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Hypertension is a major global health concern, with deaths attributed to the condition expected to increase to 1.57 million by 2034, particularly affecting low-and-middle-income countries such as those within sub-Saharan Africa. Non-communicable diseases, with hypertension as a core contributor, account for 74.36% of global deaths. The burden of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa is significant, with an estimated 10-20 million people currently affected. Systemic barriers, such as fragmented health services and socioeconomic inequalities, coupled with shifts in greater salt-intake, ultra-processed foods, more sedentary lifestyles, and overburdened healthcare services, have exacerbated elevated blood pressure and poorer management of people living with hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa. Most public health strategies focus on detecting, treating, and controlling hypertension through lifestyle modifications and medication. However, evidence suggests only 10% of population hypertension is well managed. This indicates a growing need to shift towards preventative efforts. Precision prevention, a tailored health intervention approach utilising individual and population-specific factors - genetic, environmental, and social determinants - offers a potential alternative. Precision prevention aims to deliver the right preventative measures to the right population at the right time, promising to enhance intervention efficiency and health outcomes. This paper highlights various intervention levers, including environmental, biological, and behavioural modifications, examines case studies from high-income countries, and discusses the potential for implementing precision prevention in South Africa. While precision prevention shows promise, we also discuss the significant barriers to its implementation in LMICs such as those within sub-Saharan Africa.

Introduction: With digital and social media advances, animated health communications (health animations) are highly prevalent globally, yet the evidence base underpinning them remains unclear and limited. While individual studies have attempted to explore the effectiveness, acceptability and usability of specific features of health animations, there is substantial heterogeneity in study design, comparators and the animation design and content. Consequently, there is a need to synthesise evidence of health animations using an approach that recognises this contextual complexity, which may affect their impact., Methods and Analysis: This project aims to understand why, how, for whom, to what extent and in which contexts health animations are expected to promote preventive health behaviours. We will conduct a realist review following Pawson's five iterative stages to (1) define the review scope and locate existing theories; (2) search for evidence; (3) select and appraise evidence; (4) extract data and (5) synthesise data and refine theory. Engagement with stakeholders involved in developing, testing, implementing or commissioning health communications, including animations, will allow the initial programme theory to be tested and refined. The findings will be reported in accordance with Realist and Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards., Ethics and Dissemination: Ethical approval for the public stakeholder work was provided by the Northumbria University Research Ethics Committee. We will disseminate the findings widely through outputs tailored to target specific professional, public and patient audiences. Dissemination will occur through stakeholder engagement as part of the research, a peer-reviewed publication and conference presentations., Prospero Registration Number: CRD42023447127., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: To explore the amount and type of research funded under relevant Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF) Initiatives that addressed public health and prevention from 2018 to July 2023., Methods: Projects funded by six MRFF Initiatives, with objectives relevant to public health and public health nominated as "field of research" by >25% of applicants, were evaluated against a set of public health research criteria and were categorised based on levels of prevention., Results: Fifty-seven per cent of 249 funded projects were categorised as public health research. Projects with curative features, focusing on tertiary (32%) and quaternary (4%) prevention, were as common as projects with earlier preventive features, focussed on primordial (7%) and primary (28%) prevention. The Preventive and Public Health Research Initiative had the lowest proportion of public health research (48%) of the six evaluated Initiatives and a dominance of curative (39%) and non-preventive (26%) research over preventive research (30%)., Conclusion: This study highlighted variable levels of public health research across public-health-relevant MRFF Initiatives and generally low proportions of primary and primordial prevention. A greater emphasis on primordial and primary prevention research in public-health-relevant Initiatives could advance prevention in Australia., Implications for Public Health: There appears to be scope for improvement in the prioritisation of upstream prevention research in public-health-relevant MRFF Initiatives and projects. Addressing this may enhance the benefit of MRFF to Australian public health., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

New Solutions offers a short memorial statement noting the January 2, 2024, death of Dr Michael Silverstein, an internationally known leader in the field of occupational health and safety. Dr Silverstein spent 53 years specializing in the fields of occupational medicine, public health, and general preventive medicine. He was the Assistant Director for Occupational Health and Safety with the United Automobile Workers Union for 15 years. He served as the Director of Policy for the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) during the Clinton Administration. He later served as Director of the Washington State OSHA program for 10 years and was the Assistant Director for Industrial Safety and Health in the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries. A long-time friend of New Solutions , Dr Silverstein was the journal's first Scientific Solutions editor., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Purpose: Many maternal deaths occur beyond the acute birth encounter. There are opportunities for improving maternal health outcomes through facilitated quality improvement efforts in community settings, particularly in the postpartum period. We used a mixed methods approach to evaluate a collaborative quality improvement (QI) model in 6 Chicago Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) that implemented workflows optimizing care continuity in the extended postpartum period for high-risk prenatal patients., Methods: The Quality Improvement Learning Collaborative focused on the implementation of a registry of high-risk prenatal patients to link them to primary care and was implemented in 2021; study data were collected in 2021-2022. We conducted a quantitative evaluation of FQHC-reported aggregate structure, process, and outcomes data at baseline (2020) and monthly (2021). Qualitative analysis of semistructured interviews of participating FQHC staff focused on the experience of participating in the collaborative., Results: At baseline, none of the 6 participating FQHCs had integrated workflows connecting high-risk prenatal patients to primary care; by the end of implementation of the QI intervention, such workflows had been implemented at 19 sites across all 6 FQHCs, and 54 staff were trained in using these workflows. The share of high-risk patients transitioned to primary care within 6 months of delivery significantly increased from 25% at baseline to 72% by the end of implementation. Qualitative analysis of interviews with 11 key informants revealed buy-in, intervention flexibility, and collaboration as facilitators of successful engagement, and staffing and data infrastructure as participation barriers., Conclusions: Our findings show that a flexible and collaborative QI approach in the FQHC setting can help optimize care delivery. Future evaluations should incorporate the patient experience and patient-level data for comprehensive analysis., (© 2024 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.)

Introduction: Knowing about a risk factor is not sufficient to ensure corresponding behaviour as additional psychological factors play a role. Self-efficacy is one of the major factors. This also applies to physical activity and exercise behaviour, which is a major public health topic in both primary and secondary prevention. The amount of research on self-efficacy in exercise behaviour is high yet remains uncharted. This protocol presents the research design for two systematic evidence maps on self-efficacy in exercise behaviour in (1) primary prevention and (2) secondary prevention. These maps will thus provide a comprehensive overview over the current state in published empirical research as a starting point for future researchers., Methods and Analysis: The databases Medline (via PubMed) and PsycINFO (via EbscoHost) will be searched using the search terms 'self-efficacy' and any of the search terms 'sport' and 'exercise' in titles and abstracts. All empirical research studies which have measured self-efficacy in relation to exercise behaviour will be included. The primary prevention systematic evidence map will aggregate all studies on healthy humans and the secondary prevention systematic evidence map will include all studies on humans with a pre-existing condition. We will extract and present the data points authors, title, year, sample size (N), age groups, surveyed sport and method of measuring self-efficacy in both systematic evidence maps. Moreover, we will extract and present the target group in the systematic evidence map on primary prevention and the pre-existing condition in the systematic evidence map on secondary prevention. In addition to a data table, we will create freely accessible evidence maps in the form of graphs., Ethics and Dissemination: Since this is a protocol, an ethics approval is not required for the presented and planned work. The results of the two systematic evidence maps will be disseminated via publication in international peer-reviewed journals. In addition, data will be shared in detail via the Open Science Framework platform., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: Little is known about the stress levels and associated factors of public health and preventive medicine students in the post-pandemic period. This study aims to investigate the stress levels of these students in the post-COVID-19 era and to determine the association of personal background, employment attitude, and psychological state with stress., Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in March 2023 among 620 public health and preventive medicine students from two universities in Changsha, China. The survey included demographic characteristics, employment attitudes, perceived stress scale 10, general anxiety disorder 7, the University of California at Los Angeles loneliness scale 20, and the PTSD checklist-civilian version. Two-sided t -tests and ANOVA tests were used to compare the differences in PSS scores among variables, and multiple hierarchical regression analysis was used to evaluate the associated factors with stress., Results: The survey was completed by 504 students (mean age: 21.5 ± 2.6 years, 69.2% female). 24.8% of the students were screened for a high level of stress. 69.0% thought the epidemic positively impacted employment while 18.5% believed it had a negative impact. The results of regression analysis showed that older age ( B  = 0.42, p  = 0.001), higher grade ( B 1 = 3.59, p  < 0.001, B 2 = 4.57, p  < 0.001), having internship experiences ( B  = 1.16, p  = 0.006), having anti-epidemic experiences ( B  = 1.77, p  < 0.001), believing that COVID-19 has a negative impact on employment ( B  = 2.56, p  < 0.001), and having higher GAD scores ( B  = 0.64, p  < 0.001) and UCLA scores ( B  = 0.07, p  = 0.002) were significantly associated with high-stress levels. Conversely, being female ( B  = -1.64, p  < 0.001) and believing that the pandemic had a positive impact on employment ( B  = -1.98, p  = 0.001) were associated with low-stress levels., Conclusion: Public health and preventive medicine students in Changsha, China, experienced a high-stress level in the post-pandemic period, which was influenced by age, gender, grade, employment attitude, internship experience, anxiety, and loneliness. As one of the main guardians of the epidemic, these students should be given more attention and psychological interventions in the future., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wang, Zhang, Yang, Zou and He.)

Objectives: Public health detailing is an intervention in which a public health professional visits health care providers to educate them about evidence-based approaches to improve health. The San Francisco Department of Public Health conducted a public health detailing program from 2016 to 2018 to improve sexual health care and preexposure prophylaxis services in the city., Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study to understand the implementation of detailing and explore examples of changes to clinicians' clinical behaviors. We surveyed 203 clinicians, conducted 60-minute qualitative interviews with 7 clinicians and 4 detailers, and analyzed tracking forms. We used descriptive statistics to assess associations in the surveys. We used qualitative thematic analysis to understand facilitators and barriers to detailing and identify ways to improve the process and identify its potential benefits., Results: In interviews, both clinicians and detailers had a favorable view of detailing as a tool to connect health department expertise to clinicians. Detailers cited challenges such as limited clinic time, provider turnover, and policies that limit their access to clinicians. These challenges may attenuate the real-world benefits of detailing. Clinicians offered examples of how detailing altered their behaviors, such as taking sexual health histories, building knowledge and confidence about sexual health, and using health department services. Matched surveys (n = 21) showed preliminary changes to prescribing preexposure prophylaxis., Conclusions: Public health detailing is a promising approach to increase clinicians' knowledge and confidence to offer sexual health care services, build buy-in, and support connection to health departments. Detailing programs require sufficient investment and staff support to build lasting and collaborative relationships between clinicians and public health departments and to assess the impact of the intervention.

Community-engaged patient navigation safety net programs are established as an evidence-based approach to address cancer prevention and early detection efforts, but barriers to expand and sustain such programs persist. In addition, few studies describe how these programs impact buy-in among communities and policy change within health care systems and government. We describe how we used the Capacity for Sustainability Framework to guide efforts for program sustainability and community, institutional, and policy level change in a breast cancer screening and patient navigation safety net program. The nine domains of the Capacity for Sustainability Framework were used to develop program logic models, to inform program implementation and quality improvement agendas, and to guide multi-level partner and stakeholder engagement, outreach, and dissemination of outcomes. The program is currently in its seventh year and continues to be annually funded by a city public health department. In 2021, additional 5-year renewable funding from a state public health department was secured. In addition, institutional program support was expanded for patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Program leaders worked with policymakers to draft legislation to support training certification and third-payor reimbursement for patient navigators and community health workers. The program is well-known and trusted among community members, community-based organizations, and providers. Community, organizational, and policy-level outcomes demonstrate that community-engaged patient navigation safety net programs can influence more than individual and interpersonal outcomes and can be sustained over time.

The World Health Organization designated the decade 2020-2030 as the "decade of healthy ageing." It is a tragic irony that the year 2020 should begin with a pandemic that is so lethal for older persons. Not only are older persons the most vulnerable to COVID-19 mortality, but many of the mitigation efforts to slow the spread of the virus have imposed yet further emotional and mental health burdens on the most vulnerable among those older than 70 years. To help prevent future infectious disease mortality and suffering, as well as the profound health burdens from the chronic diseases associated with ageing, insights from biogerontology must become an integral part of global public health priorities. The timing is ripe for making the public health aspiration of developing an applied gerontological intervention a reality., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: Promotional media coverage of early detection tests is an important driver of overdiagnosis. Following research evidence that global media coverage presents the benefits of testing healthy people far more frequently than harms, and gives little coverage to overdiagnosis, we sought to examine journalists' views on media reporting of tests, overdiagnosis, and strategies to improve critical reporting on tests., Design: Qualitative study using semistructured telephone interviews. Interviews were conducted between February and March 2020 and were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Framework thematic analysis was used to analyse the data., Participants and Setting: Twenty-two journalists (mainly specialising in health reporting, average 14.5 years' experience) based in Australia., Results: This sample of journalists acknowledged the potential harms of medical tests but felt that knowledge of harms was low among journalists and the public at large. Most were aware of the term overdiagnosis, but commonly felt that it is challenging to both understand and communicate in light of strong beliefs in the benefits of early detection. Journalists felt that newsworthiness in the form of major public health impact was the key ingredient for stories about medical tests. The journalists acknowledged that factors, like the press release and 'click bait culture' in particular, can influence the framing of coverage about tests. Lack of knowledge and training, as well as time pressures, were perceived to be the main barriers to critical reporting on tests. Journalists felt that training and better access to information about potential harms would enable more critical reporting., Conclusions: Effectively communicating overdiagnosis is a challenge in light of common beliefs about the benefits of testing and the culture of current journalism practices. Providing journalists with training, support and better access to information about potential harms of tests could aid critical reporting of tests., Competing Interests: Competing interests: RM and AB are members of the Scientific Committee of the Preventing Overdiagnosis international conferences. CM, KM, AB and RM are lead investigators on Wiser Healthcare, a research collaboration to reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Policy Points The historical mission of public health is to ensure the conditions in which people can be healthy, and yet the field of public health has been distracted from this mission by an excessive reliance on randomized-control trials, a lack of formal theoretical models, and a fear of politics. The field of population health science has emerged to rigorously address all of these constraints. It deserves ongoing and formal institutional support., (© 2020 Milbank Memorial Fund.)

The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of early detection of disease outbreaks, taking swift and decisive public health actions, and strengthening public health systems. Preventive medicine, as a specialty of medicine, trains students on both clinical medicine and public health and is of a particular need in battling against this pandemic. In China, preventive medicine plays a unique role in the disease control system where preventive medicine graduates represent a large share of the workforce. However, there is a shortage of qualified staff in the Chinese disease control system. The reasons for such a shortage are multifaceted. From the human resource perspective, the undergraduate preventive medicine curricula and exclusive public health training for preventive medicine postgraduates limit their clinical capacities. A series of disease control and public health education reforms may further incapacitate preventive medicine graduates' clinical skills, unintentionally widening the gap between public health and clinical medicine and thus posing threats to effective disease detection and control. The authors call for reforming and optimizing preventive medicine to bridge the gap between clinical medicine and public health by strengthening curricula on clinical medicine, diversifying curricula on public health, enhancing preventive medicine residency programs, and rectifying regulations that restrict preventive medicine graduates from practicing curative medicine., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Our objective was to determine the impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) on public health practice., Methods: We used a fundamental qualitative descriptive study design, enrolling 15 experts in public health and AI from June 2018 until July 2019 who worked in North America and Asia. We conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews, iteratively coded the resulting transcripts, and analyzed the results thematically., Results: We developed 137 codes, from which nine themes emerged. The themes included opportunities such as leveraging big data and improving interventions; barriers to adoption such as confusion regarding AI's applicability, limited capacity, and poor data quality; and risks such as propagation of bias, exacerbation of inequity, hype, and poor regulation., Conclusions: Experts are cautiously optimistic about AI's impacts on public health practice, particularly for improving disease surveillance. However, they perceived substantial barriers, such as a lack of available expertise, and risks, including inadequate regulation. Therefore, investment and research into AI for public health practice would likely be beneficial. However, increased access to high-quality data, research and education regarding the limitations of AI, and development of rigorous regulation are necessary to realize these benefits.

Objectives: Conduct a head-to-head experimental test of responses to alcohol harm reduction advertisements developed by alcohol industry Social Aspects/Public Relations Organisations (SAPROs) versus those developed by public health (PH) agencies. We hypothesised that, on average, SAPRO advertisements would be less effective at generating motivation (H1) and intentions to reduce alcohol consumption (H2) but more effective at generating positive perceptions of people who drink (H3)., Design: Online experiment with random assignment to condition., Participants: 2923 Australian adult weekly drinkers (49% high-risk drinkers) recruited from an opt-in online panel., Interventions: Participants viewed 3 of 83 advertisements developed by PH agencies (n=2174) or 3 of 28 advertisements developed by SAPROs (n=749)., Primary Outcome Measures: Participants reported their motivation to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed; behave responsibly and/or not get drunk; and limit their drinking around/never supply to minors, as well as intentions to avoid drinking alcohol completely; reduce the number of drinking occasions; and reduce the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion. Participants also reported their perceptions of people who drink alcohol on six success-related items and four fun-related items., Results: Compared with drinkers exposed to PH advertisements, those exposed to SAPRO advertisements reported lower motivation to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed (β=-0.091, 95% CI -0.171 to -0.010), and lower odds of intending to avoid alcohol completely (OR=0.77, 0.63 to 0.94) and to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed per occasion (OR=0.82, 0.69 to 0.97). SAPRO advertisements generated more favourable fun-related perceptions of drinkers (β=0.095, 0.013 to 0.177)., Conclusions: The alcohol harm reduction advertisements produced by alcohol industry SAPROs that were tested in this study were not as effective at generating motivation and intentions to reduce alcohol consumption as those developed by PH organisations. These findings raise questions as to whether SAPROs should play a role in alcohol harm reduction efforts., Competing Interests: Competing interests: EB, SJD, KD, HGD and MAW report grants from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, during the conduct of the study. EB, SJD, KD, HGD and MAW are employed by a non-profit organisation that conducts public health interventions and advocacy aimed at reducing alcohol-related health harms in the community, especially those pertaining to cancer. SP reports funding from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council to conduct alcohol-control research, and she is a non-executive director of the Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objectives: The aim of the study was to identify key elements of whole system approaches to building healthy communities and putting communities at the heart of public health with a focus on public health practice to reduce health inequalities., Design: A mixed-method qualitative study was undertaken. The primary method was semi-structured interviews with 17 public health leaders from 12 local areas. This was supplemented by a rapid review of literature, a survey of 342 members of the public via Public Health England's (PHE) People's Panel and a round-table discussion with 23 stakeholders., Setting: Local government in England., Results: Eleven elements of community-centred public health practice that constitute taking a whole system approach were identified. These were grouped into the headings of involving, strengthening, scaling and sustaining. The elements were underpinned by a set of values and principles., Conclusion: Local public health leaders are in a strong position to develop a whole system approach to reducing health inequalities that puts communities at its heart. The elements, values and principles summarise what a supportive infrastructure looks like and this could be further tested with other localities and communities as a framework for scaling community-centred public health., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Objective: To analyze the characteristics and citations of articles in Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine from 2014 to 2017, and discuss the academic level and quality of the journal. Methods: All the literatures published in Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine from 2014 to 2017 were retrieved through the Chinese Medical Citation index, and the citation frequency data in China's core journals of science and technology from 2014 to 2018 was obtained through Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China. The citation status of articles published in Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine was statistically analyzed by the scientometric method. The main indicators included the citation rate of articles published in each year, the citation frequency of all articles, the citation status of individual papers and authors, the regional and high-yield institution distribution of cited authors, and the main citation journals. Results: From 2014 to 2017, a total of 929 articles were published in 19 columns of Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, and the number of each year was 253 (27.23%), 231 (24.87%), 224 (24.11%) and 221 (23.79%), respectively. The total number of published pages was 3 564, and the average number of articles was 3.45 pages. A total of 28 key topics have been published. The total citation was 3 861 times, with 4.16 times per paper. Among them, 161 papers were not cited，accounting for 17.33%. The maximum citation frequency of a single paper was 49 times. There were good citations in the columns of original article and methodology introduction. There was no correlation between fund project support and paper citation. But the cited rate (93.67%) and cited frequency of special issue ［ M ( P 25 , P 75 )=3 (1, 6)］ were higher compared with the cited rate (80.42%; χ 2 =16.08, P <0.001) and cited frequency ［ M ( P 25 , P 75 is high and the journal has a strong influence in the field of preventive medicine and public health in China. The editorial department should adjust the column setting timely, strengthen the planning of key topic selection and the solicitation and publicity of excellent papers, reduce the number of papers cited by zero, and further improve the influence of the magazine.Z =2.56, P= 0.010] of free-lance articles. A total of 15 authors were cited more than 25 times, and 15 articles were cited more than 20 times. There were 213 institutions involved in the 768 cited papers, among which 12 institutions were cited more than 50 times. The authors of the cited papers were distributed in 28 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government). From 2014 to 2018, a total of 281 journals cited the papers published in our journal, of which 12 journals cited more than 50 times. Conclusion: The quality of the literature in Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine is high and the journal has a strong influence in the field of preventive medicine and public health in China. The editorial department should adjust the column setting timely, strengthen the planning of key topic selection and the solicitation and publicity of excellent papers, reduce the number of papers cited by zero, and further improve the influence of the magazine.

Physical inactivity and unhealthy dietary habits are associated with an increased disease and economic burden. The aim of this systematic review was to identify economic evaluations of public health interventions targeting physical activity and healthy diet, and assess the quality and transferability of the findings to the Swedish context. A search of published economic evaluations was conducted through electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, National Health Service Economic Evaluation Databases (NHS EED) and the Health Technology Assessment Database (HTA). An additional search was done using references of relevant systematic reviews and websites of relevant organizations were checked to find grey literature. Quality and transferability of the economic evaluations were appraised using a quality assessment tool developed by the Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment. Thirty-two economic evaluations, rated as moderate or high quality, of 178 interventions were included; thirteen studies targeting physical activity, thirteen targeting healthy diet and six targeting both. The interventions varied in terms of their content, setting, mode of delivery and target populations. A majority of the economic evaluations reported that the interventions were likely to be cost-effective; however, considerable variations in the methodological and reporting qualities were observed. Only half of the economic evaluations were rated to have a high probability of transferring to the Swedish context. Public health interventions targeting physical activity and dietary habits have a high potential to be cost-effective. However, decision makers should consider the variation in quality and transferability of the available evidence., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Based on the new mission of public health set in the Healthy China strategy and the insufficient response to COVID-19, this article pointed out the problems of the current public health and preventive medicine system from the macro-system level, meso-organization level, and micro-individual level, including insufficient strategic planning, resource input, institutional coordination, talent training and team building. It was creatively proposed that a disease prevention and control bureau should be set up outside the health commission to implement the vertical management at four levels, from national level to province-level, including autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, city-level and district/county-level. The disease prevention and control bureau should consist of a strategic research institute, a center for disease prevention and control (CDC), a human resources training base, and a scientific research institute, which could perform their own duties and rely on each other. Enhancing the functions of strategic planning, overall coordination, and evidence-based decision-making in the original system, emphasizing the foresight and continuity of scientific research, and allowing the CDC to focus more on health management and emergency response could better facilitate in protecting the public health, improving the health and quality of life of the entire population, and guaranteeing the social stability and development.

Preventable diseases are back on the map, and Peter Hotez, MD, Texas' most outspoken vaccine researcher, says physicians need to think globally to help stop the trend.

To analyze the difficulty, distinction and result of the first national public health practice skills competition among college students, it showed the general situation of this competition, and discussed the present situation, problems and countermeasures of skills training for students majoring in preventive medicine. Based on such competition, educators can promote teaching reform and post competency training.

Physical activity promotion is a best buy for public health because it has the potential to help individuals feel better, sleep better, and perform daily tasks more easily, in addition to providing disease prevention benefits. There is strong evidence that individual-level theory-based behavioral interventions are effective for increasing physical activity levels in adult populations but causal inference from these interventions often is unclearly articulated. A directed acyclic graph (DAG) can be, but rarely is, used to determine if the causal effect of an individual-level theory-based physical activity-promoting intervention is identifiable (e.g. stripped of any spurious association). The primary objective of the current study was to demonstrate how a DAG can be used to determine if the total causal effect of an individual randomized physical activity-promoting intervention is identifiable. The demonstration was based on the Well-Being and Physical Activity study (ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT03194854). Annotated files from DAGitty and Mplus are provided.

In order to underst and the status of health emergency personnel training development and raising coping measures, electronic questionnaire surveys were conducted among 22 colleges and universities in different region of China. The result showed that colleges universities in China invested less in the training of emergency personnel. It is different and emphasized particularly for the cultivation of emergency professional ability among different types of public health students. Universities and employer hold relative evaluation of students' emergency professional ability with distinct regional differences.

To investigate the current status of postgraduates training in public health and preventive medicine in China. In this study, a questionnaire survey was conducted among directors of enrollment and teaching in 22 universities with postgraduate admission qualifications in corresponding disciplines nationwide. In 2016, full-time postgraduates were mainly academic masters. In addition to the graduate entrance examination, the common enrollment mode in colleges was to enroll a high qualified student with recommendations from relevant experts or institutions and an exemption from entrance examination (20/22). The emphasis on training contents between academic and public health master was different. Currently, the scale of public health postgraduate enrollment in public health and preventive medicine in China is stable, and the training program is reasonable, but there is an issue of monotonous model and uneven distribution of enrollment.

Experts in preventive medicine and public health have long-since recognized that health is more than the absence of disease, and that each person in the 'waiting room' and beyond manifests the social/political/economic ecosystems that are part of their total lived experience. The term planetary health-denoting the interconnections between the health of person and place at all scales-emerged from the environmental and preventive health movements of the 1970⁻1980s. Roused by the 2015 Lancet Commission on Planetary Health report, the term has more recently penetrated mainstream academic and medical discourse. Here, we discuss the relevance of planetary health in the era of personalized medicine, gross environmental concerns, and a crisis of non-communicable diseases. We frame our discourse around high-level wellness-a concept of vitality defined by Halbert L. Dunn (1896⁻1975); high-level wellness was defined as an integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of individuals within the total lived environment. Dunn maintained that high-level wellness is also applicable to organizations, communities, nations, and humankind as a whole-stating further that global high-level wellness is a product of the vitality and sustainability of the Earth's natural systems. He called for a universal philosophy of living. Researchers and healthcare providers who focus on lifestyle and environmental aspects of health-and understand barriers such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation-are fundamental to maintaining trans-generational vitality at scales of person, place, and planet.

Spatial epidemiology is a new branch of epidemiology that aims to map the spatial distribution and characteristics as well as to explore the associated influencing factors of diseases by using the geographic information system and other spatial technologies. In recent years, with the rapid development of information-related modern technology, improvement of accessibility on health - related services, natural environment, social and economic big data etc ., spatial epidemiology has made considerable progress in both theory and practice and played more important roles in the public health area of China.

Precision medicine and precision public health focus on identifying and providing the right intervention to the right population at the right time. Expanding on the concept, precision prevention science could allow the field to examine prevention programs to identify ways to make them more efficient and effective at scale, including addressing issues related to engagement and retention of participants. Research to date on engagement and retention has often focused on demographics and risk factors. The current paper proposes using McCurdy and Daro (Family Relations, 50, 113-121, 2001) model that posits a complex mixture of individual, provider, program, and community-level factors synergistically affect enrollment, engagement, and retention. The paper concludes recommending the use of research-practice partnerships and innovative, rapid cycle methods to design and improve prevention programs related to participant engagement and retention at scale.

The health status of the populations of developed countries has never been as satisfactory, but will it stay that way? Research on the subject is difficult due to the complex interactions between our environment and our health, with risks inherent to each noxious agent. Preventing the risks proven to be linked to the quality of our living environments is usually the responsibility of authorities, but individuals can also adopt precautionary practices., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Human genetic epidemiology (HGP) is concerned with a knowledge of medicine, preventive medicine, public health, and epidemiology. In the modern era of genetic medicine, HGP must be concerned with human genetic diversity including mutation and polymorphism.

Introduction: The obesity epidemic is a public health challenge for all, including low-income countries. The behavioural patterns known to contribute to the rise in obesity prevalence occur in an environmental context which is not conducive for healthy choices. A policy approach to obesity prevention constitutes a form of public intervention in that it extends beyond individuals to influence entire populations and is a mechanism for creating healthier environments. Little is known about obesity prevention policies in Africa. This scoping review seeks to examine the nature, extent and range of policies covering obesity prevention in Africa in order to assess how they align with international efforts in creating less obesogenic environments. This will help identify gaps in the approaches that are adopted in Africa., Methods and Analysis: Using the Arksey and O'Malley's scoping methodological framework as a guide, a comprehensive search of MEDLINE (PubMed), MEDLINE (EbscoHost) CINAHL (EbscoHost), Academic Search Complete (EbscoHost) and ISI Web of Science (Science Citation Index) databases will be carried out for peer reviewed journal articles related to obesity prevention policies using the African search filter. A grey literature search for policy documents and reports will also be conducted. There will be no language and date restrictions. Eligible policy documents and reports will be obtained and screened using the inclusion criteria. Data will be extracted and results analysed using descriptive numerical summary analysis and qualitative thematic analysis., Ethics and Dissemination: No primary data will be collected since all data that will be presented in this review are based on published articles and publicly available documents, and therefore ethics committee approval is not a requirement. The findings of this systematic review will be presented at workshops and conferences; and will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journal. This will also form a chapter of a PhD thesis., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.)

The sustainability of healthcare systems is threatened by the increasing (absolute and relative) number of older persons referring to clinical services. Such global phenomenon is questioning the traditional paradigms of medicine, pushing towards the need of new criteria at the basis of clinical decision algorithms. In this context, frailty has been advocated as a geriatric condition potentially capable of overcoming the weakness of chronological age in the identification of individuals requiring adapted care due to their increased vulnerability to stressors. Interestingly, frailty poses itself beyond the concept of nosological conditions due to the difficulties at correctly framing traditional diseases in the complex and heterogeneous scenario of elders. Thus, frailty may play a key role in public health policies for promoting integrated care towards biologically aged individuals, currently presenting multiple unmet clinical needs. At the same time, the term frailty has also been frequently used in the literature for framing a physical condition of risk for (mainly functional) negative endpoints. The combination of such physical impairment with an organ-specific phenotype (e.g., the age-related skeletal muscle decline or sarcopenia) may determine the assumptions for the development of a clinical condition to be used as potential target for ad hoc interventions against physical disability. In the present article, we present the background of frailty and sarcopenia, and discuss their potentialities for reshaping current clinical and research practice in order to promote holistic approach to older patients, solicit personalization of care, and develop new targets for innovative interventions., (Copyright © 2016 European Federation of Internal Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The purpose of the Core Training Law (CTL) is to amend specialised medical training to include 24 months of common training. The aim of this study is to assess its potential impact on the Preventive Medicine and Public Health (PM&PH) training programme and other medical specialties., Method: The programmes of the 21 common medical specialties were analysed and the recommended training periods for each specialty collected, before the information was agreed upon by three observers. The training impact was calculated as the percentage of months that should be amended per specialty to adapt to the common training schedule., Results: The Preventive Medicine and Public Health training programme is the specialty most affected by the Core Training Law (100%, 24 months). Intensive medicine (0%, 0 months) and medical oncology (17%, 4 months) is the least affected., Conclusions: The CTL affects the common medical specialties in different ways and requires a complete reorganisation of the activities and competencies of PM&PH professionals., (Copyright © 2016 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Public healthcare management and supply of qualified medical personnel attained state significance in the early 19th century, the issue to be regulated by special and general law regulations. Public health promotion was the duty of medical authorities, which required professional training in this branch. The article contains the requirements for the employers' knowledge and skills in the mentioned area of medicine. The author reveals the main questions which medical authorities were concerned with and the main requirements for academic examinations.

Aims: The content of public health research is often statistically complex. This review seeks to assess the breadth of statistical literacy required to understand this material, with a view to informing practitioners' statistical training., Methods: We review the statistical content of original research articles published in 2011 in four major public health journals. Categories of statistical methodologies are identified and their frequency of use recorded. Methods' "usefulness" in terms of the extent to which their understanding increases accessibility to the literature is assessed., Results: A total of 482 articles were reviewed and 30 categories of methods identified. Along with descriptive statistics (467 articles), regression analyses were also common, with logistic regression (206 articles) more than twice as prevalent as linear regression (95 articles). More complex regression models for use with clustered data were also commonly encountered, appearing in 96 articles., Conclusions: The public health literature features a wide variety of statistical methods, some of which are advanced. To ensure the literature remains accessible, training for public health practitioners should include statistical training that maximizes breadth as well as depth of understanding., (© 2015 the Nordic Societies of Public Health.)

Objective: This study examined how knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and multidimensional health locus of control (HLC) were associated with caregivers' intention to vaccinate their child, and how these associations varied across child age groups., Setting: South Korea., Methods: The cross-sectional survey was conducted via a face-to-face interview among 1017 nationally representative caregivers who had children aged 12 or younger. The outcome variable was caregivers' intention to vaccinate their children., Results: Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that risk perception was negatively associated with vaccination intention only among the age group 4-6 (β=-0.127, p<0.05). Perceived benefit was the only significant predictor of the outcome variables for all three age groups. In contrast, perceived barrier was negatively related to vaccination intention only among the age group 7-12 (β=-0.104, p<0.05). Internal HLC was positively related to vaccination intention only among the age group 7-12 (β=0.151, p<0.001), while chance HLC was negatively related to vaccination intention only among the age group 0-3 (β=-0.121, p<0.05)., Conclusions: This study identifies key vaccination intention determinants that are differentially associated with caregivers' children's age groups. To improve vaccination rates, it suggests the need for strategies tailored to children's age., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)

This study describes the process of developing an instrument intended for use in assessing satisfaction with the quality of training in preventive medicine and public health for resident physicians. To develop this instrument, the National Survey of Satisfaction with Medical Residency was adapted by an expert panel consisting of 23 resident physicians in preventive medicine and public health belonging to 9 autonomous communities in Spain. The adaptation of the survey to the specialty rotations included new dimensions and items and was evaluated with a 5-point Likert scale. The most important dimensions were planning and the achievement of specific objectives, supervision, delegation of responsibilities, resources and work environment, personal assessment, encouragement, support, and whether the rotation resulted in a publication or research project, etc. The development and utilization of this tool will enable future trainees in preventive medicine and public health to make an informed choice about their training itineraries., (Copyright © 2015 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the public health and economic benefits of adherence to a fixed-dose combination polypill for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular (CV) events in adults with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) in the UK., Design: Markov-model-based cost-effectiveness analysis, informed by systematic reviews, which identified efficacy, utilities and adherence data inputs., Setting: General practice in the UK., Participants: Patients with a mean age of 64.7 years, most of whom are men with a recent or non-recent diagnosis of MI and for whom secondary preventive medication is indicated and well tolerated., Intervention: Fixed-dose combination polypill (100 mg aspirin, 20 mg atorvastatin and 2.5, 5, or 10 mg ramipril) compared with multiple monotherapy., Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: CV events prevented per 1000 patients; cost per life-year gained; and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained., Results: The model estimates that for each 10% increase in adherence, an additional 6.7% fatal and non-fatal CV events can be prevented. In the base case, over 10 years, the polypill would improve adherence by ∼20% and thereby prevent 47 of 323 (15%) fatal and non-fatal CV events per 1000 patients compared with multiple monotherapy, with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £8200 per QALY gained. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses for the base-case assumptions showed an 81.5% chance of the polypill being cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold of £20,000 per QALY gained compared with multiple monotherapy. In scenario analyses that varied structural assumptions, ICERs ranged between cost saving and £21,430 per QALY gained., Conclusions: Assuming that some 450,000 adults are at risk of MI, a 10 percentage point uptake of the polypill could prevent 3260 CV events and 590 CV deaths over a decade.The polypill appears to be a cost-effective strategy to prevent fatal and non-fatal CV events in the UK., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.)