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ObjectivePeer rejection is one of the key indicators for measuring interpersonal relationships among adolescents. Considering that interpersonal curiosity plays a significant role in interpersonal relationships, however, the influence of interpersonal curiosity on peer rejection is still unknown. This study is grounded in social comparison theory and aims to investigate the impact of adolescent interpersonal curiosity on peer rejection. The study explores the impact of interpersonal curiosity on peer rejection and further investigates the mediating role of relative deprivation and malicious envy.MethodsThe study employed the stratified cluster sampling method to select 418 adolescents in Shaanxi Province. The Adolescents' Relative Deprivation Scale was used to measure relative deprivation, the Benign and Malicious Envy Scale was used to measure benign envy and malicious envy, and the School Adaptation Inventory was used to measure peer rejection. The statistical software SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24.0 were used for statistical analysis, and the common method deviation test was conducted using the Harman single-factor control method. Finally, the bootstrap sampling method was used to test the significance of the intermediary effect.ResultsThe results of the mediation model show that interpersonal curiosity can directly and positively affect peer rejection (β = 0.317, p < 0.001). Malicious envy plays a completely mediating role (b = 0.125, p < 0.001), while relative deprivation plays a partially mediating role (bdirect − path = 0.071, p = 0.004; bindirect − path = 0.064, p < 0.001). Further discovery of the chain mediation model shows that interpersonal curiosity can impact individual peer rejection through the chain mediation of relative deprivation and malicious envy (b = 0.026, p < 0.001), and there is no significant gender difference in this result.ConclusionInterpersonal curiosity can enhance peer rejection in adolescents, with relative deprivation and malicious envy completely mediating this process. This study reveals the impact of interpersonal curiosity on adolescents' peer rejection from the viewpoint of social comparison theory and provides a new perspective for fostering the formation and growth of positive peer relationships among adolescents.

IntroductionThis study explores the phenomenon of envy directed towards the opposite sex. Envy is a complex emotion that can manifest in various forms, often reflecting societal and biological influences. Previous research suggests a potential imbalance in the domains where men and women experience envy.MethodsThe research was conducted in the Czech Republic using a demographically representative sample of 1,769 individuals (867 men and 902 women). Respondents were asked what they envied about the opposite sex, and qualitative analysis was performed on their answers. A total of 32 distinct categories of envy were identified.ResultsThe analysis revealed significant differences between men and women in the nature of their envy. Women expressed envy towards men in domains linked to biological conditions and social advantages, such as salary, prestige, physical strength, and the absence of menstruation, childbirth, and menopause. Men, on the other hand, envied women for their physical attractiveness, ease of seduction, ability to perform traditionally female tasks, and motherhood. Some categories, such as safety and tolerance, were shared by both genders, but the underlying reasons differed. For instance, women envied men for not having to fear being alone, while men envied women for being protected by men.DiscussionThese findings confirm existing evidence of a gender imbalance in envy. The study also uncovered a novel form of envy, termed “ablative envy”, which refers to the desire for the absence of an unpleasant quality. This suggests that envy between the sexes is deeply rooted in both biological and social factors, offering new insights into gender dynamics.

Yi Li,&ast; Siyu Wang&ast; School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Siyu Wang, Shanghai University, 20 Chengzhong Road, Jiading District, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 15510031225, Email sylvi.wang@foxmail.comAbstract: Temporary agency workers are becoming increasingly critical as a supplementary workforce within enterprises, inevitably leading upward social comparisons with permanent employees. However, existing research pays little attention to this phenomenon, which cannot provide theoretical guidance for the management of temporary agency workers. To fill this gap, our study utilizes the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion to construct a dual-path moderated mediation model, examining how upward social comparison is associated with positive and negative behaviors through two distinct forms of envy. Through the questionnaire survey, data is collected from 882 temporary agency workers in a Chinese temporary staffing firm. The results reveal that upward social comparison is associated with both benign and malicious envy, which in turn respectively relate to informal workplace learning and social undermining behavior. Additionally, psychological availability moderates the relationship between upward social comparison and envy, such that when psychological availability is higher (vs lower), the positive effect of upward social comparison on benign envy is stronger and the positive effect of upward social comparison on malicious envy is weaker. Moreover, psychological availability further moderates the indirect effect of upward social comparison on employee behavior. When psychological availability is higher (vs lower), the positive indirect effect of upward social comparison on informal workplace learning via benign envy is stronger, whereas the positive indirect effect of upward social comparison on social undermining via malicious envy is weaker. Our study enriches the theoretical research perspective of upward social comparison and provides insights for managing temporary agency workers. Our study is the first to explore the dual behavioral choices of upward social comparison of temporary agency workers and apply the cognitive appraisal theory of emotion to social comparison. The results indicate that organizations can improve the psychological availability of temporary agency workers to stimulate learning behavior and reduce social undermining behavior to achieve a win-win situation between temporary agency workers and organizations.Keywords: upward social comparison, envy, psychological availability, informal workplace learning, social undermining

Previous studies have a lack of meta-analytic studies comparing the trait (personality) envy, social comparison envy, and love–envy, and the understanding of the similarities and differences in the neural mechanisms behind them is relatively unclear. A meta-analysis of activation likelihood estimates was conducted using 13 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Studies first used single meta-analyses to identify brain activation areas for the three envy types. Further, joint and comparative analyses were followed to assess the common and unique neural activities among the three envy types. A single meta-analysis showed that the critical brain regions activated by trait (personality) envy included the inferior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, lentiform nucleus and so on. The critical brain regions activated by social comparison envy included the middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, precuneus and so on. The critical brain regions activated by love–envy included the inferior frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, insula and so on. In terms of the mechanisms that generate the three types of envy, each of them is unique when it comes to the perception of stimuli in a context; in terms of the emotion regulation mechanisms of envy, the three types of envy share very similar neural mechanisms. Both their generation and regulation mechanisms are largely consistent with the cognitive control model of emotion regulation. The results of the joint analysis showed that the brain areas co-activated by trait (personality) envy and social comparison envy were frontal sub-Gyral, inferior parietal lobule, inferior frontal gyrus, precuneus and so on; the brain areas co-activated by trait (personality) envy and love–envy were extra-nuclear lobule, lentiform nucleus, paracentral lobule, cingulate gyrus and so on; the brain regions that are co-activated by social comparison envy and love–envy are anterior cingulate gyrus, insula, supramarginal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus and so on. The results of the comparative analysis showed no activation clusters in the comparisons of the three types of envy.

Our proposition postulates that the correlation between the wrongdoer’s status and the punishment suggestions of onlookers is primarily influenced by group-oriented envy rather than the ascription of intentionality and is moderated by the belief in a just world. In three separate studies, 389 university students were asked to read scenarios describing a hit-and-run crime committed by either a rich or a poor individual and then report their opinions on intentionality attribution (Study 1 and Study 2), envy emotions (Study 2), punishment recommendations (all three studies), and belief in a just world (Study 3). Consistently, the findings indicated that those observing recommended harsher penalties to be imposed upon high-status perpetrators engaging in the same wrongdoing (such as hit-and-run) as their low-status equivalents. The effect of the rich receiving more severe punishment was predicted more strongly by envious emotions than by intentionality attributions to high-status wrongdoers and was only present for those observers who endorsed a lower belief in a just world.

Beliefs about conflict and uncertainty over felt emotions—for Joy, Pride, Sadness, Jealousy and Envy events—were studied by means of Yes/No and Why questions. Each participant (N = 1,156) judged a typical antecedent for a single emotion—e.g., Jealousy: story protagonist SP sees his or her partner kiss someone. The Yes/No results showed that SP was frequently expected to experience both phenomena, the more so the greater the event impact (Yes range: 40–86%). Beliefs associated with Yes answers (BY) were categorized into 4 categories: (BY1) reason-emotion opposition—felt emotions are unreasonable, inadequate ways of reacting; (BY2) ambivalent emotions—e.g., joy and sadness; (BY3) unclear emotions; (BY4) other causes—e.g., focused on event implications, SP’s personality. No conflict or uncertainty answers (BN; range 14–60%) mirrored BY categories: (BN1) no reason-emotion opposition, (BN2) no ambivalent emotions, (BN3) clear emotions, (BN4) other causes. Attributions and beliefs about causes did not generally differ by gender. As a collective entity, expressed beliefs were complex, focusing on one or more emotion component—e.g., appraisal, regulation, expression—as well as on emotion intensity, duration, and on self-concept issues. Overall, expressed beliefs seemed to imply a malleability theory of emotions, and emotion awareness. Results overall confirmed the hypotheses that conflict and uncertainty attributions are more likely for: unpleasant experiences; when emotions are norm-incongruent for the judged event; when mixed, ambivalent emotions are felt. The study confirms that people interpret emotion processes according to their lay theories.

This study aims to review the evidence for the reciprocal relationship between envy and social comparison (SC) on social networking sites (SNSs) and depression. We searched PsychINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science from January 2012 to November 2022, adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. A total of 9 articles met our inclusion criteria. In all articles reviewed, a simple correlation was found between SC on SNSs, envy, and depression. Three cross-sectional studies successfully tested a model with envy as a mediator between SNSs and depression. The moderating role of additional variables such as self-efficacy, neuroticism, SC orientation, marital quality, and friendship type was also evident. The only two studies that were suitable to determine direction found that depression acted as a predictor rather than an outcome of SC and envy, and therefore depression might be a relevant risk factor for the negative emotional consequences of SNSs use.

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Pedagogical Sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Upward social comparison on Social Network Sites (SNS) might be positively related to online compulsive buying; however, there is little understanding of the mechanism of this relationship. In this study, we explored the effect of upward social comparison on SNS on online compulsive buying, and whether this effect is mediated by materialism and envy. A total of 568 Chinese undergraduates (mean age = 19.58 years, SD = 1.43) were recruited to complete a survey that included Upward social comparison on SNS Scale, Materialism Scale, Envy Scale, and Online compulsive buying Scale. The results revealed that upward social comparison was positively linked to online compulsive buying. Additionally, materialism and envy completely mediated this relationship. Our findings suggest that upward social comparison has a positive influence on college students’ online compulsive buying and that this influence is formed through a combination of cognitive factors (materialism) and affective factors (envy). This discovery not only clarifies the underlying mechanism but also proposes a potential way of alleviating online compulsive buying.

Emotions are conspicuous components of radicalization, violent extremism, and conspiracy ideation. Of the emotions studied for their contribution to those social pathologies, envy has been relatively unexplored. We investigate the relationship between envy, radicalization, and conspiracy ideation. Envy appears to affect core aspects of radicalization, particularly the endorsement of extremism and the acceptance of violent means to achieve one’s ends, while radicalization facilitates the adoption of conspiracy ideation, rather than the latter being a cause of radicalization. Implications for future research on radicalization and violent extremism are discussed.

PurposeDrawing on social information processing theory and social comparison theory, we test how mentors’ daily ostracism triggers protégés’ envy, thus leading to decreased in-role performance and increased displaced aggression.Design/methodology/approachUsing an experience sampling study across three work weeks, the study provided theoretical and empirical examinations of dynamic, within-person processes related to mentors’ ostracism.FindingsMentors’ daily ostracism triggers protégés’ envy, which mediates the effect of mentors’ daily ostracism on protégés’ displaced aggression and in-role performance. Our findings supported our hypothesis of the buffering effect of mentorship quality on the negative effect of mentors’ ostracism on protégés’ envy but did not show a significant moderating effect on the mediating effect of protégés’ emotions between mentors’ daily ostracism and protégés’ behaviors.Research limitations/implicationsOur study focused on the victims of mentors’ ostracism on a daily basis. We constructed an overarching theoretical model to investigate how, why, and when mentors’ daily ostracism leads to protégés’ emotional and behavioral variability.Practical implicationsThe study provided how to cope with ostracism and envy.Originality/valueWe discuss the theoretical implications of our findings for research on mentors’ ostracism, protégés’ emotions, and protégés’ behaviors.

Fang Sun,1 Xiyuan Li,1 Muhammad Naseer Akhtar2 1Economics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China; 2Royal Docks School of Business and Law, The University of East London, London, UKCorrespondence: Xiyuan LiEconomics and Management School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-27-68752551Email lixiyuan@whu.edu.cnPurpose: Given the popularity of empowerment practices among scholars and practitioners, this research examines whether a manager’s differentiated empowering leadership negatively affects team members’ helping behaviors and, if so, how.Methods: The authors conducted one multi-source and time-lagged survey (with 44 managers and 212 team members) and two scenario-based experiments (with 120 participants in Study 2 and 121 participants in Study 3) to test the research model.Results: Team managers’ differentiated empowering leadership decreases team members’ helping behaviors. In particular, for team members who receive less empowerment, differentiated empowering leadership may decrease their helping behaviors by eliciting their envy. For team members who receive more empowerment, differentiated empowering leadership may decrease their helping behaviors by inducing their contempt.Conclusion: This research introduces the concept of differentiated empowering leadership in response to calls to investigate the dark side of empowering leadership. It reveals that unequal distribution of authority among team members by managers can undermine employee relations and elicit negative emotions of envy and contempt, thereby decreasing employees’ helping behaviors.Keywords: differentiated empowering leadership, envy, contempt, helping behavior

Employee health is crucial to organizational success. However, workplace ostracism (WO) has significant negative effects on employee health. Numerous researchers have extensively examined how WO influences employees’ negative health (job stress, burnout); however, the focus on mediating effects in the relationship between WO and health has been lacking. This study examined the cognitive evaluation response to WO by employees who perceive they have been ostracized because another employee envies them. The psychological defense mechanism is expected to be activated—thus triggering job stress and burnout. We investigated envy perceived by individuals as a mediator of WO, job stress, and burnout using data from a 2-wave longitudinal survey of 403 employees of a South Korean firm. We found that employees perceived WO. Specifically, based on the sensitivity to being the target of a threatening upward comparison theory, it was confirmed that envy was a mediator in the relationship between WO and negative health outcomes. Our results are the first to show that the perception of envy can mediate the maintenance of a positive self-image in the context of WO in South Korea. The results suggest that a greater awareness of and focus on envy, and WO is required.

Despite recent research associating social class with subjective well-being (SWB), the relationship between the two, manifested through victim justice sensitivity and envy, has not been properly investigated. Guided by social comparison and social cognitive tendency theories, we explored the direct and indirect relationships between social class and SWB among Chinese undergraduate students. This study employed a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based research design. 1,405 undergraduate students completed questionnaires regarding subjective social class, victim justice sensitivity, envy, and SWB. The results showed that social class was positively related to SWB and negatively associated with victim justice sensitivity and envy. Victim justice sensitivity was negatively related to SWB, victim justice sensitivity was positively related to envy, and envy was negatively associated with SWB. Social class correlated with SWB through three paths: the mediating role of victim justice sensitivity, the mediating role of envy, and the serial mediating roles of victim justice sensitivity and envy. The results indicate that social class could contribute to college students’ SWB through the mechanisms of victim justice sensitivity and envy. This study advances the understanding of how the relationship between social class and college students’ SWB operates. Furthermore, the findings will facilitate the promotion of college students’ SWB.

Social rejection is cold and hurtful, but how and why it is formed remains under-investigated. Our study offers one possible explanation from the rejector’s perspective by developing a moderated mediation model on the emotional antecedent and consequence of social rejection. Specifically, envious individuals use social rejection to complement their inferiority, further triggering their negative affect. Drawing on social comparison theory, we conducted an experience sampling methodology (ESM) investigation of 55 frontline workers through a 10-workday-survey (Level 1 n = 515). As predicted, daily envy is positively associated with daily social rejection. Daily social rejection is positively related to daily negative affect. Furthermore, daily social rejection mediates the relationship between daily envy and daily negative affect. These effects are more robust for females than males, including the impact of envy on social rejection and the impact of envy on negative affect via social rejection. We suggest the recipient and the rejector make psychological and behavioral adjustments accordingly. We also recommend that future research extend our current study methodologically and theoretically.

We propose a novel temporal-based theory of how a painful social comparative emotion--job search envy--transmutes as deviant or normative job search behaviors (resume fraud or search effort). We theorize that as job searches progress across time or discrete events, temporal-based pressure increases via perceptions that situations are less changeable or more critical, propelling envious job seekers toward deviant rather than normative search behavior. We propose that market-based pressure, deriving from employment opportunity perceptions, further moderates these effects. In a first study of unemployed job seekers, after more search time passes, job search envy relates to deviant search behavior. Market pressure further qualifies this relationship, although contrary to our prediction, lower market pressure exacerbates rather than attenuates the relationship. Study 2, a two-year study of graduate students engaged in internship and full-time job searches, focuses on event-based temporal pressure and mostly replicates the Study 1 findings. It also indicates that under lower event and market pressures, job seekers expend more effort but do not commit resume fraud in response to job search envy. Overall, we conclude that job search envy transmutes differently depending on temporal- and market-based contingencies and discuss future research possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Previous studies have discussed a lot about the factors that cause malicious envy. However, there are still no studies that discuss loneliness and emotional intimacy as one of the factors that predict malicious envy. The current study aims to examine the effect of loneliness and emotional intimacy on malicious envy, and to find out which of the two variables has the greatest influence on malicious envy. This research is a cross sectional quantitative research with ex post facto method. The sampling technique used was convenience sampling, with a total of 512 respondents aged 18-34 (SD = 2.61) years and were Instagram users. Based on the research findings, loneliness and emotional intimacy positively affect envy, where loneliness is the most influencing factor for envy. Keywords: Loneliness; Emotional intimacy; Envy; Malicious envy Abstrak: Penelitian sebelumnya telah membahas banyak hal tentang faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan kecemburuan jahat. Namun, masih belum ada penelitian yang membahas loneliness dan emotional intimacy sebagai salah satu faktor yang memprediksi malicious envy. Studi saat ini bertujuan untuk memeriksa efek loneliness dan emotional intimacy pada malicious envy, dan untuk mengetahui mana dari dua variabel yang memiliki pengaruh terbesar pada kecemburuan jahat. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif cross sectional dengan metode ex post facto. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah convenience sampling, dengan total 512 responden berusia 18-34 tahun (SD = 2,61) tahun dan merupakan pengguna Instagram. Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, loneliness dan emotional intimacy secara positif mempengaruhi malicious envy, di mana loneliness adalah faktor yang paling mempengaruhi untuk envy. Kata Kunci: Loneliness; Emotional intimacy; Envy; Malicious envy

The present study aims at testing whether: higher connection between subsymbolic and symbolic systems in expressing gratitude or envy may account for greater proneness to experience such feelings (1); differential effects exist when considering the (dis)connection among systems in expressing the opposite feelings (2). A convenience sample of 56 Italian participants was recruited (50% female; Mage = 44.16 years, SD = 16.07). A structured interview was used to compute some referential activity (RA) measures regarding the expression of gratitude and envy; as well, dispositional gratitude (GQ-6) and envy (DES) scales were administered. Multiple regression analyses were used to test the role of RA measures in explaining dispositional gratitude and envy, controlling for gender and age, whereas subgroup analyses for participants with low/high RA levels in envy and gratitude examined potential differential effect estimates. The results showed that envy-related RA may allow disclosing envious feelings, especially when there is a greater difficulty to get in touch with gratitude. Instead, gratitude-related RA does not necessarily result in greater grateful disposition, also because affect integration about envy can confound the relationship between emotional awareness and self-reported levels of gratitude. Limitations, suggestions for future research, and clinical implications are briefly discussed.

Originality and envy arise with humanbecoming and leading-following situations. Originality in leadership is significant because there is always pushing-resisting to cocreate something new and carve-out paths that differ from what already is. Envy and originality are lived out in unique patterns by all persons, in some way. How these patterns are lived depends on the choices persons make about how they live their unique originality among infinite possibilities. In this exploration, the author utilized ideas about originality and envy from existentialist psychologist and formative spiritualist, Adrian van Kaam, and nurse theorist, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, interest in studying envy at work has grown. Based on a previous review on envy and jealousy at work, the objective of this paper is to review and systematize the knowledge about this topic provided by empirical research in the past five years. After the search in scientific databases, establishing exclusion and inclusion criteria and literature coding, 32 papers were selected. The results show researchers’ growing interest in studying benign envy and its consequences and exploring new variables to explain envy in the workplace. Social comparison theory and cognitive appraisal theory are the two main theoretical frameworks used in the studies reviewed. The role of the leader is essential in envy’s appearance, and envy is usually related to dysfunctional results. This study provides researchers with a basis for designing future studies and creating intervention strategies to mitigate envy at work.

Though the current research stream has provided some risk factors for envy at the workplace, little is still known about the drivers and consequences of envy. Based on Vecchio’s theory, this study investigates the ripple effect of the span of supervision on envy. Moreover, it sheds light on the moderating role of meaningful work in their relationship. The data comprising sample size 439 were collected from confrères of four fast food companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Pakistan. Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was implemented through SmartPLS 3.3.2 to analyze the measurement and structural relationships. The results demonstrate that a narrow span of supervision will increase work engagement, and reduce instigated incivility via decreasing envy and resource depletion in sequence. Moreover, meaningful work would help regulate the inimical stream of dénouement of envy. Theoretical and practical implications, along with the limitations and future directions, have also been discussed.

Envy drives different behaviors, and while we often emphasize the negative effects of envy, there are also relatively positive aspects. This study explored the “two faces” of envy or behaviors that improve oneself or degrade others. In study 1 (N=466, 45.1% males and 54.9% females; Mage=18.53, SDage=2.05), we modeled the effects of envy and self-control on effort and aggression. In study 2 (N=102, 51% males and 49% females; Mage=20.56, SDage=1.88), we explored the influence of envy on striving behavior and aggressive behavior using an ego depletion paradigm. The different effects of envy on different levels were doubly verified. We established structural equation models of the interactions of benign envy, malicious envy, self-control, and associated behaviors, and we found that: (1) Individuals’ striving behavior was only affected by benign envy; (2) Individuals’ aggressive behavior was influenced by both malicious envy and self-control. Ego depletion moderated the effect of malicious envy on aggressive behavior.

The article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of jealousy tackled in artistic literature, particularly in Eugene Onegin written by A. S. Pushkin. In the research we were guided by the recommendations of K. Leonhard and Ganushkin’s work - that in the artistic literature, there are wonderful abundant descriptions that reflect the human psychology that must be used in psychological science. Both the characters in „Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin and those we have consulted were subjected to psychological analysis by us, as it is proceded in clinics where patients are analyzed. During the psychological study of the characters of the novel „Eugene Onegin”, we have clarified in detail many nuances in the field of relations between men and women, especially the causes of jealousy.

The present research investigated the effects of social exchanges of employees with their immediate manager (i.e., Leader-Member eXchange; LMX) and with their direct working unit/team (i.e., Team-Member eXchange; TMX) on counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs), both – towards the organization or towards colleagues. The research also explored the moderating effects of dispositional envy and the size of the working team on said associations. Data from 221 Israeli employees (Study 1) and 186 American workers (Study 2) were collected. The majority of our hypotheses were supported, with findings indicating interesting cultural differences. Implications and future research suggestions are discussed.

Envy is a word signifying an emotion that arises from social comparison and signals that one is outperformed by another person, or group of people, which makes one feel painful inferiority. It originates from the Latin "invidere" which means to "gaze maliciously". Yet, this emotion does not want to be communicated. It is hard to identify or admit it, partly because of a range of other negative emotions, such as hostility, resentment and rejection that accompany envious feelings. Envy may also trigger admiration that motivates one to "do better". However, subjective, historical and philosophical accounts overwhelmingly speak of its negative consequences. Not surprisingly, envy is regarded as a social taboo. Even the traditional scientific community considers envy as a "second class" emotion. It is said that envy does not meet the criteria for basic emotions. Only recently, with the paradigmatic shift in modern evolutionary psychology, a new framework was offered and started shedding light onto the emotion nobody likes to feel, think or talk about. This paper presents a review of theoretical considerations, predictions and empirical results, emerging from a relatively small amount of studies that incited a change in the conceptualization of this unwanted and seemingly inept emotion.

The author reflects on the significance of clinical placement in the training of counseling psychologists from a National Health Service Adult Psychology and Counselling Service provider's perspective. He discusses the difficulty facing trainees regarding access to placements and supervisors, the risk of dual relationships and the importance for trainees to familiarize themselves with their own codes of practice.

In this article envy is considered as a complex psychological phenomenon that has a structure and at least four aspects of which can be represented in a study: dynamic, pithful, structural and cross-cultural. It is emphasized that the main mechanism of the actualization of this psychological phenomenon is social comparison, as a result of which the subject feels and realizes his or someone else's superiority. Person can be fully aware of envy, but, at an unconscious level, it can, as a basis of the activity motives, provoke him to act. Forms of experiencing envy as a feeling are individual, they can change and transform over time, depending on what is valuable to the person at the moment. At the same time, envy is an unavoidable element of the social life of a person; it can perform an important function in the adaptation of a person in society.

This study examines the deservingness theory of envy over success stories post in the social media. The hypotheses are that there is a difference in; (1) the level of deservingness on posting stories of success gained through high effort (KUT) with success gained through low effort (KUR), (2) the level of envy over KUT and KUR posts, and (3) there is an influence of deservingness toward envy over KUT and KUR posts. A total of 214 undergraduate students became a subject of this research. The measurement of envy (y1) and deservingness (y2) over success post (x) used the scenario method. We used MANOVA-RM as the analysis technique to explore the envy and deservingness scores on KUT and KUR. MANCOVA-RM analysis was used to determine the effect of deserving­ness to envy. The findings suggest that envy increases when subjects are exposed to KUR post because of low deservingness.

Copyright of Journal of the Faculty of Theology / Kilis 7 Aralik Universitesi Ilahiyat Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Kilis 7 Aralik Universitesi Ilahiyat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background. The current Coronavirus pandemic has been linked to a dramatic increase in anti-Asian American and Pacific Islander (AAPI) hate incidents in the United States. At the time of writing, there does not appear to be any published empirical research examining the mechanisms underlying Asiaphobia during the current pandemic. Based on the stereotype content model, we investigated the idea that ambivalent attitudes toward AAPIs, marked primarily with envy, may be contributing to anti-AAPI xenophobia. Methods. Study 1 (N = 140) explored, through a survey, the link between envious stereotypes toward AAPIs and Asiaphobia. Study 2 (N = 167), utilizing autobiographical recall tasks, experimentally induced the affect of envy in order to establish causality between feelings of envy toward AAPIs and Asiaphobia. Results. In Study 1, envious stereotypes toward AAPIs were found to be predictive of Asiaphobia and, in Study 2, the inducement of envy led to heightened levels of Asiaphobia. Conclusions. The current research provides support for the proposition that, consistent with the stereotype content model, stereotypes and attitudes toward AAPIs marked with ambivalent and envious views, consisting of a mix of perceived competence and lack of “human warmth,” may be fueling Asiaphobia. Implications for potential applications and future research are discussed.

People often object to inequity; they react negatively to receiving less than others (disadvantageous inequity aversion), and more than others (advantageous inequity aversion). Here we study people’s folk intuitions about inequity aversion: what do people infer about others’ fairness concerns, when they observe their reactions to disadvantageous or advantageous inequity? We hypothesized that, people would not intuitively regard disadvantageous inequity aversion by itself as being rooted in fairness, but they would regard advantageous inequity aversion by itself as being rooted in fairness. In four studies, we used vignettes describing inequity aversion of a made up alien species to assess people’s folk intuitions about inequity aversion. The studies supported our main hypothesis that disadvantageous inequity aversion, without advantageous inequity aversion, does not fit people’s folk conception of fairness. Instead, participants reported it to be rooted in envy. According to these results, the claim that disadvantageous inequity aversion reveals a concern with fairness, does not readily accord with people’s intuitions. We connect these findings to other pieces of evidence in the literatures of behavioral economics, developmental psychology, and social psychology, indicating that lay people’s intuitions may be on the mark in this case. Specifically, unlike advantageous inequity aversion, disadvantageous inequity aversion need not be rooted in a sense of fairness. % revised abstract