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Abstract This was a Phase I, randomized, double‐blinded, three‐arm, single‐dose, parallel study aimed to demonstrate pharmacokinetic (PK) similarity between MB09 (a denosumab biosimilar candidate) and reference denosumab (XGEVA® from European Union [EU‐reference] and United States [US‐reference]) in a healthy male population. The primary PK endpoints included: Area under the serum concentration versus time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable concentration timepoint (AUC0–last); and maximum observed serum concentration (Cmax). Secondary endpoints included: AUC from time 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC0–∞), time to reach maximum observed concentration, clearance, terminal phase half‐life, pharmacodynamic, safety, and immunogenicity assessments. A total of 255 subjects were randomized (1:1:1) to receive a subcutaneous 35 mg dose of MB09 or reference denosumab. Cmax was reached after denosumab administration, followed by a decline in the concentration with similar terminal phase half‐live across treatment arms. Systemic exposure of MB09 (AUC0–last and Cmax) was equivalent to the reference denosumab, as the 90% confidence intervals around the geometric least square mean ratios laid within the predefined acceptance limits (80.00%, 125.00%) across all comparisons. Pharmacodynamic parameters, based on the percent of change from baseline in serum C‐terminal telopeptide of Type 1 collagen levels, were similar across the three arms. The treatments were considered safe and generally well tolerated, with 92 treatment‐emergent adverse events reported (most Grade 2 and 3) and similarly distributed. Immunogenicity was low and similarly distributed. These results provide strong evidence that supports the biosimilarity between MB09 and denosumab reference products.

Background: Mental well-being plays a pivotal role within the broader spectrum of health and illness, encompassing factors such as stress, depression, and anxiety. Nature-based therapeutic interventions have emerged as a promising approach to addressing these mental health challenges. This study seeks to assess the impact of these interventions on stress, depression, and anxiety levels. Methods: We conducted an extensive search for randomized clinical trials that examined stress, anxiety, and depression levels. The selected studies underwent a rigorous risk-of-bias assessment following the guidelines outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews. Results: Our review encompassed findings from eight publications. Among them, two studies measuring cortisol levels revealed significant differences between the pre-test and post-test measurements within the intervention groups. In two studies that employed the Stress Response Inventory, a significant decrease in stress levels was observed within the intervention groups in contrast to the control groups. However, no significant differences were noted in studies that utilized the Restorative Outcome Scale. In the assessment of anxiety and depression levels, three studies employed the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, while four studies utilized The Profile of Mood States scale; none of these studies demonstrated significant differences. Conclusions: The current body of evidence offers limited support for advocating nature-based therapeutic interventions as a primary approach to reducing stress, depression, and anxiety.

Abstract Background Perception of health risk can influence household rules, but little is known about how the perception of harm from cannabis secondhand smoke (cSHS) is related to having a complete ban on in-home cannabis smoking. We examined this association among a nationally representative sample of United States adults. Methods Respondents were 21,381 adults from the cross-sectional Marijuana Use and Environmental Survey recruited from December 2019-February 2020. Perceived harm of cSHS exposure (extremely harmful, somewhat harmful, mostly safe, or totally safe) and complete ban of cannabis smoking anywhere in the home (yes or no) were self-reported. Logistic regression for survey-weighted data estimated covariate-adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between perceived harm of cSHS and complete ban on in-home cannabis smoking. Stratified subgroup analyses (by cannabis smoking status, cannabis use legalization in state of residence, and children under age 6 living in the home) were conducted to quantify effect measure modification of the association between perception of harm and complete ban. Results A complete ban on in-home cannabis smoking was reported by 71.8% of respondents. Eight percent reported cSHS as “totally safe”; 20.5% “mostly safe”; 38.3% “somewhat harmful”; and 33.0% “extremely harmful”. Those who reported cSHS as “extremely harmful” had 6 times the odds of a complete ban on in-home cannabis smoking (OR = 6.0, 95%CI = 4.9–7.2) as those reporting smoking as “totally safe”. The odds of a complete ban were higher among those reporting cSHS as “somewhat harmful” (OR = 2.6, 95%CI = 2.2–3.1) or “mostly safe” (OR = 1.4, 95%CI = 1.2–1.7) vs those reporting cSHS as “totally safe”. In each subgroup of cannabis smoking status, state cannabis use legalization, and children under the age of 6 living in the home, perceived harm was associated with a complete ban on in-home cannabis smoking. Conclusions Our study demonstrates perceiving cSHS as harmful is strongly associated with having a complete in-home cannabis smoking ban. With almost a third of US adults perceiving cSHS as at least “mostly safe”, there is strong need to educate the general population about potential risks associated with cSHS exposure to raise awareness and encourage adoption of household rules prohibiting indoor cannabis smoking.

Summary: Background: Surgical care holds significant importance in healthcare, especially in low and middle-income countries, as at least 50% of the 4.2 million deaths within the initial 30 days following surgery take place in these countries. The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery proposed six indicators to enhance surgical care. In Colombia, studies have been made using secondary data. However, strategies to reduce perioperative mortality have not been implemented. This study aims to describe the fourth indicator, perioperative mortality rate (POMR), with primary data in Colombia. Methods: A multicentre prospective cohort study was conducted across 54 centres (hospitals) in Colombia. Each centre selected a 7-day recruitment period between 05/2022 and 01/2023. Inclusion criteria involved patients over 18 years of age undergoing surgical procedures in operating rooms. Data quality was ensured through a verification guideline and statistical analysis using mixed-effects multilevel modelling with a case mix analysis of mortality by procedure-related, patient-related, and hospital-related conditions. Findings: 3807 patients were included with a median age of 48 (IQR 32–64), 80.3% were classified as ASA I or II, and 27% of the procedures had a low-surgical complexity. Leading procedures were Orthopedics (19.2%) and Gynaecology/Obstetrics (17.7%). According to the Clavien–Dindo scale, postoperative complications were distributed in major complications (11.7%, 10.68–12.76) and any complication (31.6%, 30.09–33.07). POMR stood at 1.9% (1.48–2.37), with elective and emergency surgery mortalities at 0.7% (0.40–1.23) and 3% (2.3–3.89) respectively. Interpretation: The POMR was higher than the ratio reported in previous national studies, even when patients had a low–risk profile and low-complexity procedures. The present research represents significant public health progress with valuable insights for national decision-makers to improve the quality of surgical care. Funding: This work was supported by Universidad del Rosario and Fundación Cardioinfantil-Instituto de Cardiología grant number CTO-057-2021, project-ID IV-FGV017.

The prevalence of T2DM represents a challenge for health agencies due to its high risk of morbidity and mortality. Physical Activity (PA) is one of the fundamental pillars for the treatment of T2DM, so Physical Exercise (PE) programs have been applied to research their effectiveness. The objective of the study was to analyze the effects of PE methods on glycemic control and body composition of adults with T2DM. A systematic review without meta-analysis was performed, using the PubMed database. Quasi-experimental and pure experimental clinical trials were included, which were available free of charge and were published during 2010–2020. In the results, 589 articles were found and 25 passed the inclusion criteria. These were classified and analyzed according to the methods identified (AE, IE, RE, COM, and others), duration and variable(s) studied. It is concluded that PE is effective for glycemic control and body composition in adults with T2DM using different methods (AE, IE, RE, COM, and others), both in the short and long term. Adequate organization of PE components such as frequency, duration, volume, and intensity, is essential.

Abstract Background Physical activity promotes health and is particularly important during middle and older age for decreasing morbidity and mortality. We assessed the correlates of changes over time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in Hispanic/Latino adults from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL: mean [SD] age 49.2 y [11.5]) and compared them to a cohort of primarily White adults from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS: mean [SD] 46.9 y [9.2]). Methods Between 2008 and 2019, we assessed accelerometry-based MVPA at two time points with an average follow-up of: 7.6 y, SD 1.3 for HCHS/SOL, and 7.8 y, SD 0.7 for FHS. We used multinomial logistic regression to relate socio-demographic and health behaviors with changes in compliance with 2018 US recommendations for MVPA from time 1 to time 2 (remained active or inactive; became active or inactive) across the two cohorts. Results In HCHS/SOL mean MVPA was 22.6 (SD, 23.8) minutes at time 1 and dropped to 16.7 (19.0) minutes at time 2. In FHS Mean MVPA was 21.7 min (SD, 17.7) at time 1 and dropped to 21.3 min (SD, 19.2) at time 2. Across both cohorts, odds of meeting MVPA guidelines over time were about 6% lower in individuals who had lower quality diets vs. higher, about half in older vs. younger adults, about three times lower in women vs. men, and 9% lower in individuals who had a higher vs. lower BMI at baseline. Cohorts differed in how age, gender, income, education, depressive symptoms, marital status and perception of general health and pain associated with changes in physical activity. High income older Hispanics/Latino adults were more likely to become inactive at the follow-up visit as were HCHS/SOL women who were retired and FHS participants who had lower levels of education and income. Higher depressive symptomology was associated with becoming active only in HCHS/SOL women. Being male and married was associated with becoming inactive in both cohorts. Higher perception of general health and lower perception of pain were associated with remaining active only in FHS adults. Conclusions These findings highlight potentially high-risk groups for targeted MVPA intervention.

Background: in the context of specialties and careers in the health field, it is necessary to implement clinical practice evaluation instruments based on competencies, which meet the required criteria in accordance with their function.Objective: to evaluate the results of the Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise applied in the evaluation of clinical practices based on competencies for the Nursing career.Methods: comparative study with educational intervention, in which the Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise was applied as an instrument for evaluating competencies in pre-professional practices of Nursing students, Health Sciences Faculty of the Southern State University of Manabí, in 2021. The Wilcoxon test was used to compare scores.Results: the variables that showed significant differences between the instrument application two moments were the dimensions: attitudes towards patients and the health team (p=0.007) and assessment (p=0.10). Statistically higher scores were observed at the second evaluation moment (p=0.023). The evaluation carried out by the teachers evidenced the improvement of the nursing care process, mainly in terms of guaranteeing the patient's privacy (mean of 7.46).Conclusions: the Mini Clinical Evaluation Exercise is applicable to the context of higher health education in Ecuador. It is verified as an alternative to evaluate competencies in the Nursing career.

ABSTRACTBackground: Like many developing countries, Colombia faces difficulties in financing health-care services as well as programs for health promotion and health education and there is evidence that its health-care system is underperforming.Objective: To provide evidence-based estimates of potential funding levels and assess the strengths, weaknesses, and viability of innovative funding mechanisms with a focus on treating rare diseases in Colombia.Methods: The strategy involved evidence-based projections of potential funding levels and a qualitative viability assessment using an expert panel.Results: Crowdfunding, corporate donation, and social impact bonds (SIBs) were deemed to be the most viable of numerous potential strategies. Expected funding levels over 10 years for rare diseases in Colombia from crowdfunding, corporate donations, and SIBs were roughly $7,200, $23,000, and $12,400, respectively.Conclusions: Based on the combination of projected funding potential along with expert consensus regarding viability and operability, crowdfunding, corporate donations, and SIBs, especially in combination, have the potential to substantially improve funding for vulnerable patient populations in Colombia.

Background: oral health care in infants is essential, since at this age habits of adequate nutrition and hygiene are established, which allow a correct cultural and psychosocial development.Objective: to evaluate a dental program aimed at oral health care in infants.Methods: quasi-experimental study, with educational intervention, applied to 100 infants, in Nogoyá, who participated together with their tutors in three educational workshops. An evaluation was carried out at the beginning and end of these. To compare the before and after population, the Mann Whitney U test was used, with a significance level of 95%.Results: when analyzing the initial and final evaluation, it was established that the program significantly improved the results regarding the O'leary index of plaque distribution (pConclusions: the program carried out allowed reducing the levels of plaque, gingivitis, improving hygiene and healthy eating in infants.

Objective. To explore the use of birth care in a Sentinel Unit. Materials and methods. We interviewed eight health providers and 12 female users of health services to explore the main reasons to use birth care in a Sentinel Unit. Results. Findings indicate that the reasons for which health providers do not attend births were fear of legal claims by users, lack of institutional support if complications arise, lack of training, not feeling confident in obstetric care, and the lack of necessary supplies. Female users mentioned the perception of a lack of trained physicians and a lack of necessary materials and medicines. Conclusions. Despite the strengthening of the infrastructure and human resources, as well as a 24/365 model attention and the increase of health personnel in the sentinel units, there are still significant barriers in certain units to achieve compliance with coverage of quality obstetric care focused on the needs of women.

Introducción. El sistema de salud chileno se basa en el modelo de atención primaria. En este contexto, la demanda generada por la atención de usuarios policonsultantes constituye una problemática universal. Surge entonces la necesidad de identificar a esta población para implementar medidas. El objetivo de este estudio es caracterizar el perfil de usuarios policonsultantes en el servicio de urgencia del Hospital San Camilo, pertenecientes al CESFAM San Felipe El Real, entre junio 2018-mayo 2019. Materiales y Métodos. Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y descriptivo. Los datos fueron obtenidos desde base de datos anonimizada de usuarios atendidos en el servicio de salud; se seleccionaron pacientes pertenecientes al Centro con 7 o más consultas anuales en urgencia del Hospital San Camilo y se analizaron variables como sexo, edad, previsión y patologías consultadas. Resultados. De 128 pacientes pertenecientes al CESFAM catalogados como policonsultantes, dos tercios del total son del sexo femenino, con un claro predominio de los primeros dos tramos de FONASA. En ambos sexos la población es mayormente pediátrica y le sigue a esto la población femenina de edad media. Discusión. Con estos resultados se caracteriza a los usuarios policonsultantes del centro estudiado, lo que permite focalizar planes para estas personas implementando mejoras en resolutividad.

This article presents evidence on the implementation of public policies on mental health, and describes the advances and challenges to implementing the biopsychosocial and community model, mainly in Latin America. A theoretical review was conducted of articles indexed in Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and SciELO. Government reports and programs were included. Social determinants impact mental health. In particular, poverty significantly increases the risk of developing a mental disorder. Accordingly, the World Health Organization insists on the need to adopt a biopsychosocial paradigm to address mental health challenges. About a third of countries still do not have a national mental health policy and there are large disparities in funding and population coverage between high- and low-income countries. Particularly in Latin America, the results illustrate progress in low- and middle-income countries in terms of developing mental health programs with a community and biopsychosocial approach. However, there are challenges in their operationalization, financing, and adaptation to socio-cultural realities. The evidence indicates that in order to move from a biomedical paradigm to one that incorporates the social determinants of health, identical strategies should not be employed in all communities, since the needs of low- and middle-income countries differ from those of high-income countries. Therefore, it is essential to increase local research to generate evidence that reflects national needs with regard to public policies on mental health.

The continuous development in telecommunication tech­nologies has created opportunities for health professionals to optimise healthcare delivery by adopting digital tools into rehabilitation programs (i.e., telerehabilitation). These tech­nological advances, along with the demographic and social characteristics of each country, have made the implementa­tion of telerehabilitation a disparate process across regions. We have gathered the experience of four countries (Australia, Chile, Brazil, and Colombia) in two different regions (Ocea­nia and South America) to recompile the history pre- and post-Covid-19 outbreak until January of 2021, the barriers to, and facilitators of telerehabilitation, and outline the future challenges for these countries.

Background Individuals from low-income groups report disproportionate rates of cigarette use, secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure with increased morbidity and mortality. Smoking bans in public housing have been enacted in attempt to reduce tobacco use and SHS exposure among lower income individuals. This study investigated the support needs of tobacco users living in two public housing complexes in Detroit, Michigan (USA), including their perspectives on smoking, resources and barriers for smoking cessation, and the impact of policy changes. Methods This is a mixed-methods study, using a qualitative focus groups approach and a short survey, public housing residents interview data was analyzed to explore themes related to smoking-related issues. Specifically, six themes were assessed across four focus groups: (1) Quitting Smoking, (2) Current Smoking Cessation Resources, (3) Legal Mandates, (4) Education and Perceptions of Smoking, (5) Community Needs and Barriers, and (6) Medical Experiences. Results There were 59 participants; the majority (39/42, 93%) of smokers reported at least one quit attempt. During the focus groups, several participants indicated a desire to quit smoking but reported barriers to smoking cessation, such as lack of access to medications, social triggers to continue smoking, and socioeconomic stressors. A number of suggestions were provided to improve smoking cessation resources, including support groups, graphic images of smoking-related diseased tissue, and better communication with health care providers. Conclusions These findings demonstrate smoking bans in two public housing complexes can be effective yet are dependent upon a complex set of issues, including numerous barriers to care.

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir de forma sistemática las políticas nutricionales escolares de las 17 comunidades autónomas de España. Método: Mediante una búsqueda en bases de datos bibliográficas, páginas web y otros sistemas de información oficiales se localizaron 183 documentos de interés. La información se extrajo de manera sistemática con el cuestionario SNIPE (School Nutrition Index of Programme Effectiveness), adaptado a España, y se validó por personal de referencia de las consejerías de sanidad y educación de las comunidades participantes. Resultados: El principal objetivo de las políticas es prevenir la obesidad y mejorar la nutrición de los escolares. Las 17 comunidades autónomas abordan el servicio de comedor escolar, 11 los servicios de cafetería y las máquinas expendedoras, y 9 el servicio de desayuno. Todas las comunidades usan el Documento de Consenso sobre la Alimentación en los Centros Educativos como referencia para la composición del menú y la calidad nutricional de los productos ofertados en la escuela; sin embargo, solo 4 han regulado estos aspectos por decreto. La frecuencia de evaluación de los objetivos de las políticas varió entre el 58,8% de las comunidades para el suministro alimentario y el 5,9% para la rotación y la calidad de los menús. Conclusión: Aunque todas las comunidades autónomas disponen de estándares para el menú escolar, la cobertura del resto de la oferta alimentaria es variable, la evaluación de objetivos escasa y solo 4 comunidades disponen de normativa de obligado cumplimiento. Los estándares nutricionales deben revisarse según el conocimiento científico actual y aprobarse reglamentariamente, en cumplimiento de la legislación vigente (Ley 17/2011). Abstract: Objective: To systematically describe the school nutritional policies of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain. Method: Through a search of bibliographic databases, web pages and other official information systems, 183 documents of interest were identified. Information was systematically collected with the SNIPE (school nutrition index of programme effectiveness) questionnaire, adapted to Spain, and validated by reference staff of the regional government's health and education ministries. Results: The main objective of the policies is to prevent obesity and improve the nutrition of schoolchildren. The 17 autonomous communities cover the school canteen service, 11 cafeteria and vending machines, and 9 the breakfast service. All communities use the Consensus Document on School Food as a reference for the content of the menu and the nutritional quality of the products offered at the school; however, only 4 of them have regulated these aspects. The evaluation of policy objectives ranges from 58.8% of the autonomous communities for food supply to 5.9% for rotation and menu quality. Conclusion: Although all the autonomous communities have standards for the school menu, the standards for the rest of the food supply vary across them; also, evaluation of objectives is scarce and only 4 communities have approved mandatory regulations. Nutritional standards should be reviewed according to current scientific knowledge and enacted by law, in compliance with the current legislation (Act 17/2011).

Introducción: La enfermedad de Chagas es una patología parasitaria crónica y sistémica; Chile tiene una incidencia de 11,6 por 100.000 habitantes, presentándose mayoritariamente en zonas rurales y precordilleranas. Putaendo es una comuna de la V región ubicada en una zona endémica, donde se desconoce la realidad epidemiológica actual de la enfermedad. El objetivo del estudio es caracterizar a los pacientes con Chagas inscritos en el Centro de Salud Familiar (CESFAM) Valle Los Libertadores en Putaendo. Material y Métodos: El estudio tuvo un diseño transversal. Se incluyeron todos los registros de pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Chagas hasta el 30 de junio de año 2019, excluyéndose a pacientes fallecidos. Los datos fueron obtenidos de una base de datos anonimizada de dicho centro. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de Chagas de 108 enfermos por 100.000 personas registradas vivas; 98 de sexo femenino y 56 masculino, con mayor frecuencia entre los 50-59 años. Respecto al Fondo Nacional de Salud (FONASA), los tramos A y B (las personas con menores ingresos) concentran la mayor cantidad de pacientes con Chagas (87%). Discusión: Si bien se pudo caracterizar a la enfermedad, siendo más prevalente en personas adultas, mujeres y de bajos recursos, se requieren más estudios para objetivar el real estado de salud de estos pacientes.

Abstract Background Dating violence has an alarming prevalence among Brazilian adolescents. School-based preventive programs have been implemented, but remain isolated initiatives with low reach. Health communication strategies based on innovative technologies with a high potential of diffusion are urgent. This study aimed to develop a computer-tailored intervention to prevent victimization and perpetration of dating violence among Brazilian youth. Methods The intervention, called Dating SOS (SOS Namoro), is based on the I-Change Model and attachment theory and is a comprehensive preventive program targeted to young people with a current partner. The intervention design included the stages of needs assessment; definition of objectives of change; development of the library of messages; elaboration of a questionnaire for tailoring feedbacks according to the relevant variables; integration of the content in the software Tailor Builder; pre-testing; and usability and efficacy evaluation planning. Dating SOS is composed of four online sessions. The first session gives a tailored orientation on attachment style and risk perception of violence. The second session addresses knowledge on conflict management, positive and negative social models of intimate relationships and an action plan to improve everyday interactions. The third session covers social norms, self-efficacy and an action plan to cope with conflicts. The fourth session discusses attitudes, social support and an action plan to protect from violence. Improvements on the interface and tailoring refinement was done after pre-testing to improve attractiveness and decrease risk of iatrogenic effects. Discussion The principal merit of the present study resides in the development of an innovative strategy based on the qualified use of the internet for education surrounding romantic relationships and the prevention of dating violence among adolescent and young Brazilians, a hitherto unaddressed need in the field. The intervention usability and efficacy should be investigated in further studies. Trial registration Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials. RBR-9frj8q. Prospectively registered on July 25, 2019. http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-9frj8q/

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cholera epidemic in the city of Chillán, Chile, which allows assessing the city's hygiene and urban health practices carried out by the authorities in the period 1880-1900. This epidemic was an important case, which mainly affected the popular sectors located in the city outskirts. Authorities tried to carry out hygiene and health strategies aimed at educating the population and improving the quality of life of its inhabitants.

Background: The current COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic is an emergency on a global scale, with huge swathes of the population required to remain indoors for prolonged periods to tackle the virus. In this new context, individuals' health-promoting routines are under greater strain, contributing to poorer mental and physical health. Additionally, individuals are required to keep up to date with latest health guidelines about the virus, which may be confusing in an age of social-media disinformation and shifting guidelines. To tackle these factors, we developed Elena+, a smartphone-based and conversational agent (CA) delivered pandemic lifestyle care intervention.Methods: Elena+ utilizes varied intervention components to deliver a psychoeducation-focused coaching program on the topics of: COVID-19 information, physical activity, mental health (anxiety, loneliness, mental resources), sleep and diet and nutrition. Over 43 subtopics, a CA guides individuals through content and tracks progress over time, such as changes in health outcome assessments per topic, alongside user-set behavioral intentions and user-reported actual behaviors. Ratings of the usage experience, social demographics and the user profile are also captured. Elena+ is available for public download on iOS and Android devices in English, European Spanish and Latin American Spanish with future languages and launch countries planned, and no limits on planned recruitment. Panel data methods will be used to track user progress over time in subsequent analyses. The Elena+ intervention is open-source under the Apache 2 license (MobileCoach software) and the Creative Commons 4.0 license CC BY-NC-SA (intervention logic and content), allowing future collaborations; such as cultural adaptions, integration of new sensor-related features or the development of new topics.Discussion: Digital health applications offer a low-cost and scalable route to meet challenges to public health. As Elena+ was developed by an international and interdisciplinary team in a short time frame to meet the COVID-19 pandemic, empirical data are required to discern how effective such solutions can be in meeting real world, emergent health crises. Additionally, clustering Elena+ users based on characteristics and usage behaviors could help public health practitioners understand how population-level digital health interventions can reach at-risk and sub-populations.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the effect of the category gestational age at term on breastfeeding in he first hour of life, the duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth. Method: Single cohort, with a one-year prospective follow-up of 541 children. A hierarchical analysis was performed, with models adjusted per Cox regression, considering critical p < 0.05. Results: During raw analysis there was a statistical difference on breastfeeding in the first hour of life (RR = 1.54; CI 95% = 1.12–2.12; p = 0.008). However, in the final analysis, there was no association between gestational age at term and breastfeeding in the first hour of life, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, and the practice of breastfeeding twelve months from birth. Secondarily, higher age and education, cesarean section, birth at private services, and the need for resuscitation were observed to have a negative influence. Duration of previous pregnancy favored breastfeeding in the first hour of life. Using baby bottle and pacifier was negative for breastfeeding in the first year of life. Conclusion: There was no association between the category gestational age at term and breastfeeding. The association of outcomes pointed out by the scientific literature have been confirmed.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar associação entre prematuridade tardia e utilização de serviços de referência no primeiro ano de vida. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectiva, com dados coletados no 1º, 3º, 6º, 9º e 12º meses dos lactentes. Características maternas e de nascimento foram comparadas entre nascidos a termo e prematuros tardios. Avaliou-se o efeito da prematuridade tardia sobre a utilização de ambulatório especializado e unidade de pronto-socorro/pronto atendimento, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e hospitalização, calculando-se razões de chances ajustadas. Resultados: Os 41 prematuros tardios e 540 nascidos a termo diferiram nas frequências de baixo peso ao nascer e não permanência em alojamento conjunto, maiores nos prematuros tardios, estes também com mais chance de internação em UTI neonatal (OR=6,85 - IC95% 2,56;18,34), condição que não se associou à utilização dos demais serviços de referência. Conclusão: Prematuridade tardia não se associou à maior utilização de serviços de referência após alta da maternidade.

Introducción: Son escasos los servicios en salud mental dentro del contexto escolar que permitan una integración intersectorial para superar la brecha de falta de asistencia en salud mental en la población infanto - juvenil, aun cuando, es en la escuela donde se detectan mayoritariamente los problemas de salud mental. Objetivo: Analizar el uso de servicios de salud mental en el ambiente escolar en relación con los trastornos mentales y trastornos subumbrales. Métodos: El presente resultado se obtiene a partir del “Estudio de Prevalencia Comunitaria de Trastornos Psiquiátricos y Utilización de Servicios de la Población Infanto-Juvenil Chilena”. La muestra estuvo representada por sujetos entre 4 y 18 años (N=1556). La información sobre el uso de servicio de salud mental se recogió con una versión modificada de la Escala Service Assesment for Children and Adolescent (SACA). Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para analizar cinco áreas del uso de servicios en el ambiente escolar, las cuales se correlacionaron con diagnósticos de trastorno mentales y trastorno subumbral de ansiedad, disruptivo y depresión en el último año. Resultados: Las escuelas se enfrentan a grandes desafíos sobre cómo proporcionar apoyo efectivo de salud mental para los estudiantes, que presentan algún tipo de trastorno mental o trastorno subumbral.

Objective: To investigate the quality of obstetric care as perceived by women in the context of giving birth, a cesarean section or miscarriage/stillbirth in health centers in Spain, and their satisfaction with different aspects of the attention received, both human and technical. Materials and method: Retrospective descriptive study based on an anonymous online survey about the care received during the obstetric process. Results: A sample of 17,677 answers was obtained. Healthcare professionals were awarded an average of 6.9 points out of 10. 45.8% of women believed that healthcare professionals did not ask for their informed consent before every procedure and 49% did not have the opportunity to clarify doubts or express fears. 38% perceived that they received unnecessary or potentially dangerous procedures during labor. Finally, 34% believed they had suffered obstetric violence. Conclusions: The birth or loss of a baby are events that leave a deep mark on the physical, psychological and emotional health of women and their families. Healthcare professionals should reflect upon the impact of our care, the need to base it on scientific evidence and the duty to respect women’s and children’s rights, even if they do not know these rights nor demand them. The results of this survey contribute to drawing up a guideline and identifying a series of fields in which obstetric attention, including treatment, can and must be improved.

Abstract Background Few children consume sufficient servings of fruits and vegetables. Interventions aiming to improve children’s dietary intake often target parent level factors, but limited research has examined the mediating role of parental factors on children’s dietary intake. This study examined 10-month follow up data from the Entre Familia: Reflejos de Salud (Within the Family: Reflections of Health) trial to investigate (1) intervention effects on children’s dietary intake, both sustained and new changes, and (2) whether changes in mothers’ dietary intake, her parenting strategies, and behavioral strategies to promoting healthy eating in the home mediated changes in children’s dietary intake. Methods Participants were 361 Mexican-origin families living in Imperial County, California. Families were randomly assigned to a 4-month dietary intervention or a delayed treatment control group. The intervention was delivered by promotoras (community health workers) via home visits and telephone calls. Assessments occurred at baseline, and 4- and 10-months post-baseline. Results At 10-months post-baseline, sustained intervention effects were observed on children’s reported intake of varieties of vegetables, with differences getting larger over time. However, differential intervention effects on fast food were not sustained due to significant reductions in the control group compared with smaller changes in the intervention group. New intervention effects were observed on servings of sugar-sweetened beverages. However, the intervention continued to have no effect on children’s reported fruit and vegetable servings, and varieties of fruits consumed. Mother-reported behavioral strategies to increase fiber and lower fat mediated the relationship between the intervention and children’s intake of varieties of vegetables. Mothers’ percent energy from fat and behavioral strategies to lower fat were mediators of children’s daily servings of sugar-sweetened beverages. Conclusions This study suggests that a promotora-led family based intervention can provide mothers with skills to promote modest changes in children’s diet. Examining the parent related mechanisms of change will inform future interventions on important targets for improving children’s diet. Trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/. NCT02441049. Retrospectively registered 05.06.2015.

The flatworm Taenia solium causes human and pig cysticercosis. When cysticerci are established in the human central nervous system, they cause neurocysticercosis, a potentially fatal disease. Neurocysticercosis is a persisting public health problem in rural regions of Mexico and other developing countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa, where the infection is endemic. The great variability observed in the phenotypic and genotypic traits of cysticerci result in a great heterogeneity in the patterns of molecules secreted by them within their host. This work is aimed to identify and characterize cysticercal secretion proteins of T. solium cysticerci obtained from 5 naturally infected pigs from Guerrero, Mexico, using 2D-PAGE proteomic analysis. The isoelectric point (IP) and molecular weight (MW) of the spots were identified using the software ImageMaster 2D Platinum v.7.0. Since most secreted proteins are impossible to identify by mass spectrometry (MS) due to their low concentration in the sample, a novel strategy to predict their sequence was applied. In total, 108 conserved and 186 differential proteins were identified in five cysticercus cultures. Interestingly, we predicted the sequence of 14 proteins that were common in four out of five cysticercus cultures, which could be used to design vaccines or diagnostic methods for neurocysticercosis. A functional characterization of all sequences was performed using the algorithms SecretomeP, SignalP, and BlastKOALA. We found a possible link between signal transduction pathways in parasite cells and human cancer due to deregulation in signal transduction pathways. Bioinformatics analysis also demonstrated that the parasite release proteins by an exosome-like mechanism, which could be of biological interest.

Objective: To describe the nutritional content of products offered in food and drink vending machines at secondary schools in the Madrid Autonomous Community (Spain), and to evaluate these items’ adherence to the nutritional recommendations of the National Health System Consensus Document on School Food. Methods: Cross-sectional study of a sample of 330 secondary schools in Madrid across the period 2014-2015. Secondary school vending machines were identified by telephone interview. The products offered in a representative sample of six machines were identified by inspection in situ, and their nutritional composition was obtained from the labelling. Results: A total of 94.5% of the 55 products on offer failed to comply with at least one nutritional criterion of the Consensus Document on School Food. The recommendation relating to sugar content registered the highest level of non-compliance, with 52.7% of products, followed by the recommendations relating to energy (47.3%) and fats (45.5%). The mean number of unmet criteria was 2.2, with this figure being higher in foods than in drinks (2.8 versus 1; p

Las concepciones de salud mental son variadas y se han ido sucediendo de manera que cada una ha ido aportando nuevos matices a las anteriores, generando cada vez una nueva visión, donde las necesidades de la propia sociedad, han ido conformando una conceptualización de la salud mental de acuerdo con el contexto histórico, la disciplina y su modelación según las exigencias y particularidades de la sociedad y la cultura vigentes. Por consiguiente, se hace necesario replantear los conceptos desde los que se interpreta la idea de salud mental, si guardan o no relación con definiciones universales o con concepciones construidas a partir de los diferentes planteamientos de salud-enfermedad. En consecuencia, es importante el aporte que se puede realizar desde la investigación para llegar a una construcción del concepto de salud mental que considere la multidisciplinariedad. Bajo esta perspectiva, se contextualiza el concepto desde lo multidisciplinario.

Introduction: Cerebrovascular ischemia represents the highest incidence and prevalence among cerebrovascular diseases. It is frequently associated with Metabolic Syndrome because many risk factors for cerebrovascular ischemia correspond to this entity.Objective: To determine the relationship between the evolution of the patient with Acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease (AICVD) and the presence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS).Material and Methods: An analytical prospective study was conducted with a sample of 100 patients, which were divided into two groups: group A, that was composed of patients with Metabolic Syndrome (MS) according to NCEP/ATPIII criteria (The Adult Treatment Panel III of the National Cholesterol Education), and group B that was composed of patients without Metabolic Syndrome. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was applied in both groups to evaluate the severity and evolution of cerebrovascular disease.Results: The Male sex (60%), and white people (52%) prevailed in the group with MS, and the mean age was 61,2 years. The main personal pathological antecedents were Arterial hypertension, cardiopathies, and smoking habit. The severity of cerebrovascular disease on admission was worse in group A (mean: 13,2). These patients presented a greater number of neurological complications such as: intracranial hypertension and convulsions (12%); they also presented non-neurological complications such as: bronchopneumonia (40%), and ulcers resulting from time spent on supine position (28%) with a higher risk (OR: 6,2). After discharge from hospital, 36% of patients with MS got worse, according to Scale NIHSS.Conclusions: The metabolic syndrome is a risk factor that increases the risk of complications in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease and worsens its evolution and prognosis.Keywords: cerebral ischemia, metabolic syndrome (MS), complications, evolution, dyslipidemia, risk factors.

Introduction: Cerebrovascular diseases (CVD) are a cause of affectedness related to quality of life (QL), and disability; the factors related to an affectedness of the quality of life vary from one study to another, considering the use of tools to measure the quality of life (scales) adapted to particular geographic areas. Objective:To determine those factors that influence the most in the affectedness related to the quality of life of patients who have suffered an ictus, through the results presented in the literature on this topic. Material and methods:A total of 53 sources of information were consulted, among them 47 articles from scientific journals, 2 PhD thesis, and statistical reports. Also, it was possible to have access to the main managers of computing networks. Development:Concepts of the health-related quality of life of those patients who survived an ictus were considered, as well as the factors associated with their affectedness, the scales for quality of life assessment of patients with ictus, and the importance to conduct studies with a more integral approach. Conclusions:Independently of the existence of a group of common variables, which are essential in any study related to the quality of life of patients who survive an ictus, each research group has to keep in mind those elements that adapt most to the objectives in order to begin a research process.Keywords:cerebrovascular accident (CVA), quality of life, caregivers, disability, lifestyle, outcomes in the ictus, excess.

Fundamento: Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son causa de afectación de la calidad de vida; los factores asociados a una mayor afectación de la calidad de vida varían entre un estudio y otro. Objetivo: describir los factores que afectan la calidad de vida en supervivientes a un ictus al año de seguimiento.Métodos: estudio descriptivo longitudinal, de una cohorte de 110 sobrevivientes a un ictus, con seguimiento por consulta externa durante un año luego de la evaluación inicial. La calidad de vida se evaluó mediante la Escala de Calidad de Vida para el Ictus. Resultados: predominaron las mujeres con el 52,3 %. El grado de afectación neurológica estuvo entre moderado y grave en más de dos tercios de los pacientes y al año del seguimiento mejoró (entre ligero y moderado), con puntuación media de 3,5±3,8. Más de un tercio presentó alta carga de síntomas depresivos, para una puntuación media de 7,8±3,6, que aumentó a un 56 % al año. Los factores asociados a la afectación de la calidad de vida, fueron: peor estado neurológico (OR: 2,63, IC: 1,48;2,82), presencia de síntomas depresivos mayores (OR: 1,94, IC: 1,17;1,89) y mayor edad (OR: 1,14, IC: 1,04;1,25).Conclusión: la calidad de vida estuvo determinada por el grado de afectación neurológica, el estado cognitivo, mayor edad y la presencia de síntomas depresivos. Los únicos factores asociados a la calidad de vida que sufrieron modificación al año del seguimiento, fueron la afectación neurológica y la presencia de síntomas depresivos.

Fundamento: Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son causa de afectación de la calidad de vida; los factores asociados a una mayor afectación de la calidad de vida varían entre un estudio y otro. Objetivo: describir los factores que afectan la calidad de vida en supervivientes a un ictus al año de seguimiento.Métodos: estudio descriptivo longitudinal, de una cohorte de 110 sobrevivientes a un ictus, con seguimiento por consulta externa durante un año luego de la evaluación inicial. La calidad de vida se evaluó mediante la Escala de Calidad de Vida para el Ictus. Resultados: predominaron las mujeres con el 52,3 %. El grado de afectación neurológica estuvo entre moderado y grave en más de dos tercios de los pacientes y al año del seguimiento mejoró (entre ligero y moderado), con puntuación media de 3,5±3,8. Más de un tercio presentó alta carga de síntomas depresivos, para una puntuación media de 7,8±3,6, que aumentó a un 56 % al año. Los factores asociados a la afectación de la calidad de vida, fueron: peor estado neurológico (OR: 2,63, IC: 1,48;2,82), presencia de síntomas depresivos mayores (OR: 1,94, IC: 1,17;1,89) y mayor edad (OR: 1,14, IC: 1,04;1,25).Conclusión: la calidad de vida estuvo determinada por el grado de afectación neurológica, el estado cognitivo, mayor edad y la presencia de síntomas depresivos. Los únicos factores asociados a la calidad de vida que sufrieron modificación al año del seguimiento, fueron la afectación neurológica y la presencia de síntomas depresivos.

Objective: To evaluate maternal self-efficacy in breastfeeding and investigate its effect on breastfeeding duration in Botucatu - São Paulo.Method: Prospective cohort study (n = 650 mothers/children). The mother-infant dyads were selected from July 2015 to February 2016, when the infants had on average 20 days. The short form of the Self-efficacy Scale in Breastfeeding was applied and the lactation status was evaluated at 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months. The associations were evaluated through multiple logistic regression and Cox regression models.Results: 77.9% of the mothers showed high self-efficacy in breastfeeding. Mothers with high self-efficacy are 71% (OR = 0.29) and those with medium self-efficacy 52% (OR = 0.47) less likely to stop breastfeeding before 12 months.Conclusion: Breastfeeding self-efficacy has a positive impact on the duration of breastfeeding, supporting its evaluation and promotion in pre and postnatal nursing care.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the training and evaluation of professional competency to work in the area of pediatric nursing based on the conceptions and experiences of university professors. Method: A qualitative study conducted with pediatric nursing professors from six public undergraduate courses in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The data were collected by semi-structured interview and analyzed by the Content Analysis method. Results: Sixteen professors participated. Five main themes emerged: competency definition, attributes to act with children, advances in the training of professional competency, challenges to enable training pediatric competency, and methods and instruments for evaluating competency acquisition to work in the area of pediatric nursing. Conclusion: The findings of this study point to the importance of a balanced approach in the cognitive, psychomotor and affective dimensions in training and evaluating professional competency in pediatric nursing, as well as extending the curricular valorization of this area of knowledge and practice.

Introducción: Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares son causa de afectación de la calidad de vida; los factores asociados a una afectación de la calidad de vida varían entre un estudio y otro. Objetivos: Identificar los factores que influyen en la afectación de la calidad de vida en supervivientes a un ictus en su fase aguda. Material y métodos: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo transversal de una serie de 120 sobrevivientes a un ictus isquémico bajo la condición de rehabilitación temprana, aplicándose las escalas transcurridos 10 días de instaurado el ictus. La calidad de vida se evaluó mediante la aplicación de los cuestionarios de la Escala de Calidad de Vida para el Ictus (ECVI-38) de origen cubano desde la fase aguda de instaurado el ictus. Resultados: Predominaron las mujeres, con un promedio de edad por encima de los 65 años. El grado de afectación neurológica entre moderada y grave es de más de dos tercios, con puntuación media de 3,6±3,9. Más de 80% presentan alta carga de síntomas depresivos, para una puntuación media de 7,7±3,4. La presencia de síntomas depresivos mayores (OR: 0,23, IC: 0,06;0,83), el grado de afectación neurológica (OR: 0,53, IC: 0,09;3,10) y mayor edad (OR: 1,93, IC: 1,44;2,63), fueron los factores asociados a la afectación de la calidad de vida. Conclusiones: El ictus tiene consecuencias físicas y emocionales. La calidad de vida está determinada por el grado de afectación neurológica, mayor edad y la presencia de síntomas depresivos en su fase aguda. Palabras claves: Accidente cerebrovascular, calidad de vida, depresión, discapacidad, factores predisponentes. ABSTRACTIntroduction: Cerebrovascular diseases are cause of impact on lifequality; factors associated with life quality change from one study to another. Objectives: Identify the factors that have influence in the life quality of ictus survivors in their acute phase. Material and Methods: Was performed a transversal-descriptive study of a series of 120 ictus survivors under the condition of early rehabilitation, applying the scales after 10 days of ictus set up. Life quality was evaluated by means of a Cuban’s Life Quality Scale for ictus (ECVI-38)from the acute phase. Results: Women predominated with an average age over 65 years. Neurological affection degree was from moderated to severe in more than two thirds of patients, with an average score of 3,6±3, 9. More than 80% presented in a high degree, depressive symptoms to an average score of 7,7 ±3,4. The presence of uttermost depressive symptoms (OR: 0,23, IC:0,06;0,83), the degree of neurological affection (OR: 0,53, IC:0,09;3,10) and elderliness(OR: 1,93, IC: 1,44;2,63) were the factors associated with life quality affection. Conclusions: Stroke has physical and emotional consequences. Ictus has emotional and physical consequences. Life quality is determined by the neurological affection degree, elderliness and the presence of depressive symptoms in the acute phase. Keywords: Stroke, life quality, depression, disability, predisposing factors.

Introduction: medical treatment for focal dystonia is initially indicated as a treatment prior to application of botulinal toxin (BTx), but due to, generally does not respond satisfactorily to the treatment; it is necessary to reach this final stage with the application of botulinal toxin. Objective: To determine the effectiveness and safety use of botulinal toxin in patients with focal dystonia who have received other treatment lines. Material and Methods: A randomized, double-blind study in a 35 patient’s cohort with dystonia, administrating botulinal toxin type A (Botox) to 19 patients and the other 16 continued medical treatment for 4 months which previously were treated with other therapeutic alternatives for more than 3 years without a satisfactory response. Results: There was a predominance in women with a 74.3%; the most common focal dystonia was blepharospasm; the drug more used were benzodiazepines; there was a significant reduction in scale scores after 3 months; the onset of action was 4 days after shot, loss of effect at 11 weeks; patients and researchers clinical impression; regarding the treatment, was of slight to marked improvement; as well as tolerableness evaluation as very good for 85%. Conclusion: The application effectiveness of botulinal toxin in reducing involuntary spasms in patients with dystonia is greater than other medicinal therapeutic alternatives with good safety and tolerability, which confirmed this treatment as a first-line treatment in these entities. Keywords: Botulinal toxin, focal dystonia, Benzodiazepines, safety, effectiveness, involuntary spasms.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar fatores sociodemográficos, características e intercorrências gestacionais associadas à realização de cesárea eletiva. Métodos: Estudo transversal. De um total de 1.295 nascimentos ocorridos no primeiro semestre de 2012 no município de Botucatu, São Paulo, avaliados em um amplo estudo epidemiológico sobre morbimortalidade materna e infantil, o presente artigo compara mulheres que tiveram partos normais (n = 405) com as 214 submetidas à cesárea eletiva, definida como agendada, sem referência no prontuário hospitalar ou cartão de pré-natal de indicação absoluta ou relativa ou a qualquer motivo de ordem médica. Os dados foram obtidos dos registros hospitalares, cartão de pré-natal e entrevista com as mulheres, logo após o parto. Realizou-se análise univariada, avaliada pelo teste exato de Fisher ou χ2. Variáveis com p < 0,20 foram então agrupadas em três blocos e, mediante modelo de regressão logística múltiplo, hierarquizado, identificaram-se fatores associados à cesárea eletiva, considerando-se p < 0,05. Resultados: Variáveis sociodemográficas (idade ≥ 18 anos, escolaridade ≥ ensino médio, trabalho remunerado e viver com companheiro) associaram-se de modo independente à maior chance de cesárea eletiva. Independente destas, houve associação entre cesárea eletiva e local de pré-natal e parto, sendo maior a chance de nascimento por cesárea eletiva quando a mulher foi assistida na rede de saúde suplementar. Tomando como indicadores de condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis baixa escolaridade, ter pagamento do pré-natal e parto pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), pode-se afirmar que houve associação entre cesárea eletiva e melhores condições socioeconômicas. Conclusão: São necessárias ações na rede suplementar para aproximar das recomendações internacionais a taxa global de cesáreas no município.

Fundamento: Las políticas restrictivas del acceso a bebidas azucaradas y alimentos no saludables en el entorno escolar se asocian con patrones de consumo más saludables. En 2010 se aprobó en España el Documento de Consenso sobre la Alimentación en los Centros Educativos con criterios nutricionales para mejorar el perfil nutricional de los alimentos y bebidas ofertados. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la frecuencia de máquinas expendedoras de bebidas y alimentos y perfil nutricional de sus productos en los Institutos de Enseñanza Secundaria (IES) de Madrid. Métodos: Estudio transversal sobre una muestra aleatoria de 330 IES de la Comunidad de Madrid durante el curso 2014-2015. A través de internet y por entrevista telefónica se registraron las características de los centros y la existencia o no de máquinas expendedoras en ellos. Los productos ofertados en una muestra representativa de 6 máquinas expendedoras se obtuvieron mediante inspección in situ y su composición nutricional se tomó del etiquetado. Por último, el perfil nutricional de los productos se analizó con el modelo del Reino Unido, que clasifica los productos en saludables y menos saludables. Resultados: La prevalencia de máquinas expendedoras fue del 17,3%. El 80,5% de sus productos fueron menos saludables, altamente energéticos, ricos en grasa o azúcar y pobres en micronutrientes. El 10,5% resultaron ser productos saludables. Conclusión: Las máquinas expendedoras son frecuentes en los IES de Madrid y la mayoría de sus productos tienen un mal perfil nutricional.

El artículo da cuenta de un estudio internacional realizado entre octubre de 2011 y enero de 2012, como fundamento para el diseño y elaboración de un material audiovisual (spot) con el objeto de sensibilizar y visibilizar la problemática del Chagas. La investigación, de carácter cualitativo, recogió los datos de 38 encuestas, respondidas por personas afectadas y especialistas en la temática. La información para cada grupo se ordenó según aspectos que las personas asociaban con la palabra Chagas, y dificultades, retos, desafíos y logros vinculados. Para cada punto se presenta un análisis de las respuestas, relatos y anécdotas relacionadas. Las conclusiones refuerzan la necesidad de conocer y dar a conocer las dificultades que viven las personas afectadas por el Chagas, considerando que se trata de una realidad que tiene diversas manifestaciones dependiendo del contexto.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o programa de uso da imunoglobulina palivizumabe no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Adotou-se o referencial de avaliação proposto por Donabedian, e os dados foram discutidos com base nas recomendações da Portaria que regulamenta o uso da palivizumabe em rede nacional e no Manual de Normas e Procedimentos para Vacinação. Foram incluídos os 16 locais de aplicação do estado, bem como 693 crianças/mães inscritas no programa em 2014 (85,1% da população elegível). Para avaliação da estrutura e processo foram criados escores que permitiram classificar os locais de aplicação em adequado, parcialmente adequado e inadequado, quando havia até 10%, de 11-20% e superior a 20% de desconformidades, respectivamente. Para a avaliação de resultado, buscou-se associação entre falha na tomada da palivizumabe e a necessidade de hospitalização por doença/sintomatologia respiratória, baseando-se em odds ratio pontual e intervalar, com intervalo de 95% de confiança e valor de p crítico < 0,05. Dos 11 postos de aplicação que tiveram estrutura classificada como adequada, apenas dois apresentaram processo adequado, quatro apresentaram processo inadequado e cinco parcialmente adequados. O risco de hospitalização em UTI por doença/sintomatologia respiratória aumentou em média 30% a cada falha (p = 0,003; OR = 1,30; IC95%: 1,09-1,55). Conclui-se que ter estrutura do programa de uso da imunoglobulina no Estado de São Paulo favorável não resultou, necessariamente, em processo adequado. Em geral, a situação da estrutura foi melhor do que a de processo. Mostrou-se relevante a aplicação de todas as doses da imunoglobulina para a prevenção de internação por doença/sintomatologia respiratória.

Considerando a experiência do projeto MobilizaSUS na Bahia no debate acercados limites e possibilidades da participação popular em saúde, definimos como objetivo discutir o significado político do seu desenvolvimento. Essa discussão se deu à luz da Reforma Sanitária Brasileira, articulada a partir de categorias gramscianas. Podemos inferir que o projeto MobilizaSUS possui características que permitiriam colocá-lo no “lado” da contra-hegemonia no setor saúde. Entretanto, há limites para sua afirmação enquanto projeto contra-hegemônico, relacionados principalmente a sua origem institucional, aproximando-se mais da ideia de representar poros na superestrutura permeáveis à contra-hegemonia, em função de seu método para articular sujeitos da antítese numa práxis histórica na Bahia.

Os Movimentos Sociais de base popular têm tido importante papel na luta pelo direito à saúde e consolidação do SUS. As práticas educativas vivenciadas por estes movimentos referenciados na educação popular em saúde contribuem para o fortalecimento do controle social e da participação popular na saúde. O curso foi construído de forma participativa, entre movimentos sociais, SESAB e ISC/UFBA, tendo como objetivo central fortalecer a atuação dos movimentos sociais na arena política da saúde na Bahia. Realizou-se duas turmas de cinco módulos cada uma, totalizando 60 participantes. As atividades orientaram-se pelos pressupostos da educação popular: diálogo, participação, valorização da experiência, autonomia e reflexão crítica. Possibilitou pensar e construir estratégias para incorporação de demandas dos coletivos na agenda do Estado, constituindo-se enquanto espaço potente de debate sobre a realidade e necessidades de saúde dos povos.

El prodigioso desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología médicas tiene una vertiente negativa que se expresa en la crisis de la atención de salud y de la relación médico-paciente. Los cambios en dicha relación, la mayor especialización y las nuevas posibilidades de tecnologías médicas llevan a reflexionar sobre las consecuencias y los efectos a largo alcance desde el punto de vista ético. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica utilizando la base de datos EBSCO para determinar cómo repercute el proceso tecnológico en el declinar de la relación médico-paciente en la especialidad de Neurología. Además se revisaron las revistas de Ética y Bioética en su formato impreso de los últimos 10 años.

Este artigo é parte de uma pesquisa qualitativa mais abrangente que utilizou como referencial teórico-metodológico a Grounded Theory e o Interacionismo Simbólico, resultando no modelo teórico denominado Entre o sofrimento e a esperança: a reabilitação da incontinência urinária como componente interveniente. Com a intenção de comunicar todo o conhecimento produzido, apresenta-se parte desse modelo, referente ao processo de enfrentamento da incontinência urinária por mulheres sem perspectivas de acesso ao tratamento cirúrgico, após falha dos procedimentos conservadores. Ao inter-relacionar os componentes (categorias e subcategorias) relativos à experiência dessas mulheres, buscando compará-los e analisá-los para compreender a interação entre eles, notou-se vulnerabilidade moral e psicossocial no movimento da experiência do grupo, suscetibilizando-o a riscos à saúde e ao comprometimento da qualidade de vida. Pesquisas são necessárias para aprofundar a compreensão de experiências em que haja barreira ao tratamento cirúrgico por descrédito do profissional médico sobre sua efetividade.

Este artigo é parte de uma pesquisa qualitativa mais abrangente que utilizou como referencial teórico-metodológico a Grounded Theory e o Interacionismo Simbólico, resultando no modelo teórico denominado Entre o sofrimento e a esperança: a reabilitação da incontinência urinária como componente interveniente. Com a intenção de comunicar todo o conhecimento produzido, apresenta-se parte desse modelo, referente ao processo de enfrentamento da incontinência urinária por mulheres sem perspectivas de acesso ao tratamento cirúrgico, após falha dos procedimentos conservadores. Ao inter-relacionar os componentes (categorias e subcategorias) relativos à experiência dessas mulheres, buscando compará-los e analisá-los para compreender a interação entre eles, notou-se vulnerabilidade moral e psicossocial no movimento da experiência do grupo, suscetibilizando-o a riscos à saúde e ao comprometimento da qualidade de vida. Pesquisas são necessárias para aprofundar a compreensão de experiências em que haja barreira ao tratamento cirúrgico por descrédito do profissional médico sobre sua efetividade.El artículo forma parte de una investigación cualitativa más abarcadora que utilizó como referencial teórico-metodológico la Grounded Theory y el Interaccionismo Simbólico, resultando en el modelo teórico denominado Entre el sufrimiento y la esperanza: la rehabilitación de la incontinencia urinaria como componente interviniente. Con intención de comunicar el conocimiento producido, se presenta parte de dicho modelo, referido al proceso de enfrentamiento de la incontinencia urinaria en mujeres sin perspectivas de acceso a tratamiento quirúrgico, habiendo fallado los procedimientos conservadores. Al interrelacionarse los componentes (categorías y subcategorías) relativos a la experiencia de dichas mujeres, buscando compararlos y analizarlos para entender su interacción, se notó vulnerabilidad moral y psicosocial en el tránsito de experiencia grupal, susceptibilizándolo a riesgos de salud y al compromiso de calidad de vida. Serán necesarias investigaciones que profundicen la comprensión de experiencias en las que existan obstáculos al tratamiento quirúrgico por descreer el profesional médico sobre su efectividad.This article is part of a more comprehensive qualitative study which used grounded theory and symbolic interactionism as theoretical and methodological frameworks, resulting in the theoretical model entitled, Between suffering and hope: rehabilitation of urinary incontinence as an intervenient component. In order to communicate all the knowledge produced, part of this model is presented, and it refers to the process of coping with urinary incontinence by women without perspectives of access to surgical treatment after failure of conservative procedures. When interrelating the components (categories and subcategories) of these women's experience in order to compare and analyze them to understand their interaction, moral and psychosocial vulnerability were noticed within the experience of the group, which makes them susceptible to health risks and to compromise of their quality of life, observed in the movement of the group's experience. Research is needed to further understand experiences in which there are barriers to surgical treatment due to physicians' disbelief in its effectiveness.

Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a população de profissionais do sexo, considerando características sociodemográficas, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos e comportamentais, e verificar a associação com a presença de doença sexualmente transmissível. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico e transversal, realizado com 102 mulheres profissionais do sexo. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevista e exames padrão-ouro para diagnóstico das doenças de interesse. A média de idade das mulheres foi de 26,1 anos, sendo que a maioria tinha nove ou mais anos de aprovação escolar, era solteira e teve coitarca antes dos 15 anos. A prática de sexo oral nos parceiros foi citada por 90,2% das mulheres, 99% delas relataram fazer uso de preservativo no trabalho, apenas 26,3% com parceiros fixos e 42,2% usavam drogas ilícitas. Não houve associação entre fatores sociodemográficos, antecedentes gineco-obstétricos e fatores comportamentais com presença de doença sexualmente transmissível e isso pode ser decorrente da escolaridade e do fato da população estudada possuir características muito semelhantes, dificultando o aparecimento de tais associações.

Objective: To evaluate the incidence of risky consumption (RC) and heavy episodic drinking (HED) in the Cohort of Spanish university students at two-year follow-up and to identify predictors of these patterns of alcohol consumption and the association between these patterns and academic achievement. Method: We carried out a cohort study. Alcohol consumption was measured with the AUDIT. The following variables were collected by questionnaire: place of residence, parents' education, alcohol consumption in the family, age of onset of use, alcohol expectancies, and the academic achievement. We constructed logistic regression models using three dependent variables: RC, HED, and academic achievement. Results: The response rate at two-year follow-up was 64.1%. The incidence of RC and HED at two-year follow-up were 24.92% and 4.01% respectively. The prevalence of RC rose from 37.1% to 54.6%. On the contrary, HED dropped from 12.2% to 8.7%. In relation to incidence of RC, being male (OR=2.77), medium (OR=1.59) or high expectancies (OR=2.24), and early age of onset of use (OR=2.26) constituted risk factors. In contrast, living with parents constituted a protective factor (OR=0.48). For HED, being male (OR=1.92) and high expectancies (OR=2.96) were risk factors. RC and HED were risk factors for low academic achievement. Conclusions: HED is a pattern of alcohol consumption mainly associated with adolescence, while RC is associated with youth. Both patterns are predictors of academic achievement. Public Health strategies should focus on modifying expectancies and limit access to alcohol at young ages.Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia del consumo de riesgo de alcohol (CR) y del consumo intensivo (CI) en una cohorte de estudiantes universitarios a los 2 años de seguimiento e identificar los factores de estas pautas de consumo de alcohol y su asociación con el redimiento académico. Método: Se ha realizado un estudio de cohortes. El consumo de alcohol se ha medido con el AUDIT. Las siguientes variables se han medido mediante cuestionario: lugar de residencia, educación parental, consumo de alcohol en la familia, edad de inicio de uso, expectativas sobre alcohol y rendimiento académico. Para el análisis de datos se han construido modelos de regresión logística con las tres variables dependientes consideradas: CR, CI y rendimiento académico. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta en el seguimiento se situó en el 64,1%. La incidencia de CR y CI a los 2 años fue del 24,92% y el 4,01%. La prevalencia de CR aumentó del 37,1% al 54,6%. Por el contrario, el CI disminuyó del 12,2% al 8,7%. Con relación a la incidencia de CR, el ser varón (OR=2,77), las medias (OR=1.59) y altas expectativas (OR=2.24), y la edad temprana de inicio de uso (OR=2,26) son factores de riesgo. Por el contrario, el vivir con los padres muestra un factor protector (OR=0,48). Para el CI, ser varón (OR=1,92) y las altas expectativas (OR=2,96) son también factores de riesgo. Ambos patrones de consumo constituyen factores de riesgo del bajo rendimiento académico. Conclusiones: El CI es un patrón de consumo principalmente asociado con la adolescencia, mientras que el CR se asocia con la juventud. Ambos patrones son predictores del rendimiento académico. Las estrategias de salud pública deberían centrarse en la modificación de expectativas y en limitar el acceso al alcohol de los más jóvenes.

Fundamento: La enfermedad de Chagas es una patología emergente en nuestro medio debido principalmente al incremento de las migraciones. La prevalencia y el difícil manejo terapéutico hacen del Chagas un problema de salud pública creciente. Pretendemos analizar la prevalencia y perfil epidemiológico de mujeres gestantes latinoamericanas atendidas en el área de influencia del Hospital Clínico de Valencia (HCUV) y estimar el riego de transmisión vertical. Métodos: Se estudió a 383 mujeres gestantes asistidas en el HCUV entre febrero de 2005 y julio de 2007. Utilizamos para el cribado la técnica de inmunoprecipitación ID-PaGIA-DiaMed, confirmada mediante Inmunofluorescencia Indirecta (IFI) - Inmunoflour Chagas-Inverness Medical. En hijos de mujeres positivas: Microhematocrito, PCR y detección de anticuerpos IgM por IFI, al nacer, e IgG, a los 6 y 12 meses. Resultados: El 9,7% de las mujeres presentaban anticuerpos específicos del parásito. De ellas el 54,1% eran bolivianas, el 13,5% argentinas y 8,1 % colombianas. 81,1% vivieron en zonas rurales y casas de adobe, el 89,2% tenía antecedentes familiares y el 100% conocían la enfermedad y el vector. La seroconversión en un niño de 8 meses supuso una transmisión vertical del 2,7% y una incidencia en mujeres procedentes de zona endémica del 0,3%. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de enfermedad de Chagas en mujeres gestantes latinoamericanas es elevada y supone un riesgo de transmisión vertical importante que obliga a detectar anticuerpos frente al parásito en los exámenes de salud de este colectivo. En el cribado son factores de riesgo los antecedentes familiares de tripanosomiasis y la residencia previa en hábitat rural.

Na gestação ocorrem adaptações que conduzem a um aumento da taxa metabólica basal, caracterizando um estado de alto nível de estresse oxidativo, tornando relevante a avaliação do consumo de nutrientes antioxidantes por mulheres grávidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a prevalência de consumo insuficiente das vitaminas C e E em gestantes assistidas em serviços públicos de saúde. Estudou-se amostra (n=107) representativa das mulheres no segundo trimestre gestacional atendidas durante o pré-natal nas unidades de atenção básica do município de Botucatu/SP. O consumo foi investigado mediante dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. Para estimar a prevalência de inadequação de consumo na população, foi utilizado o método EAR como ponto de corte. Diferenças de consumo (em tercis) em relação a fatores socioeconômicos, obstétricos e hábitos de vida foram pesquisadas mediante análise estratificada, adotando-se pThe changes that occur during pregnancy lead to an increase in the basal metabolic rate, which characterizes a high oxidative-stress condition, thus making the evaluation of the intake of antioxidant nutrients by pregnant women a relevant issue. This study aimed at estimating the prevalence of insufficient intake of vitamin C and E by pregnant women assisted by public healthcare services. A representative sample (n=107) of women in the second gestational trimester was studied. Such women's prenatal care was provided by basic healthcare units in the city of Botucatu/SP. Intake was investigated by two 24-hour recalls. The EAR method was adopted as cutoff point in order to estimate the prevalence of intake inadequacy in the population. Intake differences (in terciles) in relation to social, economic and obstetric factors as well as lifestyle were investigated by means of stratified analysis and by adopting a level of significance of p