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Objective: An analysis of clinical and social characteristics of patients aged 40 years and older with primary diagnosis of schizophrenia (F 20-21) in a psychiatric hospital., Material and Methods: We studied 114 medical records of patients aged 40 and over who were admitted to a psychiatric hospital for a two-year period (2018-2019) with a first-time diagnosis of schizophrenia (F 20-21) based on the results of inpatient examination and treatment., Results: The analysis shows that 90% of patients were aged 40-59 years, 59.6% of them were women. In every third patient (33.3%), clinical signs of psychosis were observed for five or more years before hospitalization and diagnosis, and in 14.9% for more than 10 years, the average duration of psychosis before diagnosis was 5.1 years. Markers of psychosis were non-specific factors of family adaptation, working capacity, and substance use, which revealed relationships with gender characteristics and age of diagnosis of psychosis. Better adaptation parameters correlated with the female sex and later diagnosis of schizophrenia, lower indicators were more typical for the male sex and earlier diagnosis., Conclusion: Signs of increasing social maladjustment should be alarming to the patient's relatives, as well as social and medical services. In addition, the timely diagnosis of psychosis requires psychoeducation of the population, training of social workers and primary health care professionals.

Objective: To study the correlation between the blood plasma antioxidant profile and the transcriptional activity of the Nrf2 gene in acute psychosis in patients with schizophrenia and alcoholism., Material and Methods: The study included 40 patients with the first episode of the paranoid form of schizophrenia, 33 patients with schizophrenic psychosis who had previously received therapy, 22 patients with first-time acute alcohol psychosis, and 25 healthy volunteers. The level of Nrf2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was estimated by flow cytometry, and the antioxidant profile of blood plasma was estimated with chemiluminometry., Results: The total and «thiol» antioxidant capacity were reduced in patients with initially diagnosed schizophrenic psychosis and alcoholic psychosis. In patients after treatment, the total antioxidant capacity was higher compared to previously untreated patients. The level of Nrf2 protein in mononuclear cells in patients with the first psychotic episode was significantly lower than in patients with alcoholism and lower than in the control group. In patients with alcoholic psychosis, Nrf2 level was correlated with both the total antioxidant capacity due to uric acid and the «thiol» antioxidant capacity; in patients with psychosis in schizophrenia, Nrf2 level was correlated only with the «thiol» antioxidant capacity., Conclusions: The correlation between the total and «thiol» antioxidant capacity and the level of Nrf2 in mononuclear cells of patients with alcohol delirium indicates the undamaged state of the regulation. The absence of a correlation between the total antioxidant capacity and the level of Nrf2 in patients with schizophrenia indicates a disturbance of the activation of the Nrf2 pathway due to, possibly, a part associated with the participation of uric acid.

The concepts of schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders have been changed a lot since their beginnings more than century ago due to many factors such as the dominance of a certain hypothesis during a particular period of time, the development of new clinical research and specific treatments as well as different understanding of the boundaries between mental disorders. It was appeared the diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorders which still based only on clinical symptoms. Whether psychotic disorders can be better represented dimensionally or categorically remains a challenging question. Regarding schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders, there are some important changes in DSM-5 and ICD-11 concerning the use of quantitative assessment of psychopathological domains, course of psychosis and remission as well as giving more attention to cognitive issues. The main differences between these classifications are the structure of corresponding sections and different criteria of some disorders. Before the ICD-11 implementation in 2022 into clinical practice, it is highly recommended to conduct a set of trainings for clinicians along with the comments to Diagnostic guidelines for Schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders.