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Research demonstrates that in women at different ages and with or without children the developmental-cycle regulates the 'biological clock' for childbearing. Subjects who do not achieve the goal within the developmental deadline are better off in resorting to goal disengagement and self-protection.

Ginsburg, Rogers, and Maslow, humanistic theorists, have maintained that the self is an emergent characteristic of one's biological makeup. The relationship between physical self-efficacy as an appraisal of subjective biology and self-actualization was examined in a sample of 160 black and white participants. An r of .46 supports the association of subjective biology and self-actualization. Whereas there were no gender or racial differences in scores on self-actualization, men scored higher on physical self-efficacy and subscales of perceived physical ability and perceived self-presentation confidence.