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Sustainability Sciences need communication to communicate knowledge effectively and to engage audiences toward sustainable development. Therefore, the present study examines to what extent media and communication aspects are integrated into sustainability science's curricula of higher education institutions in Europe. For this purpose, a total of n=1117 bachelor and master's degree programs and their related curricula/program specifications from 31 European countries were analyzed by means of content analysis. Results show that the level of curricular integration of media and communication aspects in the field of sustainability science is not (yet) far advanced (18%). This leaves room for a reflection on the perceived (ir-)relevance of communication as a crucial discipline and competence in the sustainability science area, as well as on the social and educational responsibility of higher education institutions.

Preimplantational genetic technologies (PG technologies) used in the processes of reproduction under laboratory conditions are considered to be one of the most controversial fields of gene technology. These tests are performed on embryos and result in the selection of the most capable embryo, while destroying the rest. Several moral questions arise regarding the ethical application of these procedures. This study investigated the representation of this topic in the Hungarian online media, applying (qualitative) Foucauldian discourse analysis. The results suggest that the narratives related to the topic can be organized according to their objects around three discourses: discourses surrounding parents, discourses surrounding the embryo, discourses surrounding the application of PG technologies. It was also revealed that narratives of risk, responsibility and freedom of autonomous decision play important role in constructing the representations of PG technologies in the Hungarian online news media.

The paper presents a research conducted in 2016 on the topic of relations between corruption perceptions and media usage patterns amongst Hungarian youth between 18 and 29 years. The main results can be summarised in three points. First, while half of the Y generation respondents in Hungary have already encountered corruption directly, they feel the presence of corruption stronger in the political sphere than in their everyday life. Second, 71% of the interviewees reported that honest people with a high level of integrity have less chance to prosper than their less honest peers. Third, media usage patterns of the Y generation are based mainly on social media, meanwhile print media use heavily declines. Young people reported to be overwhelmed by big corruption cases involving hardly imaginable sums of money and distant public figures. At the same time, they have very little knowledge of everyday corruption cases.

International audience; Колективната монография „Управление на репутационни кризи” обобщава научните резултати от изследванията в докторската програма по медии и комуникации на Софийския университет в дисциплините „Кризисен мениджмънт – управление на репутационни кризи” и „Кризисен пъблик рилейшънс”, ръководени от проф. д-р Чавдар Христов. Включва следните аспекти: Организационна репутация; Глобализация на репутационните кризи; Алгоритъм за измерване на репутационни кризи; Методологична рамка на изследването на казуси (case studies); Управление на репутация, рискове и кризи; Управление на репутацията чрез жизнения цикъл на риска; Слуховете – външна заплаха за репутационна криза; Троловете и хакерите – външни заплахи за репутационна криза; Компютърните вируси и организационната репутация; Политическата карикатура и глобалните репутационни кризи; Репутационни аспекти на терористичните кризи; Репутационните кризи в туризма – „Брекзит” и гръцката финансова криза; Репутационна криза на държавните институции в България – бежанската криза; Репутационна криза на политическата власт в България – протестите #ДАНСwithme.; Table of Contents PREFACE 1. ORGANIZATIONAL REPUTATION: COMMUNICATION AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS. GLOBALIZATION OF REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Chavdar Hristov 1.1. Defining Organizational Reputation 1.2. Reputation from the Perspective of Mass Perceptions and Behavior 1.3. Reputation in Relation to the Corporate Image and Brand 1.4. Reputation as Added Value 1.5. Reputation as Unity between Presentation, Behavior and Communication 1.6. Managerial Aspects of Organizational Reputation 1.7. Globalization and Reputational Crises: Digitalization and Information Leaks 2. REAL, MEDIA‐REPORTED AND REPUTATIONAL CRISES. CRISIS MEASUREMENT. Chavdar Hristov 2.1. Real, Media‐Reported and Reputational Crises 2.2. Algorithm for Measurement and Analysis of Reputational Crises 2.3. Measuring and Investigating Crisis Situations 2.4. Conclusions and Implications 3. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK. Chavdar Hristov and Kalin Kalinov 3.1. Why case studies? 3.2. Research Design 3.3. Research Protocol 3.4. Validity Indicators 4. MANAGING REPUTATION, RISKS AND CRISES. THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF REPUTATIONAL RISKS AND GUIDELINES FOR THEIR MANAGEMENT. Petar Kardzhilov 4.1. The Term “Reputation” 4.2. Four Aspects of the Reputation Strategy 4.3. Contemporary Challenges in Reputation Management 4.4. Problem Management and Crisis Management 4.5. Four Categories of Reputational Risks 4.6. Guidelines for Managing Different Categoriesof Reputational Risks 4.7. Interconnected Risks 4.8. The Nuclear Disaster in Fukushima 4.9. Conclusion 5. MANAGING REPUTATION THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE OF RISK. PREDICTING, PREVENTING AND RESOLVING REPUTATIONAL RISK. Petar Kardzhilov 5.1. Life Cycle of the Reputational Risk 5.2. Predicting Reputational Risks 5.2.1. External Radar for Reputational Risks and Horizon Scanning 5.2.2. Internal Radar for Reputational Risks 5.2.3. Risk Analysis 5.2.4. Evaluating Reputational Risk 5.3. Preventing Reputational Risks 5.3.1. Architecture of Reputational Risk Management – “Hard” Intervention for Reputational Risks Prevention 5.3.2. Reputational Behavior, Leadership and Training – “Soft” Intervention for Reputational Risk Prevention 5.3.3. Organizational Social Responsibility (Corporate Citizenship) 5.4. Solving Reputational Risks 5.5. Conclusion 6. RUMOURS AS AN EXTERNAL THREAT, LEADING TO REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Plamen Atanasov 6.1. Defining Rumor 6.2. Are Fake News a Rumor 6.3. Rumor from the Reputation Building Perspective 6.4. Rumor and Reputational Crises 6.5. Rumor and Intangible Assets 6.6. Rumors in the Cyberspace Extended Communication 6.7. Conclusion 7. TROLLS AND HACKERS‐ EXTERNAL THREATS LEADING TO REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Plamen Atanasov 7.1. Defining Hackers and Trolls or Why the Rumor, Hackers and Trolls are Major Threats for the Reputation in the Modern World 7.2. Correlating Hackers’ and Trolls’ Actions with Reputational Crises 7.3. Conclusion 8. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WHY THE ORGANISATION REPUTATION SUFFERS. Plamen Atanasov 8.1. Defining Computer Viruses 8.2. Viruses from the Reputation Management Perspective 8.3. Protecting the Organizational Reputation from Virus Damage 8.4. Conclusion 9. THE IMPACT OF THE POLITICAL CARTOON ON GLOBAL REPUTATION CRISIS. Boyan Georgiev 9.1. Theoretical Framework and Methodology 9.2. Presenting the Cases of the Danish Newspaper “Jyllands‐Posten” and the French Weekly “Charlie Hebdo” 9.3. Key Variables Impacting the Development of the Crisis 9.4. Newspaper Characteristics 9.5. Characteristics of the Cartoons in the Cases 9.6. Reputation 9.6.1. National Reputation Before the Crisis 9.6.2. Abrupt Changes in the Organization’s Image 9.7. Crisis Communication 9.7.1. Communication Strategy for Managing the Reputational Crisis 9.7.2. Goals and Analysis of the Undertaken Crisis Communication 9.7.3. Evaluating the Reaction in Terms of National Image Restoration 9.7.4. Post‐Crisis Solutions 9.8. Reputational Ingredients: Presentation, Behavior, Communication 9.9. Implications 9.10. Conclusion 10. REPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF TERRORIST CRISES. Kalin Kalinov 10.1. Recent Data on Terrorist Attacks Worldwide 10.2. Methodology of the Research of the Cases: Manchester 2017 and Charlie Hebdo 2015 10.3. Crisis Analysis: Manchester 2017 10.4. Crisis Analysis: Charlie Hebdo 2015 10.5. Conclusion 11. REPUTATIONAL CRISES IN TOURISM: SPECIFICS AND FEATURES. Hristina Slavova and Kalin Kalinov 11.1. Stability, Crises and Reputation in Tourism 11.2. Basics of Tourism Crisis Communication 11.3. Methodology and Definition of Reputational Crises in Tourism 11.4. Crisis Analysis: Brexit 11.5. Crisis Analysis: The Greek Debt Crisis 11.6. Comparative Analysis of the Crises in the British and Greek Tourism 11.7. Conclusion 12. REPUTATION CRISIS OF STATE INSTITUTIONS IN THE SECURITY SECTOR IN BULGARIA – THE REFUGEE CRISIS AS A TRIGGERING EVENT. Boyan Georgiev 12.1. The European Refugee Crisis (2011‐2015) as Research Object 12.2. Importance of Refugee Crises 12.2.1. Importance of the Crises for Bulgaria (2013–2015) 12.2.2. Reputational Importance of the Crises 12.2.3. Importance of the Crises for Government Communication in the Field of Security 12.3. Reputational Crises Triggered by the Refugees Issue 12.4. Research Methodology 12.5. Measuring the Crises in Phase A (July – December 2013) and Phase B (March 2014 – March 2015) 12.6. Comparative Analysis of the Two Cases 12.7. Key Variables in Both Cases 12.8. Crisis Communication in Both Cases 12.9. Evaluation of the Organization’s Response 12.10. Communication Strategy for Managing Reputational Crisis 12.11. Reputation Building Prior to the Crisis 12.12. Sudden Changes in the Image of Bulgaria 12.13. Factors Impacting the Reputation of the Researched State 12.14. Reputational Ingredients. Presentation, Behavior, Communication 12.15. Implications from the Research Goals 12.16. Conclusion 13. THE #DANSWITHME PROTESTS AS THE BEGINNING OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REPUTATION CRISIS IN BULGARIA. MODEL OF MEDIA IMPACT IN CRISES. Ina Bacheva 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Methodology and Concepts 13.3. Case Study: Mass Protests of 2013 – “Let’s Set the Monopolies on Fire” and “DANSwithme” 13.4. Protests #DANSwithme in 2013 and the Political Crisis in Bulgaria 13.5. The New Communication Environment and the Place of the Media. Influence Model 13.6. Classification of the Influence of Journalistic Tactics in Crisis Reporting 13.7. Model of Media Influence 13.8. Measuring the Crisis with the Appointment of Delyan Peevski as an Argument for Media Influence 13.9. Implications 13.10. Conclusion CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY SUMMARY

Колективната монография „Управление на репутационни кризи” обобщава научните резултати от изследванията в докторската програма по медии и комуникации на Софийския университет в дисциплините „Кризисен мениджмънт – управление на репутационни кризи” и „Кризисен пъблик рилейшънс”, ръководени от проф. д-р Чавдар Христов. Включва следните аспекти: Организационна репутация; Глобализация на репутационните кризи; Алгоритъм за измерване на репутационни кризи; Методологична рамка на изследването на казуси (case studies); Управление на репутация, рискове и кризи; Управление на репутацията чрез жизнения цикъл на риска; Слуховете – външна заплаха за репутационна криза; Троловете и хакерите – външни заплахи за репутационна криза; Компютърните вируси и организационната репутация; Политическата карикатура и глобалните репутационни кризи; Репутационни аспекти на терористичните кризи; Репутационните кризи в туризма – „Брекзит” и гръцката финансова криза; Репутационна криза на държавните институции в България – бежанската криза; Репутационна криза на политическата власт в България – протестите #ДАНСwithme., Table of Contents PREFACE 1. ORGANIZATIONAL REPUTATION: COMMUNICATION AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS. GLOBALIZATION OF REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Chavdar Hristov 1.1. Defining Organizational Reputation 1.2. Reputation from the Perspective of Mass Perceptions and Behavior 1.3. Reputation in Relation to the Corporate Image and Brand 1.4. Reputation as Added Value 1.5. Reputation as Unity between Presentation, Behavior and Communication 1.6. Managerial Aspects of Organizational Reputation 1.7. Globalization and Reputational Crises: Digitalization and Information Leaks 2. REAL, MEDIA‐REPORTED AND REPUTATIONAL CRISES. CRISIS MEASUREMENT. Chavdar Hristov 2.1. Real, Media‐Reported and Reputational Crises 2.2. Algorithm for Measurement and Analysis of Reputational Crises 2.3. Measuring and Investigating Crisis Situations 2.4. Conclusions and Implications 3. METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK. Chavdar Hristov and Kalin Kalinov 3.1. Why case studies? 3.2. Research Design 3.3. Research Protocol 3.4. Validity Indicators 4. MANAGING REPUTATION, RISKS AND CRISES. THE FOUR CATEGORIES OF REPUTATIONAL RISKS AND GUIDELINES FOR THEIR MANAGEMENT. Petar Kardzhilov 4.1. The Term “Reputation” 4.2. Four Aspects of the Reputation Strategy 4.3. Contemporary Challenges in Reputation Management 4.4. Problem Management and Crisis Management 4.5. Four Categories of Reputational Risks 4.6. Guidelines for Managing Different Categoriesof Reputational Risks 4.7. Interconnected Risks 4.8. The Nuclear Disaster in Fukushima 4.9. Conclusion 5. MANAGING REPUTATION THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE OF RISK. PREDICTING, PREVENTING AND RESOLVING REPUTATIONAL RISK. Petar Kardzhilov 5.1. Life Cycle of the Reputational Risk 5.2. Predicting Reputational Risks 5.2.1. External Radar for Reputational Risks and Horizon Scanning 5.2.2. Internal Radar for Reputational Risks 5.2.3. Risk Analysis 5.2.4. Evaluating Reputational Risk 5.3. Preventing Reputational Risks 5.3.1. Architecture of Reputational Risk Management – “Hard” Intervention for Reputational Risks Prevention 5.3.2. Reputational Behavior, Leadership and Training – “Soft” Intervention for Reputational Risk Prevention 5.3.3. Organizational Social Responsibility (Corporate Citizenship) 5.4. Solving Reputational Risks 5.5. Conclusion 6. RUMOURS AS AN EXTERNAL THREAT, LEADING TO REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Plamen Atanasov 6.1. Defining Rumor 6.2. Are Fake News a Rumor 6.3. Rumor from the Reputation Building Perspective 6.4. Rumor and Reputational Crises 6.5. Rumor and Intangible Assets 6.6. Rumors in the Cyberspace Extended Communication 6.7. Conclusion 7. TROLLS AND HACKERS‐ EXTERNAL THREATS LEADING TO REPUTATIONAL CRISES. Plamen Atanasov 7.1. Defining Hackers and Trolls or Why the Rumor, Hackers and Trolls are Major Threats for the Reputation in the Modern World 7.2. Correlating Hackers’ and Trolls’ Actions with Reputational Crises 7.3. Conclusion 8. COMPUTER VIRUSES AND WHY THE ORGANISATION REPUTATION SUFFERS. Plamen Atanasov 8.1. Defining Computer Viruses 8.2. Viruses from the Reputation Management Perspective 8.3. Protecting the Organizational Reputation from Virus Damage 8.4. Conclusion 9. THE IMPACT OF THE POLITICAL CARTOON ON GLOBAL REPUTATION CRISIS. Boyan Georgiev 9.1. Theoretical Framework and Methodology 9.2. Presenting the Cases of the Danish Newspaper “Jyllands‐Posten” and the French Weekly “Charlie Hebdo” 9.3. Key Variables Impacting the Development of the Crisis 9.4. Newspaper Characteristics 9.5. Characteristics of the Cartoons in the Cases 9.6. Reputation 9.6.1. National Reputation Before the Crisis 9.6.2. Abrupt Changes in the Organization’s Image 9.7. Crisis Communication 9.7.1. Communication Strategy for Managing the Reputational Crisis 9.7.2. Goals and Analysis of the Undertaken Crisis Communication 9.7.3. Evaluating the Reaction in Terms of National Image Restoration 9.7.4. Post‐Crisis Solutions 9.8. Reputational Ingredients: Presentation, Behavior, Communication 9.9. Implications 9.10. Conclusion 10. REPUTATIONAL ASPECTS OF TERRORIST CRISES. Kalin Kalinov 10.1. Recent Data on Terrorist Attacks Worldwide 10.2. Methodology of the Research of the Cases: Manchester 2017 and Charlie Hebdo 2015 10.3. Crisis Analysis: Manchester 2017 10.4. Crisis Analysis: Charlie Hebdo 2015 10.5. Conclusion 11. REPUTATIONAL CRISES IN TOURISM: SPECIFICS AND FEATURES. Hristina Slavova and Kalin Kalinov 11.1. Stability, Crises and Reputation in Tourism 11.2. Basics of Tourism Crisis Communication 11.3. Methodology and Definition of Reputational Crises in Tourism 11.4. Crisis Analysis: Brexit 11.5. Crisis Analysis: The Greek Debt Crisis 11.6. Comparative Analysis of the Crises in the British and Greek Tourism 11.7. Conclusion 12. REPUTATION CRISIS OF STATE INSTITUTIONS IN THE SECURITY SECTOR IN BULGARIA – THE REFUGEE CRISIS AS A TRIGGERING EVENT. Boyan Georgiev 12.1. The European Refugee Crisis (2011‐2015) as Research Object 12.2. Importance of Refugee Crises 12.2.1. Importance of the Crises for Bulgaria (2013–2015) 12.2.2. Reputational Importance of the Crises 12.2.3. Importance of the Crises for Government Communication in the Field of Security 12.3. Reputational Crises Triggered by the Refugees Issue 12.4. Research Methodology 12.5. Measuring the Crises in Phase A (July – December 2013) and Phase B (March 2014 – March 2015) 12.6. Comparative Analysis of the Two Cases 12.7. Key Variables in Both Cases 12.8. Crisis Communication in Both Cases 12.9. Evaluation of the Organization’s Response 12.10. Communication Strategy for Managing Reputational Crisis 12.11. Reputation Building Prior to the Crisis 12.12. Sudden Changes in the Image of Bulgaria 12.13. Factors Impacting the Reputation of the Researched State 12.14. Reputational Ingredients. Presentation, Behavior, Communication 12.15. Implications from the Research Goals 12.16. Conclusion 13. THE #DANSWITHME PROTESTS AS THE BEGINNING OF THE INSTITUTIONAL REPUTATION CRISIS IN BULGARIA. MODEL OF MEDIA IMPACT IN CRISES. Ina Bacheva 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Methodology and Concepts 13.3. Case Study: Mass Protests of 2013 – “Let’s Set the Monopolies on Fire” and “DANSwithme” 13.4. Protests #DANSwithme in 2013 and the Political Crisis in Bulgaria 13.5. The New Communication Environment and the Place of the Media. Influence Model 13.6. Classification of the Influence of Journalistic Tactics in Crisis Reporting 13.7. Model of Media Influence 13.8. Measuring the Crisis with the Appointment of Delyan Peevski as an Argument for Media Influence 13.9. Implications 13.10. Conclusion CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY SUMMARY

This article outlines a framework for understanding the non-state nation in a way that is distinct from the existing Nations and Nationalism literature as well as the contemporary Nation Branding scholarship. It argues that minority national groups can be seen both as if they were brands, and also as groups which collectively construct and pursue nationbranding. It explores brand identity, strategy, agents, communication, equity and architecture as lenses via which national identification and groupness can be deconstructed and understood. The article draws on observations made at one specific national event – the Székely Vágta (Szekler Gallop) – as a means of illustrating its theoretical premise.

Refugee, migrant and asylum seeker policy, along with corresponding public opinion, are becoming increasingly contentious issues in almost all Western nations. A growing body of literature points to (mainstream) media coverage as having a significant influence on the general public’s negative attitudes towards asylum seekers. It is therefore pertinent that we look to community media that actively involves refugees in its production as an important conduit by which to expand opportunities for alternative discourses on refugee and asylum seeker issues. But it is not only the output, or the product, of this media that warrants attention. It is also important to consider the impact of the actual process of producing community media for people of refugee background as individuals and as broader communities of interest. Heather Anderson and Shepard Masocha demonstrate the value of applying a product/process dual framework in the analysis of community media using the case study of a pilot participatory action research project conducted in Adelaide, Australia. The chapter analyses the pilot as an example of community media, produced for and by refugee communities, through two complementary lenses popular to alternative media analysis – one that considers the process (the participatory role of such activity) as citizens’ media, and the other focusing on product, through contribution to public sphere deliberation.

Everybody agrees on the mounting relevance of European media policy, also referred to as European audiovisual and media policy. By this we do not mean the individual media policies of the separate Member States of the European Union, but rather media policies elaborated at the level of the EU. Admittedly, these policies are developed in close collaboration with the Member States. As can be read on the European Commission's website, European media policy is implemented by the European Commission in four ways. Firstly, there is the harmonization of rules applicable to audiovisual media services. These rules are part of the Audiovisual Media Services Directive (an in 2007 amended version of the 1989 Television without Frontiers Directive), which is transposed into over 27 national and subnational jurisdictions. Their main objective is to achieve an internal market in audiovisual media services while protecting the interests of minors and enforcing public interest objectives like diversity and quality. Technicalstandardisation also falls under these objectives of creating an internal market for communcation and information technologies, infrastructure and devices. Secondly, there are media-specific programs to stimulate the production and distribution of audiovisual media services. The industrial support program MEDIA, which is designed to add to the professionalization of the film and television industries, is the most important support program. Thirdly, the European Commission formulates policies on media literacy and media pluralism. For these topics, the axis of policy lies with the Member States, however. Fourthly, there is an external dimension to European media policy when the European Commission defends European cultural and economic interests in, for example, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and, on ocassion, the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (Unesco). Complementary to these policy lines and actions, is competition policy. Indeed, competition law is applied across sectors. This horizontal application has allowed for sector-specific recommendations regarding subsidies to film and public broadcasters and has certainly not prevented the application of rules on unfair agreements, the abuse of dominant position, and mergers in the media sector. On the contrary, European media markets have been affected significantly by the competition rules. All the abovementioned parts of European media policy are elaborated upon in this handbook.

Appeared in I-first on 20 November 2012. European societies are becoming increasingly multicultural and ethnically diverse as a result of immigration. This change, however, is not properly reflected in the European mass media, neither in the portrayal nor in the representation of immigrants in the mainstream media. The aim of this paper is to analyse the newsmaking routines of mainstream newspapers and TV channels in six European countries (Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and the United Kingdom) with a view to showing which factors mostly influence these routines. We analyse the impact of three factors on the making of migration-related news: (1) the news value of such news; (2) the role of newsmaking routines and in particular who selects what is published and why; and (3) the availability of alternative sources and the journalists' trust of different types of news sources. Our study shows that while migrant media follow the general rule that something negative has a higher news value, they are also bound up with additional challenges—notably that media do not cover migration as a topic regularly, that media outlets have a given “line” of coverage concerning migration and this contributes to shaping what kind of news are reported. Third, journalists are not always well networked with migrant sources to have access to them. While the rule of thumb “you have to talk to people who are directly involved” holds, not all journalists devote the necessary energy and time to present a balanced coverage of migration-related issues.