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Despite frequent reports of mental health needs among older women with cancer, depressive symptoms often go unrecognized and untreated, particularly in socially vulnerable survivors. Here, we examined associations of sociodemographic factors and social limitations with depressive symptoms from pre-diagnosis to post-diagnosis in older women diagnosed with breast or gynecological cancer. Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (SEER-MHOS) linked dataset, we used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between sociodemographic factors (race, ethnicity, marital status, rurality) and social limitations (i.e., health interfering with social activities) on depressive symptoms in women aged ≥65 years with breast or gynecologic cancer (n = 1,353). Most participants had breast cancer (82.0%), stage I-II cancer (85.8%), received surgery for their cancer (94.8%), and radiation treatment (50.6%). Prior to diagnosis, 11.8% reported depressive symptoms, which nearly doubled to 22.4% at follow-up. Participants were 2.7 times more likely of reporting depressive symptoms after cancer diagnosis compared with pre-cancer diagnosis (95%CI: 2.10–3.48). Race, ethnicity, rurality, marital status, and social interference were significantly associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms after cancer diagnosis than before their cancer diagnosis (p < 0.05). In summary, depressive symptoms increased following a cancer diagnosis. Our results suggest potential avenues for intervention that could lead to reduced depressive symptoms among older female cancer survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The current study aimed to examine: (1.1) causal beliefs about adolescent depression in a sample of adolescents with a clinical depression and their mothers and fathers; (1.2) within‐family overlap of causal beliefs; (2.1) mothers' and fathers' reflected causal beliefs about their child's perspective; (2.2) the accuracy of mothers' and fathers' reflected causal beliefs as related to their child's causal beliefs. Design: Qualitative study using a within‐family approach. Methods: Adolescents with a current clinical depression (MDD/dysthymia; N = 34) and their parents (N = 34 mothers, N = 26 fathers) were independently interviewed about their causal beliefs about the adolescents' depression. Parents were additionally interviewed about their perception of their child's causal beliefs (i.e., reflected causal beliefs). Results: The causal beliefs most frequently mentioned by adolescents, mothers and fathers are: characteristics of the child, social factors, school and various stressful experiences. Parent–child overlap was relatively low, specifically for the themes of bewilderment, cumulative effect and stressful life events, whereas overlap was relatively high for themes of social factors, school and stressful experiences outside of the family. Parents were relatively accurate in their reflected causal beliefs, but tended to underestimate their child's insights into possible causes of their depression. Accuracy of parents' reflected causal beliefs was particularly low for the theme cumulative effect and high for social factors. Conclusions: The various causal beliefs of adolescents and their parents could be used in therapeutic setting. Future research could examine whether (guided) conversations may promote alignment within families and treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical activity (PA) is important for fitness and psychological health, and a way for young people to make friends and socialise. Young people with vision impairment (VI) are, however, are less likely to engage in PA. A range of personal, social, and environmental barriers prevent equitable participation for young people with VI. There is a dearth of research focused on the experiences of young people with VI and their participation in PA in Australia. Using the Physical Activity Barriers Questionnaire for children with Visual Impairments (PABQ-VI), this study identified barriers to PA from the perspectives of school-aged Australians with VI. Results demonstrated that despite holding positive views about PA and being motivated to be physically active, participants experienced many of the same barriers and lack of opportunities reported by children with VI around the world. These experiences place limits on the development of motor skills and impact self-confidence. Despite the swathe of legislation designed to protect the rights of people with disability, the findings suggest that there is much work to be done to create inclusive opportunities for youth with VI (particularly girls) to access PA and sport in Australian schools and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of COVID-19 created a global health crisis and impacted children and families, disproportionately affecting minoritized communities. Simultaneously, protests and anti-racist uprisings against police violence occurred worldwide. This mixed method study examined how a group of racially diverse resource parents navigated these two pandemics. Resource parents (N = 527) in Los Angeles County were surveyed about concerns related to COVID-19, racial injustice, and the sociopolitical climate. Quantitative findings revealed that increased difficulty coping with COVID-19 was associated with the increased reported impact of events surrounding racial injustice. Qualitatively, resource parents expressed a concern for children and stress, anxiety, and fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individual, biological, psychological, and social factors have each been associated with sexual satisfaction. In the current study we examine ways that these factors combined in the same study might be associated with understanding couples' sexual satisfaction and harmonious sexual passion by evaluating an actor-partner-interdependence-model (APIM). This model was based on data (N = 2,187 couples) collected as part of a nationally representative study of the Couple Relationships and Transition Experiences (CREATE) study. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the APIM model. The results indicated that the quality of sleep and the number of physical symptoms both partners were experiencing were substantially associated with the same individual's depression and anxiety. In turn, depression and anxiety were associated with the quality of communication and the ability to resolve conflict. These social variables had strong associations with sexual satisfaction and they, along with sexual satisfaction, were significantly associated with the couple's ability to experience harmonious sexual passion in their relationship. We examined how couples' sleep, symptoms of illness, depression and anxiety, communication and conflict were associated with couples' sexuality. With a sample of 2,187 couples, we found that sleep and symptoms of illness were associated with depression and anxiety which were associated with communication and conflict. Communication and conflict had strong associations with sexual satisfaction and harmonious sexual passion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longitudinal studies on chronic loneliness and before and during the COVID-19 pandemic are lacking in Africa. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of loneliness and chronic loneliness using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from middle-aged and older adults from rural South Africa. The analysis utilized data from the South African 7-year longitudinal Health and Ageing in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa (HAALSI) (analytic sample: n = 3,418, aged 40 years and older). Loneliness was assessed with a single and 3-item measure. The proportion of loneliness was 19.5% in the 2021/2022 survey, the incidence of chronic loneliness (having loneliness in wave 2 and 3, and free of loneliness in wave 1) was 18.9%, and the 7-year incidence of loneliness was 41.0%. Comparing the 2019 (pre-COVID-19) to 2021/2022 (during COVID-19 pandemic) surveys participants experienced a significant reduction of loneliness. In cross-sectional and/or longitudinal analyses, we found that younger age, living alone, food insecurity, lack of social engagement, depressed mood, poor life satisfaction, poor sleep quality, impaired cognition, poor self-rated health, functional disability, underweight, obesity, and not living with HIV were associated with a higher prevalence, incidence and/or increases in loneliness. One in five aging adults had acute or chronic loneliness. Several social, mental, and physical health factors were identified as associated with loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bullying is generally defined as a behaviour that occurs when an individual (perpetrator) acts with the intention to harm or intimidate another individual (target). Much of the research in this field has focused on the impact of bullying on the vulnerable populations: children and adolescents, and there is an overall scarcity in discussing adult bullying. The literature supports the existence of characteristic differences between targets and perpetrators as perpetrators usually lack self-awareness and empathy skills, while targets are typically avoidant and submissive. In the workplace, the relationship between perpetrators and targets often involves a form of power imbalance, with perpetrators holding higher positions. Research has shown that up to 30% of American workers have been bullied in the workplace (Lutgen-Sandivk et al., 2007), with one third of healthcare workers experiencing at least 2 incidents of bullying weekly (Chipps et al., 2013). More than 75% of Canadian medical residents have reported being bullied (Vogel, 2018), and 83% of medical students have experienced at least one incident of bullying or mistreatment (Cook et al., 2014). Such bullying incidents have a significant biopsychosocial burden on victims and can negatively compromise their mental, physical, and social health, and create a pernicious work environment. Some consequences that have been associated with adult bullying include mood and anxiety disorders, suicidal ideation, somatic disorders, and decreased job performance. In the medical field, all such consequences could translate to a direct impact on patient care. Therefore, discussing and addressing adult bullying becomes a necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought an improved understanding of household emergency preparedness (EP) among Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, and Filipino (Indigenous Pacific People [IPP]) parents in Hawaii. We conducted an exploratory qualitative descriptive study with 60-minute interviews occurring from October 2022 through March 2023. A semi-structured interview guide exploring participant household EP was employed. Prospective participants were females who identified as IPP, caregivers of a 0–12-year-old child, spoke English, and received health services at a federally qualified health center clinic. Two researchers conducted qualitative content analysis on interview transcripts. Initial coding of transcripts identified broad categories or themes. The process was reviewed continuously to verify data and coding procedures. Three investigators independently verified final themes and subthemes. Participants (N=25) were female, between 30–49 years of age (68%), had received some college education (60%), and were fully employed (68%). Major themes included: 1) Perceptions of family EP and current behaviors, 2) Barriers and challenges to family EP, and 3) Perspectives on strategies to improve family EP. Subthemes included risk perception for emergencies; family EP practices; health protection and pandemic preparedness; lack of knowledge and experience; social, cultural and economic barriers; and clinic-based, technology-driven, and community-based interventions. Factors impeding access to healthcare services also impede family EP among IPP groups and their ability to mitigate the impact of future public health emergencies. Targeted, innovative interventions, including ones led by health clinics and those that utilize technology, are needed to overcome common barriers faced and to facilitate the uptake of household EP behaviors among IPP families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Play spaces are important components of paediatric healthcare environments. They provide children with critical opportunities to experience the social, emotional, and developmental benefits of play while in healthcare settings for appointments or hospitalizations. These spaces can help to mitigate stress, provide a sense of normalcy in unfamiliar environments, and facilitate social engagement for children and their families. Given the benefits of play spaces in paediatric healthcare settings, it is important to understand how these spaces can be designed to enhance children's inclusion and quality of care. The aim of this scoping review was to explore the current understanding of paediatric play space design. Using search terms related to children, health care, and play space, six interdisciplinary databases were searched over a 30-year period. The search found 2,533 records from which eighteen were included for review. Findings suggest that although it is well-documented that play spaces offer valuable social and emotional benefits, little is known about the specific design features that can and should be incorporated to enhance play opportunities and ensure that they benefit all children and families. Further, the literature mostly considers play spaces in the context of designated play or recreational rooms. Scholars are encouraged to consider how play opportunities can be incorporated into the designs of paediatric healthcare environments beyond the boundaries of these rooms. Future studies should also consider the diversity of play space users, including children of varying ages and abilities, to create more accessible and inclusive paediatric play spaces for children and their families. Advancing knowledge on play space design can help to optimize the quality of these important spaces and to ensure their designs meaningfully enhance children's play experiences and quality of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sexual imagination hypothesis predicts that gender differences in jealousy emerge from the differences in explicit imagination between men and women. In particular, men strongly respond to partners' sexual infidelity because they can imagine sexual stimuli explicitly. In contrast, women strongly respond to emotional infidelity because they can effortlessly envision emotional infidelity. We hypothesised that higher sexual and romantic imaginations were associated with greater distress over partners' sexual and emotional infidelity, respectively. Participants (226 women and 135 men) answered questions regarding experiences with personal sexual and emotional infidelity and the degree of distress they felt over their partners' sexual and emotional infidelity. They completed the scales for sexual and romantic imaginations. Multiple regression analyses showed that the sexual imagination hypothesis provided a unique explanation for gender differences in jealousy beyond the effects of gender, including relationship experience and experiences with personal sexual and emotional infidelity. Additionally, individuals with relationship experience and experiences with personal sexual and emotional infidelity reported higher sexual and romantic imaginations than those without such experiences. Furthermore, our findings imply that responses to partners' infidelity, considering gender, are more similar than different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the attitudes of speech-language pathology--related specialists (SPs) and speech-language pathology (SLP) students toward stuttering. Furthermore, we identified the factors that influence changes in the attitudes of SLP students and SPs in various countries. Method: Using a search formula, the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were used to conduct primary and secondary screening for analysis. All previous studies included in the systematic review focused on SPs or SLP students and were published in English. Studies were collected and screened independently by the first and second authors and then discussed between them. Twenty-two studies with varying research designs and sample sizes were included in the systematic review. Finally, information on authors, publishing year, participant, country or region, assessment materials, and the results were extracted and organized before analysis. Results: Twenty-two articles from eight countries and one region (Middle East) were extracted. The results showed that SLP students and SPs in different countries have different attitudes toward stuttering depending on their education, experience, geographic location, cultural status, and societal development, but stereotypes of people who stutter (PWS) persist (e.g., nervous), and the attitudes toward the clinics appear to be more negative in Western countries. Conclusions: Negative attitudes toward PWS remain among both SLP students and SPs. Thus, the factors that may influence the attitudes of SLP students and SPs should be taken into account in academic and clinical education in fluency disorders, and the education content must be structured to improve the quality of education and the attitude toward PWS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Suicide is a major public health crisis among youth. Several prominent theories, including the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide (IPTS), aim to characterize the factors leading from suicide ideation to action. These theories are largely based on findings in adults and require testing and elaboration in adolescents. Methods: Data were examined from high‐risk 13–18‐year‐old adolescents (N = 167) participating in a multi‐wave, longitudinal study; 63% of the sample exhibited current suicidal thoughts or recent behaviors (n = 105). The study included a 6‐month follow‐up period with clinical interviews and self‐report measures at each of the four assessments as well as weekly smartphone‐based assessments of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Regression and structural equation models were used to probe hypotheses related to the core tenets of the IPTS. Results: Feelings of perceived burdensomeness were associated with more severe self‐reported suicidal ideation (b = 0.58, t(158) = 7.64, p <.001). Similarly, burdensomeness was associated with more frequent ideation based on weekly smartphone ratings (b = 0.11, t(1460) = 3.41, p <.001). Contrary to IPTS hypotheses, neither feelings of thwarted belongingness, nor interactions between burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were significantly associated with ideation (ps >.05). Only elevated depression severity was associated with greater odds of suicide events (i.e., suicide attempts, psychiatric hospitalizations, and/or emergency department visits for suicide concerns) during the follow‐up period (OR = 1.83, t(158) = 2.44, p =.01). No effect of acquired capability was found. Conclusions: Perceptions of burdensomeness to others reflect a critical risk factor for suicidal ideation among high‐risk adolescents. Null findings with other IPTS constructs may suggest a need to adopt more developmentally sensitive models or measures of interpersonal and acquired capability risk factors for youth. Refining methods and theoretical models of suicide risk may help improve the identification of high‐risk cases and inform clinical intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Among adolescents, disinhibited eating and anxiety commonly co‐occur. Precision intervention approaches targeting unique mechanistic vulnerabilities that contribute to disinhibited eating and anxiety may therefore be helpful. However, the effectiveness of such interventions hinges on knowledge of between‐ and within‐person associations related to disinhibited eating, anxiety, and related processes. Method: A sample of 39 adolescent females (12–17 years) with elevated anxiety and above‐average weight (BMI %ile ≥ 75th) completed measures of theoretically driven social and cognitive‐behavioral variables, disinhibited eating, and anxiety via ecological momentary assessment over 7 days. Data were analyzed using mixed‐effects models. Results: Between‐person differences in social stressors were linked to emotional eating, eating in the absence of hunger, and anxiety, whereas between‐person differences in negative thoughts were associated with all disinhibited eating variables and anxiety. Between‐person differences in avoidance were not related to any outcome. Additionally, between‐person differences in social stressors and negative thoughts—as well as within‐person deviations (from person‐average levels) of social stressors, negative thoughts, and avoidance—were associated with anxiety. In turn, between‐person differences in anxiety predicted eating in the absence of hunger and emotional eating, and within‐person deviations in anxiety were associated with emotional eating at any given time point. Discussion: Findings support elements of both the interpersonal and cognitive‐behavioral models of disinhibited eating. Differential trigger effects on anxiety, both at the between‐ and within‐person levels, and significant associations between anxiety and all eating‐related outcomes, highlight the potential utility of interventions targeting individual differences in sensitivity to anxiety triggers. Public Significance: Findings provide support for the interpersonal and cognitive‐behavioral models of disinhibited eating, highlighting anxiety as a salient vulnerability and potential mechanistic factor underlying disinhibited eating. Social, cognitive, and behavioral variables were differentially related to anxiety across participants, suggesting potential for future intervention tailoring and intervention selection based on adolescents' sensitivity to anxiety as a trigger for disinhibited eating behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squamous cell carcinoma oral cavity cancers (SCCOCCs) have a higher reported incidence in South Asian countries. We sought to compare presenting stage and outcome by ethnicity in patients with SCCOCC treated with radical radiotherapy in a single centre in the UK. All patients with SCCOCC treated with radical radiotherapy at an oncology department in Leicester (UK) between 2011 and 2017 were identified. Baseline demographic, clinical data and 2-year treatment outcomes were reported. Of the 109 patients included, 40 were South Asian and 59 were non-South Asian. South Asians had significantly poorer 2-year disease-free survival compared with non-South Asians (54.6% versus 73%, P = 0.01). Our analysis suggests that South Asians with SCCOCC have poorer outcomes despite a younger age and similar disease characteristics. Environmental, social factors and differing biology of disease may be responsible and further research is required to inform targeted interventions. • Leicester is a 'super-diverse' city with a South Asian majority population. • The mortality rate for oral cavity cancer in Leicester is above average for England. • South Asians in Leicester are more likely to live in a deprived area. • South Asians with oral cavity cancers have poorer outcomes. • Environmental, social factors and biology of disease may account for this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We explored whether a patient’s psychosocial background before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) could predict the occurrence of psychiatric symptoms during treatment and after hospital discharge. Method: Logistic regression analysis was performed using INTERMED, a scale that comprehensively evaluates psychological factors such as psychiatric history, current mental status, and coping skills, and social factors such as social participation status, relationships with others, and living environment, which were used as independent variables. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale was used to measure depression, while the Profile of Mood States was used to measure anxiety and other symptoms. Both measures were used as dependent variables and were administered upon clean room admission, during clean room stay, at clean room discharge, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after hospital discharge. Results: Participants included 70 patients (45 males and 25 females, mean age 53.3 ± 12.3 years). Thirty-eight patients participated in the program for the entire period, up to 12 months after hospital discharge. The total score on the Japanese version of the INTERMED and psychological factor scores assessed at baseline were significant predictors of depressed mood on discharge; however, there were no significant predictors of scores on the Profile of Mood States. Conclusions: A comprehensive pretransplant evaluation of psychosocial background can help predict the appearance of psychiatric symptoms after allo-HSCT. In patients who are expected to develop psychiatric symptoms after allo-HSCT, it is important to consider early intervention by a specialist and close monitoring by a medical team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social adaptation is a multifaceted process that encompasses cognitive, social, and affective factors. Previous research often focused on isolated variables, overlooking their interactions, especially in challenging environments. Our study addresses this by investigating how cognitive (working memory, verbal intelligence, self-regulation), social (affective empathy, family networks, loneliness), and psychological (locus of control, self-esteem, perceived stress) factors interact to influence social adaptation. Methods: We analyzed data from 254 adults (55% female) aged 18 to 46 in economically vulnerable households in Santiago, Chile. We used Latent profile analysis (LPA) and machine learning to uncover distinct patters of socioadaptive features and identify the most discriminating features. Results: LPA showed two distinct psychosocial adaptation profiles: one characterized by effective psychosocial adaptation and another by poor psychosocial adaptation. The adaptive profile featured individuals with strong emotional, cognitive, and behavioral self-regulation, an internal locus of control, high self-esteem, lower stress levels, reduced affective empathy, robust family support, and decreased loneliness. Conversely, the poorly adapted profile exhibited the opposite traits. Machine learning pinpointed six key differentiating factors in various adaptation pathways within the same vulnerable context: high self-esteem, cognitive and behavioral self-regulation, low stress levels, higher education, and increased social support. Discussion: This research carries significant policy implications, highlighting the need to reinforce protective factors and psychological resources, such as selfesteem, self-regulation, and education, to foster effective adaptation in adversity. Additionally, we identified critical risk factors impacting social adaptation in vulnerable populations, advancing our understanding of this intricate phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social determinants of health (SDOH)—education, transportation, housing, employment, health systems and services, economic status, and physical and social environments—influence patient outcomes; therefore, athletic trainers (ATs) need to understand and address these factors. However, little is known about how ATs perceive SDOH or how knowledgeable they are about social factors that contribute to patient health and well-being. To evaluate ATs' familiarity and comfort with SDOH and their perceived knowledge and recognition of SDOH. Cross-sectional study. Online survey. Our survey was distributed to 17 000 ATs; 1829 accessed it (access rate = 10.8%), and 1694 completed it (completion rate = 92.6%, AT experience = 15.2 ± 10.6 years, age = 36.6 ± 10.8 years). The survey included multipart questions that evaluated ATs' perceptions of their familiarity, comfort, and knowledge about SDOH. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. Few respondents (4.1%, 70/1691) reported being extremely familiar with SDOH. Most indicated being moderately familiar (45.0%, 761/1691), minimally familiar (34.7%, 587/1691), or not familiar at all (16.1%, 273/1691). For questions about comfort, few described being extremely comfortable (3.5%, 59/1691) with SDOH, and most reported being moderately comfortable (35.4%, 598/1691), minimally comfortable (41.1%, 695/1691), or not comfortable at all (18.6%, 314/1691). For questions about knowledge, few indicated being extremely knowledgeable (2.7%, 46/1686) about SDOH, and the majority described being moderately (36.8%, 622/1686), minimally (41.8%, 704/1686), or not knowledgeable at all (18.6%, 314/1686). Over half of ATs accurately categorized 8 of the 9 SDOH listed in the survey, and 22% endorsed more correct than incorrect items. A majority of ATs perceived their familiarity, comfort, and knowledge about SDOH to be moderate to low, which may reflect the relatively recent emphasis on SDOH in athletic health care. Because SDOH can have a major effect on patient health and well-being, strategies should be developed for educating ATs about SDOH. Developing strategies to increase comfort with SDOH in patient care is critical to ensure that those factors that can be addressed at the patient level are identified and managed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community Health Worker (CHW) home visits are central to primary care provision in São Paulo, Brazil. Yet CHWs receive little training prior to conducting these visits. In the neighborhood where I conducted ethnographic fieldwork, nearly half of patients were immigrants to Brazil, adding a layer of sociocultural and linguistic difference. I thus investigated how interactions between CHWs and patients unfolded and were shaped by cultural processes. Analyzing fieldnotes and interview data, I found that CHWs cherished relationships with older adult Portuguese-speaking patients, while expressing exasperation and even disgust with more recent immigrants and patients living with stigmatized health conditions. The cultural processes of recognition and stigma shaped CHWs' perceptions of and interactions with patients. I ground these analyses in the history of state-sponsored discourse linking immigrants with poor hygiene, concluding that home visits deserve greater scrutiny as a public health tool that may increase access to care at the expense of health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: As individuals age, their sleep patterns change, and sleep disturbances can increase the risk of dementia. Poor sleep quality can be a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Epidemiological studies show a connection between sleep quality and cognitive changes, with brain imaging revealing grey matter volume reduction and amyloid beta accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. However, most research has focused on Europeans, with little attention to other ethnic groups. Methods: This is a cross sectional study comparing effects across countries and ethnicities. Group 1 (n = 193) will be Indians residing in India (new participant recruitment), Group 2 will be South Asians residing in UK and group 3 will be Europeans residing in the UK. For group 2 and 3 (n = 193), data already collected by UK-based Southall and Brent REvisited (SABRE) tri-ethnic study will be used. For group 1, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI) will be used for assessment of sleep quality, Indian Council of Medical Research (Neurocognitive ToolBox) (ICMR-NCTB) for cognition testing and a 3 T MRI cerebral scan for brain morphometry. The data will be compared to sleep, cognitive function and brain MRI parameters from SABRE. Discussion: Racial and ethnic differences can impact the relationships of cognitive function, sleep quality and brain structure in older adults. Earlier studies have highlighted higher prevalence of poor sleep among black individuals compared to white individuals. Genetic or epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to these variations. Socio-cultural and environmental factors, such as neighbourhood, migration, lifestyle, stress and perceived discrimination may influence sleep patterns. The aim of the study is to examine the ethnogeographic variations in sleep quality, cognitive performance and brain morphometry among Indians living in India, and South Asians and Europeans residing in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This article conceptually examined the need for and utility of community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches for increasing rates of engagement in psychological research among underserved minoritized ethnoracial groups. Methods: This article examined the literature for relevant studies examining rates of research engagement by minoritized ethnoracial groups, significant factors precluding research engagement, and the consequences of this disparity for mental health outcomes. The theoretical literature outlining the development and utility of alternative, community-based participatory research methods was included. Key features of CBPR were examined along with limitations of current approaches. A case study example of CBPR is provided. Results: The use of CBPR approaches has been documented to improve health outcomes, reduce stigma toward mental health research and treatment, and build the professional capacity of community partners, particularly among minoritized ethnoracial groups. Conclusions and Implications for Practice: CBPR engagement practices are a means of reducing the mental health research gap for ethnic and racial minoritized groups. The use of such approaches in future research and practice will directly inform how existing psychological treatments may be modified per the needs of the patient, address long standing issues of cultural mistrust toward professional institutions, and reduce mental health stigma in underserved communities. Impact and Implications: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) practices are a demonstrated means of increasing research engagement among minoritized ethnoracial groups. CBPR approaches address longstanding issues of cultural mistrust and mental health stigma among these populations as well as historical mistreatment of underserved communities by professional entities. Community-based work academically informs better practices while increasing community efficacy and capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the psychological well-being (PWB) of university staff and factors that influence it is critical for developing intervention programs that promote PWB and enhance productivity and worker engagement. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the level of PWB in university staff and identify personal, social, and workplace environmental factors related to their PWB. Methods: A cross-sectional, correlational study design was used. A convenience sample of university staff was recruited from two universities in Texas. Participants completed an online questionnaire, which included Ryff's PWB scale to measure PWB, along with questions related to personal, social, and workplace factors. Hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyze the influence of these factors on the PWB of university staff. Results: The PWB of university staff (n = 202) was significantly influenced by personal factors (i.e., race and perceived mental health status), social factors (i.e., social support of friends), and workplace environmental factors (i.e., physical demands). Conclusion/Application to Practice: To effectively promote PWB among university staff, occupational health nurses should proactively track and monitor their PWB. Policies and interventions should consider the various personal, social, and workplace environment factors identified in this study, such as mental health, social support resources, and physical demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Engagement in before-school physical activity can potentially enhance health and learning-related outcomes for children and adolescents. However, influencing factors and stakeholder perceptions of before-school physical activity remain under-researched. This qualitative study aimed to examine stakeholder perceptions of: a) the suitability of the before-school segment for physical activity, b) barriers and facilitators associated with before-school physical activity, and c) strategies for schools to support before-school physical activity. Methods: Twelve focus groups and one interview were conducted with 38 participants from a range of school stakeholder groups—students, parents, teachers, school leaders, external physical activity providers, and school health and physical activity experts. Focus groups were analysed using template analysis, guided by a social-ecological model. Results: Stakeholders perceived before-school physical activity as valuable, for reasons including perceptions of meaningful contributions to students' cognitive functioning, classroom behaviours, and wellbeing. Factors influencing before-school physical activity were identified across multiple social-ecological levels, including the critical role of school leadership support, availability of facilities, and provision of qualified supervision. Proposed strategies highlighted the need for sustainable design, contextual relevance, and community engagement in before-school initiatives. Additionally, communication of the manifold benefits identified by stakeholders was suggested as a means to drive support and engagement in before-school physical activity. Conclusions: This study provides insight for schools seeking to enhance opportunities for physical activity in the before-school hours and may inform future intervention research on the subject, taking into account its multi-faceted influences and the need for context-specific strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, people have reported nonordinary experiences (NOEs) such as feelings of oneness with the universe and hearing voices. Although these experiences form the basis of several spiritual and religious traditions, experiencing NOEs may create stress and uncertainty among those who experience such events. To provide a more systematic overview of the research linking NOEs with mental health, we present a systematic review of studies focusing on NOEs, well-being and mental health indicators. In a search of ProQuest and PsycInfo, we identified 725 references, of which 157 reported empirical data and were included in our review. Overall, the studies reviewed suggest that the relationship between NOEs and mental health is complex, varying according to a series of psychological and social factors. In particular, they suggest that appraisal processes play a fundamental role in the mental health outcomes of these experiences. However, we also highlight important methodological challenges such as the conceptual overlap between NOEs and well-being or psychopathological constructs, the conflation between experiences and appraisal processes in the assessment procedure, and the need for clearer assessment of the duration, controllability, impact on daily functioning and general context of the experiences. We provide a qualitative summary of empirical evidence and main themes of research and make recommendations for future investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their importance to the research enterprise, doctoral students are an underexamined population in higher education. Several studies have emphasized the importance of psychosocial characteristics in academic success and scholarly identity formation. However, few studies have explored their developmental trajectories across a range of disciplines to give an overall perspective of the scholarly identity formation process and its nuances. We argue that doctoral education is a socialization process that, if successful, helps doctoral students to develop a disciplinary identity. We propose that this identity development process is mediated by how students internalize their socialization experiences. Therefore, we integrate concepts from self-determination and identity development theory into socialization theory. Using a three-year longitudinal sample at a single institution (n = 1264), we identify doctoral students' developmental trajectories in perceptions of competence, autonomy, relatedness, knowledge, and recognition. We identify six different developmental groups according to baseline levels and developmental trajectories during the first two years of doctoral studies. Further, we find that sex, family income background, and anticipatory socialization experiences are associated with membership in these groups. Lastly, we observe that these trajectories are associated with socialization outcomes. Findings highlight a non-monolithic socialization process that calls for a systematic approach to measure these psychosocial characteristics over time. Implications for theory, research, and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a global health problem. At the community level, bacterial resistance has been linked to antibiotic misuse practices. These practices are related to social factors such as education level, poverty, ethnicity, and use of traditional medicine. Through a survey, this study aims to analyse the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of antimicrobial use, in an indigenous community in the south of Oaxaca, Mexico. It was observed that the population had a low socioeconomic profile, poor access to healthcare services, low academic level, little knowledge of antibiotics, the use of traditional medicine, and proper attitudes and practices regarding antibiotics use. Therefore, social factors are related to bacterial resistance only if they make the population prone to the use of antimicrobials. Lack of medical access and cultural factors drives this population to use ancestral alternatives such traditional medicine to treat conditions that in other contexts could be treated with antibiotics. This is an example of how the population can reduce the consumption of antimicrobials in infections if they have a reliable alternative that improves their symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The sociopolitical context in which transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) people live has significant effects on mental health. We examined whether perceptions of context (TGD people's perceptions of how TGD people were viewed) differed across four United States (U.S.) states and associations with mental health and identity pride, the mediational effects of minority stressors, and potential buffering effects of resilience. Methods: TGD individuals in Oregon, Michigan, Nebraska, and Tennessee (n=158; ages 19–70, mean=33.06) completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of how TGD people were viewed in their local area and in the U.S., as well as scales assessing minority stressors, pride, resilience, and mental health. Data were collected during Fall 2019 to Spring 2020. Results: Oregon participants viewed perceptions in their state the most positively, with no state-level differences in terms of broader U.S. perceptions. Tennessee participants experienced more expectations of rejection; however, there were no differences across the states in other minority stress variables, identity pride, resilience, or mental health. Participants who viewed their area as having more negative views of TGD people reported higher levels of discrimination, expectations of negative events, internalized stigma, and anxiety, as well as less pride. The effects of perceptions of local context on mental health were partially explained by enacted stigma and internalized stigma. Resilience did not buffer the effects of perceptions of the local context on mental health or pride. Conclusion: Context is important to shaping exposure to minority stressors and mental health, potentially through increasing enacted and internalized stigma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to synthesise the psychosocial stressors of siblings of people with experiences of psychosis (SOPEP). Understanding the specific needs of siblings across diverse cultures would help mental health services to provide culturally specific psychosocial family and sibling‐centred support. This may result in improved relationships between families, better psychosocial well‐being for siblings and better outcomes for patients. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted to explore the psychosocial stressors of SOPEP. Six databases were utilised to identify literature using qualitative methodology. Results: Twenty‐two studies were included that investigated the Psychosocial Stressors of SOPEP. SOPEP's experiences were influenced by various stages: individual factors, social factors, physical and macro‐level environments. Six key components contributed to SOPEP's psychosocial stressors and facilitated or hindered their intentions, behaviours and experiences of caregiving. These were the SOPEP's beliefs about psychosis, caregiving beliefs, family and cultural values, personality traits, pragmatic challenges and access to resources. Conclusions: Globally, SOPEP and families may benefit from their involvement in family interventions and individual support that facilitates caregiving and acknowledges their responsibilities, resources, psychosocial needs and emotional experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to identify social, psychological, and contextual factors that influenced attendance at routine oral health visits in a cohort of 189 preschool children who were followed over a 2-year period. Methods: Generalized estimating equation was used to examine the association between clinic attendance and the predictors. ORs and 95% CIs were reported in the multiple logistic regression models. The study was conducted in Rochester, New York, between February 2016 and February 2021. Results: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic declaration, the rate of canceled and no-show appointments was greater for routine clinic visits (20% and 24%, respectively) than for research visits (14% and 9%, respectively) for the same participants; these rates increased during the pandemic. After adjusting for sociodemographic factors, the likelihood of a canceled or no-show appointment was associated with parental depression (OR=1.06, CI=1.03, 1.09), regardless of the type or occurrence of the visit. Conclusions: Findings from this study demonstrate that attendance to oral health care in young children is reliably reduced with parental depression and that this may provide one mechanism for early emerging health inequalities of oral health.

This editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Psychology explores the social determinants and psychosocial factors that influence health outcomes. It emphasizes the importance of addressing social conditions such as working conditions, income level, and access to education in order to improve health. The editorial also discusses the impact of social factors on health and well-being, including gender, ethnicity, family, and culture. The findings provide valuable insights for families, patients, healthcare professionals, and policymakers. Additionally, a study mentioned in the editorial focuses on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health and caregiver burden of informal caregivers in Germany, revealing gender differences in psychological distress and caregiver burden. This highlights the need for targeted support and interventions for female caregivers during the pandemic. [Extracted from the article]

Background: There is evidence of Indigenous and ethnic minority inequities in the incidence and outcomes of early psychosis. Racism has been implicated as having an important role. Aim: To use Indigenous experiences to develop a more detailed understanding of how racism operates to impact early psychosis outcomes. Methods: Critical Race Theory informed the methodology used. Twenty-three Indigenous participants participated in four family focus group interviews and thirteen individual interviews, comprising of 9 Māori youth with early psychosis, 10 family members and 4 Māori mental health professionals. An analysis of the data was undertaken using deductive structural coding to identify descriptions of racism, followed by inductive descriptive and pattern coding. Results: Participant experiences revealed how racism operates as a socio-cultural phenomenon that interacts with institutional policy and culture across systems pertaining to social responsiveness, risk discourse, and mental health service structures. This is described across three major themes: 1) selective responses based on racial stereotypes, 2) race related risk assessment bias and 3) institutional racism in the mental health workforce. The impacts of racism were reported as inaction in the face of social need, increased use of coercive practices and an under resourced Indigenous mental health workforce. Conclusion: The study illustrated the inter-related nature of interpersonal, institutional and structural racism with examples of interpersonal racism in the form of negative stereotypes interacting with organizational, socio-cultural and political priorities. These findings indicate that organizational cultures may differentially impact Indigenous and minority people and that social responsiveness, risk discourse and the distribution of workforce expenditure are important targets for anti-racism efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This primary care study examined time trends in the incidence of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) in the Netherlands across four decades. Methods: A nationwide network of general practitioners, serving approximately 1% of the total Dutch population, recorded newly diagnosed patients with AN and BN in their practices from 1985 to 2019 (2,890,978 person‐years). DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria were consistently used and the same psychiatrist was responsible for the final diagnostic decision. Incidence rates (IRs) were calculated for: the total population (all ages), females overall, and females per 5‐year age category. Time trends in IRs were analyzed using JoinPoint regression analyses. Results: In four decades, the incidence of AN among 10‐ to 14‐year‐old females increased significantly from 8.6 to 38.6 per 100,000 person‐years (average period percentage change [APPC] = 56.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.5–130.6. The overall incidence of AN was stable, with IRs ranging from 6.0 (95% CI = 4.3–8.1) to 8.4 (95% CI = 6.4–10.8). The IR of BN decreased significantly from 8.7 (95% CI = 6.7–11.0) to 3.2 (95% CI = 2.0–4.9) in the 2000s, before leveling off in the 2010s (IR 3.2; 95% CI = 2.0–4.8). Discussion: The incidence of AN among 10‐ to 14‐year‐old girls increased significantly over four decades. Both biological and sociocultural factors, for example, early pubertal timing and the impact of social media, might explain this. In other age groups and overall, the incidence of AN remained stable. The significant decrease of the incidence of BN in the previous decades halted in the last decade. Public Significance: An important finding of the present study is that for 10‐ to 14‐year‐old girls, the risk for developing anorexia nervosa has increased significantly over 40 years. More healthcare facilities for younger people are needed, and prevention programs could include social media use. For bulimia nervosa, the general decrease in the occurrence of new cases has halted in the 2010s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To identify the barriers associated with inadequate antenatal attendance by disadvantaged women in Australia and to further explore how these barriers are experienced by this population group. Design: A qualitative descriptive study utilizing semi‐structured interviews and thematic analysis. Methods: Interviews were conducted with 11 pregnant women who self‐identified as experiencing disadvantage, purposively sampled from a local government area of Victoria, Australia, characterized by socio‐economic disadvantage. Data were collected from February to July 2019. Results: Study participants reported a range of barriers to receiving timely and adequate antenatal care (ANC). For several women, a combination of personal (e.g., emotions, knowledge), health service provision (e.g., limited access to continuity of care provider and continuity of information, inflexible scheduling, difficulty travelling, staff attitudes), and broader social‐contextual factors (e.g., financial situation, language, cultural norms) were ultimately insurmountable. Whereas some barriers were experienced as hassles or annoyances, others were unacceptable, overwhelming, or humiliating. Conclusion: Women experiencing disadvantage in Australia value ANC but face multiple and complex barriers that undermine timely and regular access. Implications for the Profession and/Patient Care: A wide range of strategies targeting barriers across multiple levels of the social‐ecological environment are required if ANC attendance rates are to improve and ultimately redress existing health disparities. Various continuity of care models are well‐placed to address many of the identified barriers and should be made more accessible to women, and particularly those women experiencing disadvantage. Impact: Antenatal care appointments promote the health of women and their babies during pregnancy, but for many women, particularly those experiencing disadvantage, access is delayed or inadequate. ANC providers play a critical role in facilitating timely and adequate care. Health service practitioners and management, and health services policymakers need to understand the complexity of the barriers women encounter. These stakeholders can utilize the findings reported herein to develop more effective strategies for overcoming multiple and multi‐level barriers. Reporting Method: The study is reported in accordance with the relevant EQUATOR guidelines: the standards for reporting qualitative research (SRQR) and consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ). Patient or Public Contribution: No patient or public contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to analyse the psychological and pedagogical support technologies for children with anxiety manifestations in the educational process. Research methods: theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalisation of scientific literature on the studied issue); empirical (conversation, identification and development), comparison, test: methods for determining the anxiety level as personal property and as a state; assessment of anxiety manifestations; diagnostics of social intelligence; assessments of social and communicative competence to identify the ability to cooperate, conduct discussions, and perceive criticism; mathematical-statistical and interpretive (analysis, synthesis, systematisation of the data obtained for their visual display). Based on the selected programme of empirical research and selected empirical indicators, the features of the influence that anxiety has on children's social intelligence development were studied as a percentage. As a result, different children have different depths and intensities of emotions and these characteristics depend on physiological, psychological, and social factors. The practical value of the study is determined by the fact that the results obtained can be used by specialised professionals to complement their own research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School Refusal Behaviours (SRBs) is potentially a risk factor for students' academic and mental wellbeing. Effective management of SRBs demands that the heterogeneity of underlying motives/reasons for refusing school among students are taken into consideration. Yet there is inadequate empirical findings on the SRBs profiles and the SRBs risk and protective psychosocial factors among the Nigerian adolescent. Anchored on the bio-ecological agency framework, we aimed to identify SRBs profiles among Nigerian adolescents by employing a person-centered approach, as well as to determine how students in the identified profiles differed on risk and protective psychological/social factors. Using a cross-sectional research design, we surveyed a total of 539 (48.4% = male; 51.6% = female) adolescent students in secondary schools in Anambra State. We used the latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify four profiles among our population: moderate SRB profile, low SRB profile, mixed SRB profile, and high SRB Profile. Regarding the outcome variables, significant differences existed on students' test anxiety, perceived parent, teacher, classmate supports, and demanding parenting styles. We concluded that adolescents who reported SRBs are not monolithic, and that students who reported higher SBRs could be affected by multiple factors. Our finding is significant given the fact that it points to the need to take into consideration multiple factors in mounting intervention programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ubuntu was recently adopted as the first theme for the 2020–2030 global agenda for social work, and yet little research is available to explore how it is transmitted and implemented in communities. The authors present findings of a qualitative study conducted in an academic setting in South Africa, where the transmission of Ubuntu was discussed among 30 young adult 'born frees'. Students seemed to embrace principles of Ubuntu as a whole; however, economic, social and cultural strains are documented as obstacles to its pragmatic application. Implications of community engagement through service learning as a means of strengthening Ubuntu are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little research has attempted to simultaneously understand the myriad of social factors that might amplify or mitigate alcohol misuse patterns among persons experiencing homelessness. Using a sample of homeless adults in Northwest Arkansas (n = 168), the current study explores the role of social vulnerabilities, individual risks, and social and psychological resources on a history of self-reported problematic alcohol use. A series of ordinary least squares regressions were used to model relationships between social vulnerabilities, individual risks, social and psychological resources, and a history of problematic alcohol use. Findings support the notion that social vulnerabilities and individual risks were associated with problematic alcohol use histories. In particular, homeless individuals that were older, male, experiencing recent incarceration, and reported suicidal ideation were more likely to report a higher incidence of a history of problematic alcohol use. We find no evidence that social and psychological resources mitigated problematic alcohol use histories. The study partially corroborates prior evidence of demographic and psychosocial factors associated with understanding the history of problematic alcohol use among persons experiencing homelessness. However, these findings differ measurably with regards to social connectedness, mastery, and an expression of spirituality not being associated with problematic alcohol use histories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision of the Ministry of Health to convert many hospitals in the country from general hospitals to hospitals dedicated in treating covid-19 resulted in the deterioration of the health of the chronically ill. As a result, the access to health units of patients with chronic deceases was affected, which led to neglected early diagnosis and insufficient access to the appropriate medication. The abovementioned parameters, in combination with the fear of exposure to Covid-19, led to reduced hospitalization of these patients and furthermore, to the negative development of their health. The pandemic imprint on people with severe mental disorders has been crucial. In bipolar disorder which is one of the many categories of mental disorders there are political, economic, social and technological factors that are vital and affect the management of this chronic disease. Thus, the situation created the urgent need to immediately reorganize a network of Primary Health Care, as the first point of contact of the patient with the health care system. As a service unit of P.RC. for the mentally ill, the Peristeri Mental Health Center, can provide the first stage of treatment for patients with bipolar decease. This could be achieved by setting goals such as the creation of mobile units, telepsychiatry and conducting training seminars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Loneliness is described as a public health problem and can be both a consequence of aging and a cause of ill health. Lonely older adults tend to have difficulties making new social connections, essential in reducing loneliness. Loneliness often varies over time, but established loneliness tends to persist. Maintaining good health is fundamental throughout the life course. Social connections change with aging, which can contribute to loneliness. Aim: This study aimed to investigate loneliness in relation to social factors and self-reported health among older adults. Method: A cross-sectional research design was used based on data from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care, Blekinge (SNAC-B), from February 2019 to April 2021. Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive and inferential analysis. Results: Of n = 394 participants, 31.7% (n = 125) stated loneliness. Close emotional connections were necessary for less loneliness. Loneliness was more common among those who did not live with their spouse or partner and met more rarely. Furthermore, seeing grandchildren and neighbors less often increased loneliness, and a more extensive social network decreased loneliness. Conclusion: This study underlined the importance of social connections and having someone to share a close, emotional connection with to reduce loneliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working students face various difficulties in managing their academic and professional lives simultaneously, leading to work-school conflicts. One potential factor that can alleviate this conflict is the psychosocial safety climate in the work environment. This study aims to explore the relationship between psychosocial safety climate and work-school conflict among working students. Data were collected from 108 participants using the PSC-12 and WSC scales administered through a Google Form, with participants chosen through convenience sampling. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis tests, revealing that psychosocial safety climate significantly predicts work-school conflict (R2 = 0.067, p = .007, p < 0.05). Notably, aspects of management support and commitment played the most significant role in predicting work-school conflict in working students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION There is a paucity of studies on e-cigarette use among adults with chronic lung disease. In the present study, we aimed to assess whether psychosocial or cognitive factors elucidate the relationship between chronic lung disease (CLD) and susceptibility to e-cigarette use and whether the relationship between CLD and e-cigarette use is conditional on the presence of respiratory symptoms. METHODS We recruited adults aged ≥18 years in Alabama with CLD from university medical clinics (n=140) and individuals without CLD (n=123 as a reference group). Information on sociodemographics, susceptibility to e-cigarette use, psychosocial factors, and cognitive factors were collected. Mediation analysis was used to assess whether the psychosocial factors or cognitive factors explained the association between CLD and susceptibility to using e-cigarettes, and moderation analysis was conducted to determine if respiratory factors would change the association between CLD and susceptibility to e-cigarette use. RESULTS Psychosocial factors (stress, depression, anxiety) and e-cigarette positive expectancy were notably high among individuals with CLD. Having CLD was associated with a lower likelihood of susceptibility to e-cigarette use. Higher levels of stress, being a smoker, boredom, taste/sensorimotor manipulation, and social facilitation were associated with higher odds of susceptibility to using e-cigarettes among individuals with CLD. Mediation analysis indicated a statistically significant indirect effect of CLD on the susceptibility to using e-cigarettes through stress and boredom reduction. We did not find a statistically significant interaction between CLD and respiratory symptoms affecting susceptibility to using e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with CLD often exhibit stress, depression, and a positive view of e-cigarettes but are generally less inclined to use them. Stress, smoking habits, boredom, taste, and social influence can increase their susceptibility to e-cigarette use. Our findings call for further exploration to evaluate the temporal relationship between CLD status, psychosocial factors, cognitive factors, and susceptibility to using e-cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this issue of Generations Journal, senior gerontologists describe their professional odysseys, mapping a complex landscape of personal, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors in the gerontology field. As the gerontologists age, their professional narratives are interwoven with autobiography. We are a group of emerging scholars who looked to this issue as a map of the field. We drew connections between our experiences and those of the senior scholars and found a common principle of proximity to study and describe aging, including multidisciplinary perspectives, closeness to our communities, and shared empathy across life stages--all of which are essential to gerontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Italian anti-institutional psychiatric movement is closely associated with the name of F. Basaglia, whom Szasz in his 188-page essay on antipsychiatry labels a 'real phony' (in similar terms to others considered antipsychiatrists such as D. Cooper, R. Laing, E. Goffman and M. Foucault). Specifically, Szasz says of Basaglia and his work in psychiatry that it's a 'prevarication-illusion about the end of asylum psychiatry in Italy'. Aim/objective: The aim of this paper is to determine whether Szasz's assessments were reliably based on scholarly knowledge of Basaglia's psychiatric work, or can better be attributed to Szasz's misrepresentation of his Italian colleague. Methods: In considering this question, the paper is timely but, more importantly, it is also unique in considering Basaglia and Szasz together. It is beyond the scope of this article to examine Basaglia's career in detail, and references to it will be made only to clarify Szasz's assertions regarding Basaglia. Results and conclusions: As I will show here, Szasz misconstrued the Basaglian project for a new kind of psychiatry, and for the transformation and closure of the old asylum system. This erroneous view of Basaglia by Szasz is partly associated with his idea that Basaglia and other antipsychiatrists were supported by the modern socialist-therapeutic State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the self-silencing model in reducing depression and increasing self-expression of depressed women. The self-silencing model is influenced by cognitive, attachment, and gestalt theories, and the role of social and cultural factors is emphasized in it, and these factors lead to depression in women by creating obstacles in expressing their wishes, opinions, and desires. Methods. This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and with random replacement. In this study, using the study of treatment protocols, as well as receiving guidance from the theorists of this model and their colleagues, intervention programs based on it were prepared. The sample of this study included 30 femle teachers from 20 to 40 years old with bachelor's degrees who had depressive symptoms based on the results of The Beck questionnaire and clinical interview. Thus, the research sample included the self-silencing group and the control group, which were obtained from each pre-test and post-test group using the self-expression questionnaire and The Beck questionnaire. Between pre-test and post-test, experimental group received an intervention program. Finally, the scores obtained from pre-test and post-test were analyzed by analysis of covariance using SPSS software. Results. The results of data analysis showed that the intervention based on self-silencing is effective in reducing the depression of the experimental group. Likewise, this intervention method increased self-expression in the experimental group. No significant change was observed in the control group. Conclusion. According to the findings of this research, it can be said that using the self-silencing model can be an efficient method in reducing women's depression symptoms and increasing self-expression in them. Practical Implications. Psychotherapists can use the self-silencing model as one of the effective methods to reduce the symptoms of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare organizations increasingly use screening questionnaires to assess patients' social factors, but non-response may contribute to selection bias. This study assessed differences between respondents and those refusing participation in a social factor screening. We used a cross-sectional approach with logistic regression models to measure the association between subject characteristics and social factor screening questionnaire participation. The study subjects were patients from a mid-western state safety-net hospital's emergency department. Subjects' inclusion criteria were: (1) ≥ 18 years old, (2) spoke English or Spanish, and (3) able to complete a self-administered questionnaire. We classified subjects that consented and answered the screening questionnaire in full as respondents. All others were non-respondents. Using natural language processing, we linked all subjects' participation status to demographic characteristics, clinical data, an area-level deprivation measure, and social risk factors extracted from clinical notes. We found that nearly 6 out of every 10 subjects approached (59.9%), consented, and completed the questionnaire. Subjects with prior documentation of financial insecurity were 22% less likely to respond to the screening questionnaire (marginal effect = -22.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) = -41.16, -3.63; p = 0.019). No other factors were significantly associated with response. This study uniquely contributes to the growing social determinants of health literature by confirming that selection bias may exist within social factor screening practices and research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study included an examination of social factors that mitigate or exacerbate insomnia symptoms among older adults who are married or living with a partner. We first examined the unique effects of spousal support and strain on insomnia symptoms and then evaluated the degree to which extramarital social factors (e.g., friend support) moderated spousal influences. Data came from Waves 2 and 3 of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project. Our sample consisted of 495 participants who were either married or cohabitating with a partner (M age in years = 69.84, SD = 8.08). Spousal strain—but not support—predicted higher insomnia symptoms 5 years later. Spousal influences on sleep, however, were moderated by extramarital factors in nuanced ways. Findings highlight the importance of taking into account older adults' wider social context when examining the ways in which sleep is sensitive to positive and negative aspects of marital quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In China, betel nut users were initially concentrated in specific regions and ethnic groups. However, in recent years, public health concerns have been raised because betel nuts, addictive substances, have become largely used by Chinese migrant workers. Methods: This study adopts an anthropological fieldwork research methodology to investigate the rise in betel nut consumption among Chinese migrant workers. We observe the everyday lives of migrant workers in the rural-urban area of Wuhan. We use in-depth interviews to understand their psychology and behaviors toward betel nut consumption. Discussion: The study's results indicate that the observed increase in betel nut consumption among migrant workers is not only the result of the spread of betel nuts across regions and groups, but more importantly, it is related to the working and living conditions, social interaction, consumption culture, and masculinity image of migrant workers. The consumption of betel nuts reflects the political-economic structure and socio-cultural background to which Chinese migrant workers belong. Conclusion: The increasing consumption of betel nuts is a social issue that requires thorough research and government engagement. We contend that anthropology research may help identify the social mechanisms incentivizing betel nut consumption and solve the related public health issues among Chinese migrant workers from public policy and social governance perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adolescence is a stressful period due to physical, psychological, sexual changes, and presence of disorder such as depression is a matter of concern. Objectives: To study the prevalence of depression among adolescents in urban and rural areas and its socio-demographic correlates. Materials and methods: The PSU consisted all villages (n=29) and mohallas (n=23) in field-practice area. The required number of villages and mohallas, i.e., 10 each, were chosen using the basic random procedure, wherein each village and Mohalla has been assigned a unique serial number. Results: Overall, depression was observed in 110 participants (27.5%) with similar distribution in urban and rural areas. Low maternal and paternal education was a significant risk factor. Adolescents from the upper middle socioeconomic class (42.9%) and those from the lower middle socioeconomic class (33.3%) experienced the most depression. Burden was more among adolescents with low physical activity. Conclusion: This community based study of 400 adolescents residing in the urban and rural areas of Moradabad observed significant burden of depression in adolescent with poor maternal education, living in nuclear families, leading poor lifestyle and affected by any chronic illness at the time of the interview. Positive family history of mental illness was also an important risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the inception of psychiatry and clinical psychology as specialties destined to deal with mental illnesses, there have been considerable advances in the search for their etiology; and their nosology and intervention guidelines are updated regularly. Different models that explain etiologic mechanisms of mental illnesses have been formulated and successfully guided and still guide their management but due to the ever-increasing prevalence of mental illnesses worldwide, the search for models to explain their etiology and guide interventions is still an open area for research and debate. Due to the shortcomings of comorbidity and multimorbidity concepts in explaining the co-occurrence of two or more mental disorders that share the same pathogenetic pathways and present overlapping symptoms, the theoretical framework for multiple mental disorder (MMD) as a single compound mental disorder is presented. This paper also takes the social aspect of mental disorders to the next level that emphasizes for the first time the contribution of political systems to the mental ill-health of their own citizens and proposes the biopsychopolitical (BPP) model that explains the etiology of multiple mental disorder and other mental illnesses and guide their management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]