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An application of spatial statistics analyse has been demonstrated for identifying Japanese Encephalitis (JE) incidence hotspots to prioritise interventions in a JE endemic district of Assam. Spatial order and association of JE reporting villages in the study area have been analysed using spatial statistics analytical techniques. Data on historical morbidity pattern of JE collected at village level provided the required stratification base for delineating the JE incidence hot spots. Spatial statistics parameters such as mean centre, standard deviational ellipse and spatial autocorrelation have been calculated for JE reporting villages. Strong spatial autocorrelation (p<0.01) among the JE reporting villages have been observed in terms of morbidity pattern as indicated by Moran's 1 index. General G statistics has been calculated to categorize JE prone villages and tested for statistical significance. Based on this G statistics. JE hot spots in the study district could be identified for taking timely, intervention measures by the health authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: An assessment of cancer incidence in population is required for prevention, early diagnosis, treatment and resource allocation. This will also guide in the formation of facilities for diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation and follow-up for these patients. The demographic trend of cancer will help to identify common types and etiological factors. Efforts at clinical, research and administrative levels are needed to overcome this problem. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: Present retro prospective study was conducted in regional cancer center of a tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After permission from ethics committee, a retro prospective study of 1 year duration was undertaken to study the profile of cancer patients and to compare it with other cancer registries in India. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Pearson's Chi-square test and simple linear regression were used. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version-16 (University of Bristol information services (www.bristol.ac.uk/is/ learning/resources) was used. RESULTS: The overall incidence of cancer in Kashmir is on the increase and common sites of cancer are esophagus and gastroesophageal (GE) junction, lung, stomach, colorectal, lymphomas, skin, laryngopharynx, acute leukemias, prostate and brain in males.In females common sites are breast, esophagus and GE junction, ovary, colorectal, stomach, lung, gallbladder, lymphomas, acute leukemias and brain. CONCLUSION: Cancers of esophagus, stomach and lungs have a high incidence both in men and women in Kashmir. Future studies on sources and types of environmental pollution and exposures in relation to these cancers may improve our understanding of risk factors held responsible for causation of these malignancies in this region. This will help in the allocation of available resources for prevention and treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]