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Problem setting. The article examines the role of the media in social and psychological adaptation of internally displaced persons. It is proved that social and psychological adaptation is a multi-faceted phenomenon, the most significant characteristics of which are the following ones: social and psychological adaptation is the process of “entering” of an individual into a social environment; is a two-way interaction between the individual and the group, the result of which is changes both in the personality and in the group; getting into a new group, the person changes his/her status and key characteristics; in the process of social and psychological adaptation the goals, expectations, requirements of the person and the group are agreed; the components of value-motivational sphere; the successful realization of social and psychological adaptation requires the presence of positive social settings (“social interest”) of the individual and group, the interest of the parties in the interaction; activity of the person is necessary for effective social and psychological adaptation (“social activity”), its personal qualities (maturity, self-actualization, etc.), relevant psychological resource. It is revealed that in addition to public authorities, local governments, public organizations, the mass media is the regulator of adaptation of the internally displaced persons. The indicated media function allows them to be included into the system of multilevel IDP adaptation management. Recent research and publications analysis. A conclusion is drawn regarding the negative impact of the media on the description of events related to the situation with IDPs. In connection with this the following outcomes are indicated: Contacts of journalists with the internally displaced persons. Often, while interviewing, the journalists try to get a description of “the most terrible” facts that caused the forced relocation. This leads to the so-called “secondary traumatism”. Interpretation of events. Often the emphasis is on unresolved issues, lack of support, and thus a feeling of helplessness and impotence appear. In practice, the media often use techniques to worsen the effects of forced relocation. Focusing on finding the causes and perpetrators of what has happened. This is a dead end situation, because it focuses on the past, which can not be changed. This search only reinforces the feeling of hopelessness, guilt and hatred. The media almost never emphasize “how” to make sure that this will not happen in the future. It is noted that in this period of time to talk about the socio-therapeutic function of the media, which should be aimed at treating people from frustration, the formation of a tolerant, tolerant attitude towards people who “are not like us.” As noted in the literature, tolerance – is tolerance, indulgence in the shortcomings of others, the ability of man, society, state to hear and respect the opinions of others, to be hostile to opinions that are different from their own, the ability to understand another person, care and understand other people’s feelings. Used as an antipode to aggression, malice and irritability. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. In this regard, it is proposed to consider unacceptable: “shooting” a person “unexpectedly” at the time of acute grief or despair (such favorite video scene shows in Ukrainian media, when they talk about their losses through their tears); showing a person in a situation of humiliation that offends him/her human dignity (a demonstration of the terrible places of resettlement of the internally displaced persons, the arrival of “high guests” and “meeting with the people”, etc.); demonstration of moral and physical bullying; direct or indirect justification for actions that have caused the suffering of internally displaced persons; direct or indirect condemnation of the internally displaced persons; an appeal to collective repentance, a requirement for the internally displaced persons to recognize themselves as guests and behave accordingly; sarcasm or humor regarding internally displaced persons. Paper main body. It is determined that in order to provide information-psychological safety of the IDPs, potentially stress-related information should correspond to a number of conditions: constructive description of problems (showing people in a state of active overcoming of existing problems); analysis of possible means of constructive overcoming of difficulties; informing on the progress of the solution of the problem and its solution; provision of psychological support to internally displaced persons (demonstration of social approval and assistance). Materials about internally displaced persons should not end with statements such as “Who will help?”, “Who responds to other humans?”, “Where to search for justice?”. That creates an effect of incomplete action and may turn into a loss of hope and faith. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. It is concluded that the media influence the social attitudes of its audience, changing opinions, shaping evaluation and stimulating behavior. The image of social reality created by the media influences the audience, forming a subjective image. Depending on the nature of the image created, perceptions of what is happening change, which can lead either to the assimilation of social norms, values, patterns of acceptable behavior, or to the rejection of social reality. In the process of social and psychological adaptation, forced internally displaced persons, representatives of the group with which they are in contact, form social attitudes towards each other, which can either be consolidated or adjusted through the media. The image created will be influenced not only by the objective social situation, but also by the subjective social attitudes of journalists, through the prism of which information material is created. representatives of the contact group and ultimately – in the process of socio-psychological adaptation. The conclusion is made on the necessity of indirect regulation of the description of internally displaced persons by the media from the state authorities (Ministry of Information Policy of Ukraine, Ministry of Reintegration of the Temporarily Occupied Territories of Ukraine), local self-government bodies, NGOs and journalists’ associations.

This research is conducted to analyze the internal and external factors of the protagonist’s repentance from Second Act movie written by Justin Zackham And Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas. The internal factors of repentance are self evaluation, self-motivation, self-control, knowledge, regret, hatred towards the sin, and returns to god’s power and will. The external factors of repentance are peer support, social support, intense guidance, and stimulus. It is in accordance to the theory proposed by Fachitiandi. This study uses qualitative descriptive method because the process and the result are accomplished descriptively and the focus goes to the analysis of social phenomena conducted and experienced the main character. Repenteance is not only found in a literary text but also in social reality, therefore this research is important enough for the readers to maintain a good life by avoiding things contrary to social norms. After the analyzing, it is found that internal factors of the Protagonist’s repentance in the movie script are self-evaluation, self-motivation, and knowledge, while, the external factors of the protagonist’s repentance are peer of support and social of support.

This article explores the moral dimensions of the clinical narration of suffering in a highly political context. Based on an ethnographic analysis of psychotherapists’ discussions of a clinical case related to the Israeli evacuation from Gaza, I illustrate how the care providers navigate competing moral logics while explaining the reasons for the patient's experience. Capturing moments of the simultaneous appearance of different explanatory models, informed by contradictory moral grammars, during the process of clinical reasoning allowed me to obtain a complex and nuanced picture of social reality in which the experience of the patient simultaneously appeared as both a success and a failure of communal education. The ethnographic observation and analysis of clinical reasoning challenge the assumed connection between practitioners' ideological identifications and their narration of suffering, and allow moving beyond the idea of coherent moral subjects who act according to a priori moral values informed by political ideology. This perspective is particularly significant for the field of traumatic suffering because it questions the moral grammar of trauma narratives that imply unambiguous and idealized distinctions between victims, perpetrators, and witnesses, revealing the complex dynamics of suffering and caring.

Paradigms are basic assumptions about how social reality is perceived, understood and explained. Whereas most research is based on a single paradigm, few empirical papers show the advantages of using multiple paradigms within a study. This article pleads for multi-paradigm studies in cross-cultural management research in order to reach a more multifaceted representation of cultural phenomena. This is particularly consistent with the field of cross-cultural management, because it would be ethnocentric to consider intercultural situations only from one perspective, usually that of one’s own culture. The argument corresponds to the ambition of cross-cultural management to respect and adopt multiple (cultural) perspectives and, analogously, to achieve a ‘paradigmatic ethnorelativism’. Based on an intercultural situation, and therefore going beyond meta-theoretical reasoning, this article demonstrates multi-paradigmatic sensitivity in terms of the functionalist, interpretive and critical paradigms. The use of these theoretical concepts leads to multiple angles and a less ‘ethnocentric’ position, and hence to more nuanced knowledge creation with regard to the intercultural situation. The ‘blind spots’ of each paradigm, but also their complementarities, are discussed. Consequently, this article raises theoretical and practical implications for cross-cultural management by offering a way to a richer understanding of intercultural situations through openness to different paradigms.

Aim. The present study empirically investigates and theoretically substantiates the results of the impact of social media on young web-users’ psychological well-being during the forced self-isolation caused by the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic (N = 254). Materials and methods. Standardized valid psycho-diagnostic methods, the author’s questionnaire (A. Hudimova, 2021), correlation and factor analyses were used to identify young web users’ patterns of social media involvement during the forced self-isolation. Results. The results show that during the global COVID-19 pandemic, young web users give preference for passive social media use rather than for communication. The obtained results showed an expansion in the time spent via social media by young web users. It was found that the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic is accompanied by the participants’ experience of negative emotions and fears of the unknown (r = .204; p

The article researches of social expectations’ properties of future specialists of socionomic profile. Psycholinguistic determinants of personality construction of social reality are established. It is emphasized that the variability of the requirements of the social space necessitates constant prognostic activity of the life’s subject. This practice is demonstrated in relation to natural object connections, in the sphere of processes of social interaction, social communication and speech construction in the form of peculiar social expectations. Relevant psychodiagnostic research tools were used: clear quantification of texts, created a coding matrix, carried out quantitative and qualitative content analysis, empirical distribution of all levels’ scales of the studied parameters, Spearman correlation was determined. The predominant properties of the respondents were established: internality (n=18; 51.43%); activity (n=20; 57.13%), moderate openness results (n=16; 45.71%). It is proved that the respondents, interpreting the social field, pay considerable attention to the reflexive aspects, take the position of “participant in the process”. It is shown how sign-semantic formations, acquiring subjective meanings, become an objective fact that affects the construction of social reality by the individual. An example of content-analytical measurement of human behavior is demonstrated.

Covid19-pandemic has had a profound impact on the way we live and on the social reality in the world around us. Except for the enormous strain on public and health of individuals, it has affected social functioning to great extent, at least temporarily. It has sped up digitalization and forced social activities to transfer to the digital realm to an unprecedented level. It has simultaenously confined social actors to their geographical localities. In all of this, it has offered an opportunity of different observational point of human being in the world in the context of late modernity. It is possible to assume that this kind of social situation has the potential to affect the sense of ontological security of social actors, as well as their experience of space. The contradictory implications of the transfer of the social activitiy to the digital communicative spaces to current extent are also discussed.

The situation of families in children disability situation is very complex affected by many factors and their integral interaction. The families often feel balancing between the reveal and ideal discourse of reality, between life before and after disability fact. Therefore, researches constantly face a methodological challenge transferring families’ life into the scientific research. According to Smith (2010, p. 33), a researcher is always at least one-step is distinct from the picture that (s)he needs to draw. Potentially method is very helpful to reveal family life as reality, however we have to be creative in applying a method, because the method is not a collection of neither a learned nor repeated procedures that was done by another masters. Research of family in disability situation is perceived as sensitive therefore in this variable process social reality is created in a “sense of family”. The article introduces analysis of different epistemological approaches towards qualitative research in social sciences and in particular in the field for families of children with disabilities. KEY WORDS: family, disability, social reality, qualitative research.

The aim of the study is to examine perceptions and knowledge towards Syrians in Turkey under temporary protection. This examination will be conducted in the light of the concept of information disorder that was conceptualized by Wardle in 2017. The concepts of "fake news", "false content", "disinformation" in the current literature assume that the information is wrong. Information disorder is based on two bases: i) whether the information is true or false, ii) what is the intention of producing, sharing, and disseminating information. In the research, the news about Syrians in the media and that set an example for information disorder was examined. Then, the knowledge and perception of the society was investigated through the relevant news. Qualitative method was preferred in the study. An online survey was conducted because of the COVID-19 outbreak. 360 people were reached. The survey consists of questions about false news about Syrians in the media, social media usage habits, sharing habits and demographic information. While 60.4% of the participants in the study are women, 38.5% are men. The age distribution is between the ages of 17-70. The average age is 35.55. Most of the participants are university graduates (57.1%). The rate of those who had family or personal immigration experience before is 44.9%. While 74.2% of the participants do not share the news about Syrians on social media, most of those who share are made on Twitter. As a result, social media plays an active role in the circulation of fake news, which occupies a certain place in the country, without confirmation and origin, and creates social reality. Although people think that they use it consciously, it is seen that they think differently when it comes to Syrian under temporary protection.

The article considers an important problem related to the application of stereotypes in the functioning of public opinion in the social sphere of society. The concept of “stereotype” is defined, which is interpreted as traditional, habitual canons of thought and behavior, a way to implement a variety of actions and thoughts in a certain sequence. Various aspects of the processes of stereotyping, i.e. simplification, schematization of social reality, which give a person and a social group the opportunity to reliably and clearly navigate in society, are analyzed. It was found that if the attitude has already been formed during the previous activities of people, groups, the stereotypes that are meaningfully associated with certain attitudes help to connect such “outdated” attitudes to a specific real situation. The essence of social stereotyping, social stereotypes as important elements of society in general and mass consciousness and public opinion in particular are defined, we briefly outline some key aspects related to the main characteristics and essential features of social stereotypes in order to clearly and objectively reveal the problem of their “connection” with public opinion. The regulatory, ideological and identification functions of social stereotypes are considered. The main focus of the analysis is to identify the relationship and interaction between social stereotypes and public opinion. The latter acts as one of the important mechanisms for the formation of social stereotypes, as well as the environment that contains their use. It is established: that first, between the content of public opinion, its functioning and social stereotypes; secondly, this connection is not really such that “all” public opinion consists entirely of stereotypes and without them cannot be broadcast at all; thirdly, positive and negative stereotypes do in some way affect the processes of formation and functioning of public opinion.

Students’ learning activities cannot be separated from various factors. The purpose of this study was to determine how project citizen model developed students' pro-social awareness. This study was motivated by diminishing pro- social awareness among students. This study was conducted qualitatively by using case study. The results showed that through project citizen model, students' pro-social awareness could develop. Besides, project citizen model could help students think critically about social reality. This study recommended to maximize the use of project citizen as a learning model that could develop various potencies of students.

Although women's entry into working life has become a social reality, the level of participation of men to the responsibilities in household chores has fallen far below the employment rates of women. Many previous studies tried to find answers to the question of household chores still being considered as a women’s job from micro-sociological perspectives such as the time-availability, resources and gender theories. In this study conducted in accordance with the phenomenology design, the sharing of responsibilities of the spouses in the household was discussed within the framework of micro theories. Participants were selected with purposeful sampling technique and in this direction, the study group was composed of married, religious couples with higher education, working, with 0-6 years-old children. In-depth interview, observation and research diary were used as data collection tools. In the study, it was aimed to reveal the emotional and mental labor dimensions of household responsibilities as well as home management, decision-making mechanism, household chores, and childcare. As a result of the study, it was found that female participants are in a much more effective position in home management and decision-making compared with their mothers; and men have lost power compared with their fathers. It was seen that feminine jobs that made up the core of household chores’ responsibilities continued to be undertaken by women, and women’s responsibilities have been expanded to cover outside household chores. Women undertook the detailed, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and works that required pedagogical knowledge in childcare and education; and the men who participated in childcare in line with the instructions of their spouses showed a participating parenting attitude when compared to their fathers. It was also found that women undertook responsibilities that required mental and emotional labor, research, planning and control-based details in all household chores. While the time- availability factor was effective in mandatory cases, especially for the participating couples, resources increased the power of women, especially in decision-making; and the most influential factor on responsibility sharing was the gender factor.

Language may represent everything related to COVID-19 and, at the same time, being a tool to recognize and prevent the virus. This current research applied the ecolinguistic theory and a qualitative descriptive approach, aiming at researching new terms or lexicons related to the COVID-19 pandemic that existed in Indonesian online mass media. The technique used to collect the data was an observation. The results showed that COVID-19 news triggered the emergence of exciting language dynamics. COVID-19 was depicted through dynamic forms of language. Reality coding also occurred dynamically. It was found out that the new health ecolexicons were in the forms of English terms (e.g., lockdown, swab test), synonym forms (e.g., isolasi, karantina ), Indonesian abbreviations (e.g., PPE, KLB) and English abbreviations (e.g., WFH, PCR), and acronym forms (e.g., COVID-19, Sars-Cov-2). The identified ecolexicons could be grouped into physical/biological reality, social reality, and symbolic/ideological reality.

This article seeks to identify the main discursive strategies employed by Langston Hughes in constructing entities, people’s images and entire social reality in his poetic discourse. More specifically, this article examines how the discursive strategies contribute to the construction of whiteness and blackness. Data was generated from sixty purposively selected Hughes’ poems, which were analysed using thematic analysis and Van Dijk’s critical discourse analysis. Van Dijk’s CDA was selected as a theoretical framework in this study as it draws knowledge from several fields, including sociology, psychology, politics and economics, which contribute to deepening the insights of this study. The analysis of data revealed that Hughes constantly constructs whiteness and blackness through four discursive strategies, which are actor description, resource description, self-identity descriptions and norm and value descriptions. The findings also show that these strategies contribute to the construction of whiteness and blackness by means of highlighting the positive-self and negative other-representations as well as the power relations between Whites and Blacks. It is hoped that this study deepens the understanding of Hughes’ poetic discourse and adds novel insights into whiteness and blackness in the American context.

Teacher certification is one form of implementation of Law Number 14 of 2005 concerning Teachers and Lecturers by providing teacher certificates to teachers who have met certain requirements, namely having academic qualifications, competence, being physically and mentally healthy, and having the ability to realize national educational goals, followed by an increase in decent welfare. Teacher certification aims to increase knowledge, performance, creativity, and be able to carry out other main tasks and functions related to the teaching and learning process . Based on the background of the problem above, researchers are interested in revealing this phenomenon in a study. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of teacher certification on teacher performance in schools, especially at SMAN 5 Jambi City. This type of research is field research using a qualitative- naturalistic approach . Through this qualitative approach, it is hoped that a picture of the quality, social reality and perceptions of the research objectives will be lifted without being contaminated by formal measurements . The subjects in this study were 60 certified teachers in State Senior High School 5 Jambi City. The required data is obtained through interviews, observation and documentation.

Резкий переход к более активному использованию современных виртуальных технологий в образовании привел к множеству проблем и негативных эффектов, начиная от технической неготовности некоторых вузов к данной реальности, заканчивая психологической напряженностью и снижением качества жизни всех субъектов образования. С целью выявить новые особенности структурных изменений образовательного процесса и обосновать причины возникающих трансформаций, существенно влияющих на качество получаемых дистанционно знаний, было проведено настоящее исследование. В статье предлагается новое понятие "социовиртивность" как новая онтологическая реальность человека. Раскрываются специфические особенности виртуального образа и виртуальной реальности. Объясняются отличия виртуального образа от зеркального. Рассматриваются характерные особенности виртуальной коммуникации. Представлены результаты анкетирования студентов ТУСУРа, в котором приняло участие 122 человека. Анкетирование было направлено на изучение конгруэнтности отношения студентов к первичному опыту перехода на дистанционную форму образования. В результате выявлены позитивные и негативные аспекты погружения в социовиртивное пространство, основные факторы снижения качества образования, заключающиеся в неготовности студентов и педагогов учитывать специфичность виртуальной среды и в отсутствии знаний управления ей и в психологической неготовности к новому формату взаимодействия. A sharp transition to more active use of modern virtual technologies in education has led to many problems and negative effects, ranging from the technical unpreparedness of some universities for this reality, ending with psychological tension and a decrease in the quality of life of all subjects of education. In order to identify new features of structural changes in the educational process and substantiate the causes of emerging transformations that significantly affect the quality of knowledge acquired remotely, this study was conducted. The article proposes a new concept of «sociovirtuality» as a new ontological reality of a person. The specific features of the virtual image and virtual reality in contrast to social reality are revealed. The paper explains the differences between a virtual image and a mirror image. The characteristic features of virtual communication are considered. The results of a survey of TUSUR students, in which 122 people took part, are presented. The survey was aimed at studying the congruence of students' attitudes towards the primary experience of transition to distance education. As a result, the authors revealed the positive and negative aspects of immersion in the sociovirtual space, the main factors of education quality decrease, consisting in unwillingness of students and teachers to take into account the specificity of the virtual environment, in the absence of knowledge of how to manage it and in the psychological unwillingness to a new format of interaction.

In the article the author reflects on the strategies of actions / interactions of the “pandemic society”. It is noted that in a situation of global turn, everyone discovers new meanings and understands their value for themselves. It is emphasized that the process of comprehension and reassessment of individual axiological directions inevitably actualizes the issue of self-reference of identities and intensifies the search for the meaning of life. It is considered how social isolation affects the nature of interpersonal relations of spouses / partners. Taking into account the results of the pilot study, the goal is to generalize and interpret socio-psychological data on the nature of interpersonal relationships in conditions of long-term quarantine. The study is based on the methodology of postmodernism, which determines the justification of explanations of identified social phenomena and events based on a combination of empirical data with their interpretation. It is concluded that the results of the express questionnaire allowed to take a comprehensive approach to the voice of the questions that arose in response to the challenges of the endemic of Coronavirus COVID-19 to each family. The reflection of the obtained data, according to the author, gives grounds to believe that in the social reality there is a turn of interpersonal relations of spouses / partners in the direction of their humanization. It is emphasized that changes at the level of interpersonal relationships show that you need to appreciate the simplest things - to take care of each other.

Este artículo es el resultado de una experiencia investigativa, de corte cualitativo, con un tipo de estudio etnográfico orientado bajo los criterios metodológicos de una investigación acción, cuyo propósito es estudiar una realidad social dentro de una concepción cambiante y dinámica en cuatro niños y niñas, de 6 a 10 años de edad, del sector rural, vereda La Golondrina, que como resultado de la aplicación de estrategias y dinámicas, donde se logra identificar las percepciones, actitudes y conductas, que afectan su entorno social y en especial la autoestima. En el desarrollo de la presente propuesta, desde su formulación y con más predominio en su análisis, e interpretación, surgió el tipo de estudio, con el fin de llegar a un acercamiento más profundo y poder ayudar a lograr objetivos más concretos como son: la formación de personas con buenos valores, en espacial la autoestima, que a su vez se construyeron en una secuencia lógica de propuesta didáctica, que basada en la formación en valores, como ejes que permiten promover la esencia ética de la conducta humana de forma reflexiva y crítica, para luego pasar a tener una buena autoestima que genere seguridad, interés y reconocimiento hacia su protección en su entorno, tomada desde los imaginarios e ideas previas, como conocimientos adquiridos, transformándose en actitudes y prácticas positivas, que permitirán promover de manera efectiva en su comportamiento para su vida.

A single parent is one of the social parts who needs to get special attention from society. Because there are many people and some of them are not really ready to live within their status so they become depressed, not having self suffcient that can effects their personal life, families and community. Based on these problems, it needs social behavior research of single parent that relates depression, individual encouragement factor and inhibition. So that, they can live normally in their social live. Hopefully, it will be useful for any single parents, families and surrounding community as well policy makers/government. The research used descriptive qualitative approach to explain and described the social behavior of single parents in living family life in community, with the theory of social behavior as the main theory. Informants consist of 14 people, 7 single fathers and 7 single mothers. The results of this study indicate that the majority of single parents experience depression at first, then it decreases because: approach to God, encouragement from close relatives, consultation efforts, busyness in the family, earning a living and activities in the community. His independence is formed as his depression decreases, his educational potential, and the help of his close relatives, their independence is passed on their children. The driving factors for single parents so that they can continue to live anormal family life are religious encourgement, close relative, and a good future for children. The inhibiting factors are economy, health, aging, social stigma. For a single parent needs to relay its life solely because of God, consistency and commitment with his or her guidelines. Realizing that the family trusted, avoided depression tried to be independent, self-attendet, made improvements, occupied positive activities knitting close relationships, staying healthy, patient, grateful and optimistic.when marriage is the best solution, there is no need to hold back . Be the best figure fot his chidren, motivate him, and promote deliberation. For close relatives it needs to increase their concern for a single parent to be independent. For religious figures to participate in mobilizing a single parent and directing the group to make the climate condicive to a single parents life. For governments to follow the registry, monitoring, coaching, and training to help single mothers, so they can go back to normal family life in their community. made improvements, occupied positive activities knitting close relationships, staying healthy, patient, grateful and optimistic.when marriage is the best solution, there is no need to hold back. Be the best figure fot his chidren, motivate him, and promote deliberation. For close relatives it needs to increase their concern for a single parent to be independent.

The article addresses the problem of verbal aggression and the phenomenon of hate speech in contemporary social reality. It aims at defining these phenomena, depicting their examples and mapping the boundaries between freedom of speech and hate speech. The constitutive features of the language of aggression are examined within two categories: how people say something and why people say it in that way.

One of the most effective ways to understand the structure of that concept is to reveal individuals' mental perceptions through metaphor. The views put forward regarding the metaphorical way of understanding physical and social reality against the concept of school also increased academic interest in this subject. The aim of this study is to determine students' perceptions of schools through metaphorical perception and to identify their views on the ideal school concept. The study consists of 94 students studying at a private high school in 2019 in Antalya. It was carried out with phenomenological pattern of the qualitative research method. Maximum diversity sampling method was used in the study. As a data collection tool, first forms were distributed to students and they were asked to write the metaphor about the school then students were interviewed to take their views on the ideal school. According to the research, while high number of students perceive the school a prison, mental hospital; it was seen that they expressed them with negative concepts such as a closed box, zoo, darkness and slavery, it was observed that the students expressed the school as a home, nursery or family with positive concepts less often. The physical conditions of the ideal school that students dream of are more suitable and useful; lecture programs are lighter; they express it as an effective school in which practical lessons are increased.

This paper presents the current trends analysis of research into the psychological time of personality in foreign and domestic psychology, justified the need to study the dynamics of psychological time at the period of youth at conditional points of bifurcation associated with the forced need to make personal choices: in early and late youth. The reasonability of investigating the relationship of psychological time with personal identity as a predictor of self-realisation or maladaptation of personality at the stage of youth is shown. The pilot study presented in this work is aimed at identifying differences in the content characteristics and structure of psychological time in early and late youth. The ascertaining experiment was conducted with two groups (the total number of participants is 50 people). Diagnostic toolkit: the technique of F. Zimbardo on the time perspective (ZTPI), adapted by A. Syrtsova, the technique Time Experience Scale by E.I. Golovakhi, A.A. Kronik, as well as the technique Identity Status according to Marcia in the modification of the questionnaire G. and R. Aminev. Methods of mathematical statistics: t-Students criterion for independent samples and Pearsons index of linear correlation. The data obtained in the pilot study made it possible to draw conclusions that 1) the meaningful characteristics of psychological time in different periods of youth are not identical, 2) the characteristics of psychological time significantly correlate with the status of personality identity, and such a relationship is more important precisely in the period of early adolescence. The obtained data provided an opportunity to clarify the further direction of research and to outline the necessary ways of psychological support of the person during his youth in the conditions of modern social reality. For the prevention of maladaptation and destructive realization of the personality in the period of youth, targeted work is proposed with the psychological time of the personality, with the adoption of the past and the planning of the future, the determination of priorities, goal setting and the formation of temporal competence.

The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 developed into a crisis of civilizational type. The interactions within society are more complicated: the present is high complexity, apparent confusion, low social trust levels, and fear among people. This leads to conspiracy theories and behavioural infections ranging from depressions to aggression, while simultaneously, it creates the need for hope and optimism. The paper aims to show that overcoming the social estrangement and balancing fear with optimism and hope is essential for the future of social reality. The paper utilizes existing scientific developments from the fields of psychology, sociology, and the media and publicly available articles from the mass media. Based on them is defined the problem which is set out as the consequence of unresolved matters around the neoliberalism which is infiltrating the social interactions; the fear and the conspiracy theories, and the poorly understood need for optimism and hope. The focus is also set on these problems entering the mass media, where the situation is unusual, as far as the fear of COVID-19 is concerned. In these circumstances, both society and the media must evaluate their attitude towards neoliberal policies and find their balance between fear and the need for hope.

The article deals with the problem of network discussions representing the new social reality of modern digital society. Communicative online activity sets an idea of what is happening, stimulating interest in the study of post-event Internet discourse. It is noted that the dominant role in this communication environment is played by the focus on promoting ones own world view and suppressing the activity of other users. This work continues a series of studies aimed at concretising these ideas. In previous studies conducted using the method of intent analysis, it was found that, in the process of discussion, there is a modification of referential objects and a shift in the intentional composition of discourse relative to the initial presentation of the event. In addition to it, differences in the types of post-event discourse were found in terms of the degree of conflict, the composition of intentions, etc. Verification of the revealed patterns associated with the intentional space of post-event discourse was the goal of the study carried out on the material of the discussion of the same event at different sites, i.e. the refusal of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle from the status of members of the royal family. According to the data obtained, a significant modification is confirmed during the discussion of referential objects and the intentional content of discourse regarding the received message: additional reference objects appear, their meaning is blurred, the number of categories of intentions increases many times with the increase of numerous emotionally coloured intentions. At the same time, a shift towards intentions of distancing and discrediting is revealed in relation to most of the discussed thematic objects. The discussion develops mainly due to the focus of users on the comments of interlocutors and the corresponding interactive objects, which is associated with the high dialogueness of post-event discourse. The data obtained allow us to advance in studying the discussion of events by Internet users and understanding which characteristics of the post-event Internet discourse are stable, and which are modified in connection with the leading function, theme, etc.

Introduction. The proposed paper discusses communication situations of mutual misunderstanding up to mutual rejection of each other by the parties. The research assumption is that misunderstanding in human communication is not necessarily accompanied by its overcoming. “Miscommunication communication” forms a communicative space that reveals the diversity of practices of personal self-realization, intergroup and intercultural interaction, while retaining the perception of the other side as incomprehensible.Methodology and sources. The methodological framework for analysis is a social constructionalist approach to the study of social reality, offering a conceptualization of the practical and observable actions of individuals or, in other words, “what people do when they act”. According to pragmatically oriented methodology, we cannot make an exhaustive conclusion about the internal reasons that motivate people to act in one way or another, but we can consider linguistic and non-linguistic actions that are perceived and interpreted by them as having a certain meaning and, therefore, trigger a certain response. The meanings that communicators give to a message are not pre-defined, but are created, produced, and constructed in a communicative interaction through contextspecific discursive procedures and practices, while also triggering specific socially recognizable types of contexts.Results and discussion. The variant of classification of various types of cognitive and communicative experience acquired by people in situations of misunderstanding is offered. Empirical data are the records of interviews, conversations, and comments that are at our possession. The basis for distinguishing between communicative scenarios of misunderstanding is the values in the range of “expanding one's own experience” ↔ “isolation from others' experience”. The structure of description of the selected situations includes: communicative status of the participant; verbal formulas that determine the choice of vector by the participants of the communication; characteristics of cognitive and communicative experience generated by a situation of misunderstanding; examples and illustrations containing replicas, comments, description of life situations of collision with misunderstanding, corresponding to a specific communicative scenario.Conclusion. Situations of misunderstanding are developed in scenarios that provide their participants with the resources to cope with the threat of risk to their personal or group (cultural) identity. The range of cognitive and communicative practices ranges from recognizing the value of cultural (social) diversity for social and personal development to discriminating against others, including violence and the exclusion of the incomprehensible from interaction. Discussion of the issue of “understanding misunderstanding” makes it possible to fit misunderstanding into the social fabric of human behavior practices as a vital resource for any social community.

In this paper, we study the phenomenon of “digital” death, its genesis and the attitudes towards death in the context of social networks of students. As a result of the investigation we have discovered different forms of “digital death and the ways students react to it in social networks. We further investigate the origins of different user attitudes towards “digital death” and the impact of manipulative relation to death in social networks on the social reality. Some students stage their own death on social networks by posting images on their homepage, which has the intentions (i) to attract public attention, (ii) to express their auto aggression (iii) to make fun of death and (iv) to reduce their own anxiety of death by "sharing" the fear with other students. Our analysis shows that the main purpose of staging one’s death on social networks is to reduce the fear of death by creating plans, playing. Keywords: Students, cyberspace, social networks, death, "digital" death, attitude to the death in the social networks.

School bullying has been a perennial phenomenon and in recent years several studies have been conducted to investigate its consequences on those involved. School bullying is defined as a form of aggressive behavior in which one or more students engage in physical or psychological violence against a student repeatedly and for a long time, consciously, to cause physical or mental pain. The purpose of our research is to investigate the interpretations of Primary education teachers in the island of Lesvos. We use symbolic interaction to interpret the meanings that are produced, exchanged, and intertwined in the social context of school. In the present study, the qualitative method was used, its main feature being the interpretive and naturalistic approach to social reality. Teachers, as actors subject to a structurally defined environment of school bullying interpretations, have incomplete knowledge of its conceptualization, but 'established' criteria for discriminating and delimiting 'divergent' behavior, which can, however, raise problems in terms of categorization.

The social reality of gender discrimination in India is stratified, multi-phasic and structurally complex. Studies suggest that there are obvious differences in the conditions of households headed by male and female and that female-headed households are more disadvantaged poses the question of gender discrimination at household level. The study explores how gender roles and norms, impact family head’s ability to exercise resources and agency differently, by gender and how women’s agency is often restricted compared to men’s. An innovative method to measure gender status called Gender Status Index is adopted from the quantitative part of the African Gender and Development Index that compares the status of female heads to the male heads in India. The index measures the gender gap in social, economic and political aspects of life among the family heads with help of data obtained from the Indian Human Development Survey round two (2011–2012), which is a nationally representative, multi-topic survey. The nearer the score is towards 1, the better is the gender status along with a shrinking gender gap. Results indicate that the status of female heads is indeed poor, showcasing a value of 0.555 with a wide social and economic and even wider political gap. The paper concludes that the status of women is poor irrespective of their head position in the family. The role played by a female head both as a provider and caregiver does not earn much of a higher status than male heads. Thus, the role of ‘head’ for a female is not a powerful agency to improve women’s access and control of resources.

Background and aims The increase in the number of people who require bilingual and multilingual speech-language intervention justifies reviewing the current practices of Speech-Language Therapists (SLTs), who are ethically responsible for providing the best possible evidence-based intervention to the families with whom they work. There is, therefore, a clear need to competently serve populations with linguistically and culturally diverse backgrounds. The goal of this work was to document the beliefs, needs and practices of SLTs in Spain, as well as to obtain a deeper understanding of linguistic, cultural and professional competencies from the perspective of SLTs. Method Based on previous work in other countries, a questionnaire was designed to study multilingual and multicultural speech-language intervention in Spain. The sample consisted of 208 SLTs working with a diverse population across regions of Spain. Results Eighty-four percent of the survey respondents reported that they speak more than one language, but only 56% considered themselves bilingual; 77% reported having faced the challenge of working with multilingual people; 86% reported that they had not received training focused on this diversity and 92% reported that they lacked resources for conducting bilingual speech and language evaluations. Nevertheless, there were significant differences in the beliefs and practices when bilingual and monolingual SLTs were compared. Conclusions This work, with results similar to those of previous studies, provides a first step for designing methods, policies and resources to improve professional competencies and multilingual practices. Several challenges for SLTs facing this new social reality are discussed.

Važnost međukulturne kompetencije prepoznata je u obrazovnim sustavima većine zemalja u Europi, pa tako i u Republici Hrvatskoj, a razvoj ove kompetencije više je od desetljeća zastupljen u kurikulumskim dokumentima u okviru obveznog obrazovanja. Iako je do sada njezina integracija u odgoj i obrazovanje mladih naraštaja bila u prvom redu zadatak nastave stranih jezika, ona danas postaje ciljem sve većega broja nastavnih predmeta. Ta je činjenica posebno vidljiva u okviru aktualne kurikularne reforme. Međutim, i društvena stvarnost i dosadašnja istraživanja na tom području upozoravaju na deficite s obzirom na realizaciju ciljeva propisanih odgojno-obrazovnim dokumentima. Stoga je s ciljem ispitivanja razvijenosti međukulturne kompetencije u okviru obveznog obrazovanja provedena empirijska studija na uzorku od 366 učenika. Pritom su metodom vinjete ispitivane međukulturne vještine osnovnoškolaca (4.–8. razred). Između ostaloga, utvrđena je slaba integracija navedene kompetencije u nastavu stranih jezika te je očito da ne postoji značajan napredak u njezinu razvoju u odnosu na istraživanja na ovom području provedena prethodnih godina., The importance of intercultural competence has been recognized in educational systems of most countries in Europe as well as in Croatia. The development of this competence has been integrated into Croatian curricula in compulsory education for more than a decade. Although the development of intercultural competence has been primarily the task of foreign languages teaching, it is now becoming the goal of an increasing number of teaching subjects. This fact is particularly apparent in the current curricular reform. However, both social reality and previous research in this area indicate deficits when it comes to achieving goals set by educational documents. Therefore, an empirical study on a sample of 366 students was conducted with the aim of examining the development of intercultural competence within compulsory education. The method of vignettes was used to examine intercultural skills of elementary school students (grades 4–8). Among other things, poor integration of this competence in foreign language teaching was identified. Furthermore, there is no significant improvement in its development compared to previous research in this field.

Conflicts and violence occur in various regions of Indonesia . It due to a lack of mutual understanding and respect between one group to other . Intercultural education was needed to build communication and understanding diversity. This article aims to explain the perceptions of students and educators regarding intercultural education. The research design used a qualitative method . Informants were 40 respondents. In this study , the survey instruments used interviews and questionnaires which contained 3 main components. Data analysis used coding and categorization . Data analysis used interactive analysis which includes data collection, data reduction, and verification to find general patterns. Data validation used the method triangulation by checking through interviews with the respondents . The result showed the most students considered that the direction of intercultural learning was to develop knowledge and sensitivity to social reality. Intercultural learning digitally becomes an opportunity and a challenge. We could utilize learning technology , innovative and creative methods, the efficiency of learning time, provide new perspectives on intercultural learning digitally. Digital media visualized themes and made learning more concrete. Students ’ sense of meaning difference increased as a necessity . Differences in background, culture, thought, behavior, environment, level , and religion did not become a problem for students in interacting and communicating.

Introducción: la representación social (RS), es un cuerpo organizado de conocimientos, una actividad cognitivo psíquica gracias a la cual las personas hacen inteligible su realidad física, social, y la forma en que se integran a un grupo de forma cotidiana, surgiendo significados reales ante diferentes objetos o situaciones; constituye un medio de comprensión de realidades concretas aprendidas individualmente pero se resignifican en lo social.1 Describir la RS que las enfermeras(os) tienen del PAE; permite reconocer su significado en la práctica profesional. Objetivo: analizar la RS que sobre el PAE tienen las enfermeras(os) profesionales. Material y métodos: estudio cualitativo, realizado a 15 enfermeras(os); la recolección de información fue por entrevista semiestructurada; para análisis de resultados se adoptó como marco teórico-metodológico la teoría de representación social.[i] Resultados: análisis de la primer categoría: 1. (Des) conceptualización del PAE en la práctica de cuidado; subcategorías: método propio de cuidado y medio de identidad profesional. Conclusiones: el PAE como núcleo central de RS entre enfermeras (os) profesionales tiene una asociación fuerte en la objetivación; pues se tiene el concepto de PAE aprendido en el aula; sin embargo, en el anclaje sufre una desconceptualización al no identificarlo como metodología propia de cuidado ni medio de identidad profesional.

The global spread of the SARS COV-2 virus and the related Coronavirus Disease-19 (Covid-19) has forced the entire planet to suddenly adopt important safety standards and reorganize social reality. The present research investigates the perception of psychological, relational, and pedagogical risks and needs in the developmental age (3-18 years) by the parents of different Italian regions during the quarantine period. Specifically, we examined the opinions of parents regarding the rules of social distancing and the continuous and massive use of new technologies for distance learning (DL). The results showed that Italian parents have two main concerns: on the one hand, the emergency in terms of health and health-related aspects; on the other, the teaching, training, and educational trajectories of children. They manifested mistrust and scepticism towards institutions and the school world, in terms of both management competence and structural and infrastructural capacity; aspects perceived as concerns also for Phase 2 and 3 of the epidemic curve.

O presente artigo tem por objetivo indicar a possibilidade de a pesquisa qualitativa ser utilizada como metodologia pedagógica reveladora da realidade social de um determinado grupo de indivíduos, mesmo com crianças dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. A pesquisa, parte integrante de um estudo a nível de doutorado, foi realizada no ano de 2018, com estudantes dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental no Colégio Pedro II, escola pública federal do Rio de Janeiro. Em sala de aula, a utilização da pesquisa qualitativa surgiu a partir de conversas sobre os Direitos Humanos da Criança. A demanda da pesquisa surgiu da necessidade de dar ouvidos às vozes que queriam dialogar, expressar seus anseios, alegrias, medos e situações em que as crianças percebiam seus direitos desrespeitados. A metodologia utilizada revelou-se eficaz no que tange a leitura de mundo dos alunos, permitindo um conhecimento mais aprofundado de suas realidades.