, socio-cultural and technological factors undermining the success of any endeavor aimed at bringing about innovation in education in Pakistan. The critical balance that social enterprises need to develop between their commercial and social impact goals. Case overview/synopsis Founded in early 2014, LearnOBots was a young social enterprise spearheaded by Shamyl Bin Mansoor and Faisal Laghari. The venture aimed to provide science, technology, engineering, and mathematics-based, tech supported experiential learning to young kids, which would eventually help improve the educational standards in the country. This case presents the complex dilemma of an enterprise, which achieved market traction to its novel business idea but soon faced changing competitive dynamics that posed a challenge to the uncontested blue ocean strategy that the venture attempted to create. The case is a rich description of the idiosyncrasies that an innovative startup faces in emerging markets context. It gives an insight on the balancing act that social enterprises need to achieve between their business goals and social impact aspirations. Complexity academic level This case is geared toward undergraduate students enrolled in courses of strategy and entrepreneurship. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

This book review presents “Shaping Social Enterprise: Understanding Institutional Context and Influence”, edited by Janelle Kerlin and published by Emerald Publishing Limited in 2017. It does so by briefly illustrating the content of the various chapters and by identifying strengths and weaknesses of the analyses. The book presents a productive debate as well as useful data from which scholars, practitioners, and policymakers can learn essential lessons about the evolution models of social enterprises in different countries.

The Research Workshop “Towards an enabling ecosystem for social enterprises”, organized within the framework of the COST Action “Empowering the next generation of social enterprise scholars” (Empower-SE) was held at the University of Bucharest, Faculty of Sociology and Social Work in February 2020. The aim of the workshop was to facilitate a vivid dialogue between stakeholders and researchers on the complex topic of social enterprise development and scaling. This short report, included in the JEOD “Conference letter” section, briefly illustrates the presentations, which offered a complex image of country and regional variations of social enterprise ecosystems in Europe generated by the historical and cultural backgrounds, the degree of institutionalization and the specificity of the policy and political context for social enterprises.

Despite the burgeoning research on social entrepreneurship in recent years, there is limited research on youths as a context for theorizing. This article examines the influence of social entreprene...

Learning outcomes For discussion of social entrepreneurship in middle-income economies, emerging markets generally and Africa, specifically, Quali Health presents interesting questions about entrepreneurial funding, scaling and the interplay between social entrepreneurial activities and the informal sector. Case overview/synopsis South Africa’s primary health outcomes do not correspond to the country’s spending on public health, with South Africa ranking among the worst globally in the incidence of tuberculosis, HIV prevalence, infant mortality and life expectancy. In part, this poor outcome can be explained by high inequality in access to healthcare, which reflects South Africa’s grossly skewed income and wealth distributions, with the bulk of the country’s population reliant upon an underfunded, inefficient and poorly managed public health system. This substandard service for the working poor in South Africa’s townships with high population densities offered a profitable entrepreneurial opportunity to provide affordable and effective primary care with vast gains in quality and outcomes improved dignity for patients. After receiving her MBA, physician and entrepreneur Dr Nthabiseng Legoete self-funded the launch of Quali Health in 2017. The business model set out to disrupt healthcare delivery for South Africa’s poorest citizens. Drawing patients from the working poor in Diepsloot, Quali Health’s inaugural site was cash flow positive within five months when the facility hit only 30% of installed service capacity. With quick success, Dr Legoete faced the strategic question of how fast to scale and finance the expansion. She also considered a new micro-insurance product for her clientele. Complexity academic level For discussion of social entrepreneurship in middle-income economies, emerging markets generally and Africa, specifically, Quali Health presents interesting questions about entrepreneurial funding, scaling and the interplay between social entrepreneurial activities and the informal sector. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS: 3 Entrepreneurship.

This article proposes comparing nonprofit news organizations that prioritize social welfare goals with the hybrid organizational form that mixes the institutional logics of charities and business enterprises: the Social Enterprise. The institutional logic comprises organizing templates, patterns of actions and values. These Social News Enterprises (SNEs) are analyzed as hybrids mixing the institutional logics of commercial, public, and alternative news media. Financed by donations and the revenue from services, SNEs engage in public, investigative, and explanatory journalism. Normative behavioral principles of SNEs are used to compare the impact-based model of ProPublica with the growth-focused model of The Texas Tribune.

The aggregation of people and information on the Internet has caused individual journalists to forge self-employed and self-branded social entrepreneur careers, an endeavour that combines commercia...

Learning outcomes At the end of the case discussion, the students should be able to: evaluate the factors influencing entrepreneurship in an African context; discuss the relevance of developmental entrepreneurship in an African context; assess an enabling environment and ecosystem for stimulating entrepreneurship; analyse and resolve practical issues in starting a business under challenging conditions; understand how accelerator programmes work in an African context; appreciate how partnerships can be leveraged to foster entrepreneurship; evaluate relevant business models and their challenges to grow enterprises; and understand the social entrepreneurship journey of a founder. Case overview/synopsis In March 2019, Elena Gaffurini, managing partner of DEV Mozambique (DEV), sat down to evaluate the business. DEV, based in Maputo and launched in 2015, was a consulting and services company supporting entrepreneurial development in Mozambique, by training and supporting small businesses in agricultural-related sectors to improve food security. Gaffurini – a self-proclaimed purpose-driven person – now questioned whether DEV’s impact on social and economic development was significant enough to justify the effort she and her team put into it and whether DEV should reconsider its current business model to create more impact. Complexity academic level Postgraduate: MBA and Executive Education. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.

In the turbulent conditions of public relations, which have developed both in the world and in Ukraine, there is a transition to a new level of economic management, so there is a need to use the latest instruments in the State social policy. One such instrument is social entrepreneurship, which simultaneously contributes to the development of the economy and focuses on solving important social problems. The article is aimed at studying the role of social entrepreneurship in the development of socio-economic relations in Ukraine, defining the problems of its development and ways to overcome them. The vision of «social entrepreneurship» by various scholars is illuminated and approaches to the definition of this category are described. The concept of «social enterprise» is characterized in accordance with the basic approaches to its definition. The main features of a social enterprise are considered and substantiated. The impact of social entrepreneurship on the economy is determined and the concrete consequences of its development are described. The status of social entrepreneurship in Ukraine and the main tendencies that define it are characterized. According to the results of the study, the main ways of the State-based stimulation of social entrepreneurship on the main components are proposed. The problems of accounting and forming a mechanism for motivating social entrepreneurship should become a prospect of further research.

Learning outcomes The learning outcomes are designing an empresarial strategy and considering different business strategies and environment variables. Case overview/synopsis On November of 2015, Eduardo Castillo, General Manager of Late! (B Corporation) programed a directory reunion in which he had to pose a proposal of strategic expansion and growth for the company for future years. A fine of October 2015 publicly revealed the collusion of the two large conglomerates of tissue paper in the Chilean market, with this situation Eduardo took advantage of the discomfort of the consumers and looked alternative brands, he evaluates the launching of a new product: toilet paper Late!. Eduardo had to present at the board meeting the backgrounds to decide the expansion and the strategic growth of the company, taking advantage of the collusion case of the toilet paper or continue their successful project of bottled water. Complexity academic level This case focuses primarily on the processes of social enterprise for undergraduate or graduate courses in social entrepreneurship, business model innovation, sustainability, strategic management, emerging markets and business in Chile. Also, this case is also ideal to teach the “business model canvas” and “B Corp.” Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 11: Entrepreneurship.

The financing model of the U.S. non-profit social marketing organization DKT International has changed dramatically since it was founded 31 years ago. In the early days, DKT was reliant on donor funding, and most of its products were heavily subsidized in order to reach low-income and marginalized populations. However, over the last three decades, DKT has become increasingly financially sustainable due to a fortuitous combination of clever marketing, rising incomes, and the stable and often declining cost of procuring contraceptives. This has been especially true in middle-income countries like Indonesia, Brazil, and Ghana but also in lower-income countries and regions like Ethiopia and Bihar, India. Because all DKT programs sell products, they earn revenue. Through a mixture of cost recovery and cross-subsidization strategies, DKT has been able to simultaneously serve a wide range of income segments while generating sales revenue that can offset costs and even turn a profit in some countries. Such profits are reinvested in activities that educate and shift behavior or deployed to other countries to start up new ventures. This article describes the transition experienced by DKT, from charity to social enterprise, and profiles country examples in three different stages of financial sustainability, providing potential lessons for other non-profits. As generating resources for non-profits becomes more challenging, organizations may wish to explore ways to generate revenues and increase cost recovery by monetizing the products and services they provide.

This paper investigates how social enterprises construct accounts to gain legitimacy from the social impact generated by their products and operations. The paper finds that social impact accounts are framed to appeal to two distinct forms of judgment about legitimacy: cognitive and evaluative. Cognitive forms of judgment qualify how well an enterprise shares attributes with an individual’s schemas of established actors or roles in society. Evaluative forms of judgment tend to operate more analytically to make comparisons of the relative appropriateness and desirability of multiple enterprises to achieve an audience’s goals. The findings show that although legitimizing the social aspects of an enterprise involved justifications aimed at both forms of judgment, legitimizing an enterprise’s professionalism relied almost exclusively on evaluative judgments. Moreover, the justifications created to appeal to evaluative judgments relied almost exclusively on financial and operational data, using operational scale as a proxy.

PurposeThis article aims to understand how social enterprises adopt crowdfunding in digital humanities by investigating the mission drifting, risk sharing and human resource practices.Design/methodology/approachThis exploratory study uses a qualitative method by observing five different social ventures in Indonesia. The case study involves observation of social enterprises that concern digital humanities projects and interviews with those who manage the crowdfunding for financing the projects as the key respondents. The analysis uses an interpretative approach by involving the respondents to explain the phenomena.Findings(1) Adopting the crowdfunding platform encourages social enterprises to reshape social missions with more responsive action for digital humanities. (2) Crowdfunding allows social enterprises to share the risk with stakeholders who focus on fostering the social impact of digital humanities. (3) Crowdfunding stimulates social enterprises to hire professional workers with flexible work arrangements to attract specific donors and investors.Originality/valueThe result extends the principles of social enterprises by introducing some concepts of crowdfunding in digital humanities. This study also explains the boundary conditions of digital humanities projects and how crowdfunding can support the projects by adopting the principles of the social enterprise that works on digital humanities projects.

There is, in general, a dearth of empirical inquiries on how institutional voids are filled through institutional work in marginalized communities. Extant studies have focussed on institutional work that addresses solitary institutional void, mostly in formal settings. In this paper, we inquire the case of a social entrepreneurial venture in India that identified two complementary institutional voids (productive ageing void of the urban elderly and rural education void of children) and attempted to simultaneously address the two voids. The issue of physical distance between the two groups was overcome by enacting an ICT platform. We also show how the institutional challenges associated with the ICT implementation led them to pursue different kinds of institutional works in their context. We then identify different theoretical dimensions of institutional works that could be used in marginalized contexts. Finally, we show how the ‘complementary voids’ approach has implications for both theory and practice.

Learning outcomes This case study aims to expect the following learning outcomes. A better understanding of the nature of a psychological contract being developed by employees in non-profit organizations, especially working in the areas of social development and the impact of this contract on employee commitment. Enhanced understanding of conflict of interest (personal versus public) in social development organizations and its implications. Identification of issues of task conflict versus interpersonal conflict and its impact on organizational functions. Identification of dynamics of exclusion of internal stakeholders from organizational strategic decision-making process along with its impact on organizational performance and sustainability. Devising a mechanism to avoid such conflicts in social development organizations, in particular, and organizations in general. Case overview/synopsis This case highlights five issues as follows: it identifies and discusses conflict of interest between privileged class possessing decision-making positions in the board of directors and implementers working at the grassroots level at ANMOL (a non-governmental organization working for poor girls education in Baluchistan-hub of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor); it discusses the basis for formulation of psychological contracts and impact of its violation on stakeholder’s commitment and motivation; it discusses the implications of difference of opinion of both stakeholders regarding organizational vision and possible drawbacks of converting task conflict into interpersonal conflict on individuals, organization and end-users; it explores implications of exclusion of key stakeholders from organizational decision-making and its impact on organizational smooth working and sustainability; and it suggests a mechanism to avoid conversion of task conflict into interpersonal conflict and smooth functioning of an organization. Hence, this case discusses theories of conflict of interest between top-leadership and workforce, psychological contract and implications of its breach on employee motivation and organizational sustainability in the context of social development organizations. Complexity academic level This case provides sufficient material to be discussed at master level courses (management sciences – master of business administration (MBA) level) such as human resource management (dynamics of psychological contract and conflict resolution), leadership and change management in social development organizations (social enterprises). Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 7: Management Science.