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Pre-registration for an Experiment on financial scarcity and temporal discounting. We manipulate financial scarcity with the household task, where participants have to manage the finances of a household over several rounds. In this experiment, we design the experimental conditions in a way that the scarcity and abundance conditions end the experiment with a similar balance.

In this study, we aim to test the intergroup contact hypothesis in the context of social media (specifically: Twitter) combining survey data and data scraped from participants' Twitter accounts.

The Project´s main aim is to test the prediction of the temporal order effect, which states that counterfactual thinking tends to focus on the most recent event in an independent sequence of events.

The purpose of this study is to better understand the phenomenon of “vaccine envy”. Envy is an unpleasant, comparison-based emotion that arises when a person realizes that someone else has something that the person longs for, strives for, or desires (Parrott & Smith, 1993; Smith & Kim, 2007; Alicke & Zell, 2008). The term “vaccine envy” was coined during the Covid-19 pandemic and refers to envy that is experienced due to others receiving the opportunity to get vaccinated. In May 2021, we conducted a first survey (Time 1) in order to investigate antecedents, conditions, and correlates of vaccine envy (for the preregistration, see https://osf.io/dmj5f). The present follow-up survey (Time 2) aims at examining changes in vaccine envy over the course of the pandemic.

Previous research has shown that when people are distracted, they consume more food, during as well as after the distraction (van Meer et al., n.d.; van Dillen & Andrade, 2016), rate the food as less intense, and preferred intense tastes, such as saltiness and sweetness (van der Wal & van Dillen, 2013). Furthermore, Lyons et al. found that the more distracting a stimulus is, the more consumption is increased too (2013). The underlying framework suggests that by increasing the task load of the distraction, the cognitive capacity in a person is depleted, leaving them tasting less, and subsequently compensating by consuming more, which is called hedonic compensation (Oldham-Cooper et al., 2011). In this experiment, we want to test whether this phenomenon replicates.

Experiment 2

Empathy and schadenfreude are emotions that often lead to moral prosocial behaviors or harmful spiteful behaviors, respectively. An outstanding question is what motivates people’s feelings of empathy and schadenfreude towards people from different groups. Here we test two prominent motivators of emotions: personality and ideology. Previous work has found that people’s ideological orientations towards respecting traditionalism (RWA) and preferences about group-based hierarchy (SDO) can impact intergroup emotions. Further, low agreeableness, low openness to experiences, and high conscientiousness uniquely engender SDO and RWA. In the research presented here, we examine the relationship between personality, ideology, and emotions, arguing that SDO and RWA will predict reduced empathy and increased schadenfreude but towards different groups. SDO will predict reduced empathy and increased schadenfreude towards low-status groups while RWA will predicted reduced empathy and increased schadenfreude towards threatening groups. We further extend past work by investigating a third ideology (left-wing authoritarianism), exploring its relationship with personality and emotions.

We examine the effectiveness of the concealed information test based on the attentional blink. Attentional blink is a phenomenon of missing a second target (T2) presented in the temporal proximity of a first target (T1), reflecting temporal constraints on attention (Raymond et al., 1992). When observers conceal their crime, we expect their hidden information to be inferred from their performance on the attentional blink task if more attentional resources are allocated to the crime-relevant T1.

Open-label placebos (OLPs) are administered without the deception of participants or patients. Placebo recipients are informed that they are receiving a physiologically inert substance or another type of sham treatment. OLPs have been successfully used to reduce stress and negative affective states. There are also preliminary findings that OLPs can improve sleep quality. However, the general evidence on the improvement of sleep quality by OLPs is still very limited, and further research is needed to evaluate whether OLPs are a suitable tool to improve sleep quality or to attenuate sleep disturbance symptoms in clinical psychological practice. The evaluation of possible interventions to improve sleep quality is highly relevant since more than one-third of the population in German-speaking countries suffers from sleep problems. Insufficient sleep duration is increasingly discussed as a risk factor for weight gain and obesity. Observational studies describe higher intakes of fat and carbohydrates in sleep-deprived or sleep-disordered individuals. For example, sleepier participants in one study reported higher cravings for high-fat sweet foods. This craving suggests that fatigue, short sleep duration, and poor sleep quality promote overconsumption of high-calorie foods. In this study, we aim to assess how an OLP (compared to a classic placebo intervention and a control group with no intervention) affects sleep quality and how this change affects reactivity to food stimuli (e.g., specific appetite, visual attention).

Food information has a high reward value for human beings, and may be more so for those who are overweight or obese. Attention bias towards or away from food stimuli appears to be related to clinical symptoms in disordered eating and obesity. A popular task to assess attentional bias is the dot probe task. However, several studies have shown that the dot probe task has low reliability, making it a poor candidate to study individual differences or assess changes. A recent study (van Ens et al., 2019), however, seems to suggest that, by using a long stimulus presentation duration (3 seconds or longer), reaction time index may have acceptable internal and good test-retest reliability; in addition, although eye-tracking based first fixation measure had poor internal and test-retest reliability, the total dwell time measure had excellent internal and acceptable test-retest reliability. But several confounding factors and major limitations in this study may affect the validity and generalizability of the results: 1) it was mentioned that the color and complexity between food and nonfood stimuli were carefully matched, but it was not clear how; moreover, important physical properties such as luminance and contrast were not controlled for. Therefore, it was not clear whether any bias observed between food and nonfood images might be due to potential physical differences in luminance, contrast, etc. 2) Only 20 food stimuli (10 for high caloric density and 10 for low caloric density) were used, each presented for four times in the experiment. The limited number of images raises the question of generalizability across different food images; and repetitive presentations of images raises the possibility that any bias observed might not be due to attention per se but might relate to memory. 3) It was mentioned that appetizing stimuli were used to draw participants’ attention but it was not clear whether and how tastefulness was actually measured, which is important given individual differences in food preference. Moreover, caloric density was used, but it might not be a good index of healthfulness, since healthfulness, too, can be subjective. 4) reliability was measured only by Pearson’s correlation, which is a limited measure of reliability; for example, it does not take into account systematic differences between testing sessions. 5) the food and nonfood images were presented for 3 seconds, which is much longer than typically used in the dot probe task. It is then not clear how presentation duration might affect attentional bias and its reliability. Therefore, we plan to conduct a systematic investigation of the reliability of eye tracking based attention bias to food images in the dot-probe task using both reaction time and eye tracking measures. We plan to do so in two studies. In study 1, we resolve the confounds and limitations identified above with a few key innovations: 1) to control for differences in physical properties between food and nonfood stimuli, we use diffeomorphic transformed images based on the food images to serve as low-level control stimuli; 2) to improve generalizability and avoid the memory confound, we will increase the number of food images from 20 to 288, with each food image presented only once; 3) to control for individual differences in subjective perception, healthfulness and tastiness of the food items are rated by each participant individually, with the ratings then used to divide the food images into four groups (low healthfulness and low tastiness, low healthfulness and high tastiness, high healthfulness and low tastiness, and high healthfulness and high tastiness); 4) to provide a comprehensive evaluation, reliability is assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficients/intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), standard errors of measurement, and Cronbach’s alpha. In study 2, we also systematically investigate the role of presentation duration and the role of image repetitions in attention bias, by manipulating stimulus duration (100 ms, 500 ms, 1000 ms, vs. 3000 ms) and repetitions (1 time vs. 4 times).

Stout and Dasgupta (2011) found in three studies that exposure to generic masculine or what they termed “gender-exclusive language” led women to feel ostracized. More concretely, when women were exposed to language that included only male referents (e.g., “he,” “guys”), they felt more ostracized/less belonging than when exposed to gender-neutral (e.g., “one”) or gender-inclusive (e.g., “he or she”) language. The purpose of this work is to conduct a high-powered replication of this effect, using the methods of their Study 1.

The purpose of this study is to better understand the phenomenon of “vaccine envy”. Envy is an unpleasant, comparison-based emotion that arises when a person realizes that someone else has something that the person longs for, strives for, or desires (Parrott & Smith, 1993; Smith & Kim, 2007; Alicke & Zell, 2008). The term “vaccine envy” was coined during the Covid-19 pandemic and refers to envy that is experienced due to others receiving the opportunity to get vaccinated. As Covid-19 vaccines are still limited at the time of this preregistration and the pandemic remains omnipresent in people’s minds, it is often assumed that vaccine envy is widespread, even though no reliable data on vaccine envy exists. In our study, we want to collect data on vaccine envy from people that have not yet received a COVID-19 vaccine as well as data on the perception of vaccine envy in individuals that have already been vaccinated. Moreover, we aim at examining antecedents, conditions, and correlates of vaccine envy.

This study examines performance on a novel attachment false memory task in children (ages 8-14) who are enrolled in an ongoing longitudinal study of neurobehavioral development. The attachment false memory task is comprised of 24 attachment scripts depicting everyday events involving parents and children. False memories for secure and insecure attachment lures are examined in relation to children's: (a) age; (b) past exposure to caregiving-related early adversities (e.g. abuse, neglect, caregiving disruption); (c) current security with their caregiver; and (d) psychopathology-related behaviors.

We examine the effectiveness of the concealed information test based on the attentional blink. Attentional blink is a phenomenon of missing a second target (T2) presented in the temporal proximity of a first target (T1), reflecting temporal constraints on attention (Raymond et al., 1992). When observers conceal their crime, we expect their hidden information to be inferred from their performance on the attentional blink task if more attentional resources are allocated to the crime-relevant T1. In this experiment, we use a skeletal attentional blink task where only two targets appear (without distractors: Duncan et al., 1994).

We examine the effectiveness of the concealed information test based on the attentional blink. Attentional blink is a phenomenon of missing a second target (T2) presented in the temporal proximity of a first target (T1), reflecting temporal constraints on attention (Raymond et al., 1992). When observers conceal their crime, we expect their hidden information to be inferred from their performance on the attentional blink task if more attentional resources are allocated to the crime-relevant T1. In this experiment, we set up multiple lags in which attentional blink is likely to occur because the effect of the valence of the prior stimuli on attentional blink would vary across lags (Santacroce et al, 2021).

Food information has a high reward value for human beings, and may be more so for those who are overweight or obese. Stimuli with high reward value may be particularly conspicuous, demanding our attention even when we are attending to something else. Yet, the nature and neural signals of potential biased processing of food information remains unclear. Moreover, despite decades of research, a reliable measure of food information processing remains elusive, making it a methodological bottleneck in obesity and disordered eating research. To address the nature of biased attention processing, we ask 1) how attention is biased toward two cardinal properties of food information, namely, healthfulness and tastiness, even though the food information is irrelevant to the task at hand; and 2) whether and how such processing might be dependent on the demandingness of the central task (i.e., perceptual load). In our previous study which has been preregistered, we recruited 32 participants and measured their responses to infrequent visual food information embedded in streams of other visual objects in EEG, specifically, by using a variant of steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP), oddball fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS). The infrequent food objects (i.e., oddballs) are one of four different combinations in different trials based on healthfulness and tastiness: 1) high healthfulness and high tastiness; 1) high healthfulness and low tastiness; 3) low healthfulness and high tastiness; and 4) low healthfulness and low tastiness. The perceptual load of the central task is either low (detection of a certain color of letters) or high (detection of certain combinations of color and identity of letters). In this study, the results demonstrated robust and reliable implicit categorization of food information at the individual level for all 32 participants, with the effect not modulated by perceptual load or tastiness (but might be by healthfulness). Since oddball FPVS is a novel paradigm applied to studying food information processing, it would be critical to replicate the findings in order to develop FPVS as a reliable measure of food information processing as well as apply this tool to obesity or other clinical sample with eating disorders. In particular, the modulating effect of healthfulness observed was not salient and requires further evidence. Furthermore, the lack of modulation by tastiness and perceptual load also warrants replication. Therefore, we plan to conduct a replication study with the same paradigm and sample size to validate our previous findings.

This study was pre-registered before participant data collection began, but after research assistant coding began. The registration includes two documents: the pre-registration document containing methodological details and the content coding scheme.

This study is part of a larger project that examines whether specific personality traits may be associated with group-based relative deprivation. In a previous correlational study, we found a significant (negative) association between (trait) modesty and group-based relative deprivation, amongst White Americans (i.e., a high-status, or “structurally advantaged” group), but not amongst Black Americans (i.e., a low-status, or “structurally disadvantaged” group). In the present study we aimed to examine whether this effect replicates amongst Men (ie., a high-status, or “structurally advantaged” group) and Women (i.e., a low-status or “structurally disadvantaged” group).

This is an addendum to our initial pre-registration (“Pre-registration diversity dilution 1Oct2021.pdf”) after we have already collected data. The addendum document ("Pre-registration ADDENDUM diversity dilution 25Oct2021") contains extra analyses not included in the original pre-registration.

Perceptual decision making is an action to choose an option among a list of available choices, typically from two choices over a short time period (e.g. recognising if a traffic light is red or green during driving). Computational, neural, cognitive and behavioural theories have merged to describe that this dynamic behaviour of perceptual decision making is a consequence of competitions between accumulating sensory evidence of available stimuli (e.g. gradually recognising that a traffic light is red because perceptual information of red light reaches a decisional threshold earlier than that of green light) [for a review, see 1-4]. Similar processes have been described by those theories in a voluntary condition where one is given a full control to decide to choose one stimulus over a list of available options (or even given a choice to choose none), competing between accumulating voluntary decisions within one's mind, which is referred to as an intentional (and also referred to as a voluntary) decision making [e.g. 5-7]. In our first study, we used the perceptual decision making task of the Serial Reaction Time Task or SRTT with an involuntary (i.e. choosing a highlighted cue while avoiding three other unhighlighted cues) and a voluntary or freely-selectable (i.e. choosing one cue among all of four highlighted cues) conditions. This study demonstrated that the voluntary condition showed larger RT improvement on tapping a keyboard key spatially corresponding to a visual cue presented on a computer screen after a series of the tapping training than in the involuntary condition. This indicates that cognitive processes of choosing a choice through one’s mind alone leads to faster learning in such perceptual decision making task than inducing an action through perceiving a highlighted cue that guides which key to choose. Based on the initial finding, our second study reduced a number of free choices from fully selectable four options to two freely available and two inhibiting options in the voluntary condition. In this new study setting, participants’ reaction time became slower at the beginning of training, but the voluntary condition still showed larger RT improvement across repetitions of training than in the involuntary condition. In addition to that, we set one of the two freely selectable choices following a same sequential pattern as the fixed sequence pattern in the involuntary condition. This design increased a likelihood of choosing the free choice more frequently and speeded up participants’ reaction time faster than the other free choice. This suggests that trained or familiar sequential pattern leads to a preferred or biased choice within such intentional decision making task, and participants’ reaction speed might be boosted by skipping the additional decision making processes of inhibiting an action to certain choices and directly moving into the decision processes of choosing a choice underlying the trained sequential pattern in the involuntary condition. The finding in the second study raises a new question: how important are the trained sequential pattern (i.e. trained sequential pattern in the involuntary or fully fixed sequential condition) and participants’ intentional choices (i.e. choices among free choices in the voluntary condition) in this dynamic decision making task? Specifically, which factor produces a stronger effect on the dynamic decision making task? Do those effects interact each other (e.g. effects are additive or competitive)? Do those effects link to and predict subsequent decision making patterns? If so, which factor leads to a better link and prediction? Is the link/prediction better when combined, or separated? Here, our third study aims to examine these questions, by assigning the two free choice - two inhibiting choice setting to all trials. In this new study design, the fully fixed sequential condition (i.e. previously classified as an involuntary condition) follows a fixed sequential pattern with a pair of two freely selectable choices so that participants will learn a fixed sequential pattern of pairs, but they also need to make a further intentional decision between the two choices. We will test if the trained pattern of pairs of two free choices or participants’ intentional choices between the pair lead to a better performance (e.g. faster RTs or accuracy) individually or their effects are interactive. Also, we will examine if these effects link to and predict subsequent decision making patterns.

Pre-registration for an experiment on financial scarcity and temporal discounting. We manipulate financial scarcity with the household task, where participants have to manage the finances of a household over several rounds. In this experiment, we design the experimental conditions in a way that the scarcity and abundance conditions end the experiment with a similar balance. To do so, the scarcity condition receives a higher endowment than the abundance condition.

People with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are often judged as less engaging, less likeable, and more awkward based on nonverbal behavior alone (Grossman, 2015; Marchena & Eigsti, 2010). Such first impressions can have a significant negative impact on social development and functional outcome for individuals with ASD. Recent studies have also found that individuals with ASD do not achieve the same level of nonverbal coordination in their interactions as typically-developed (TD) individuals (Georgescu et al., 2020; Wadge et al., 2019). This study investigates whether impression formation by TD participants differs between ASD and TD individuals and is influenced by non-verbal interpersonal synchrony.

The study is an initial investigation of the feasibility of applying Bayesian sequential analyses to individual participant single-case data for rapid detection of whether or not the individual is benefitting from a low-intensity computerized cognitive training intervention for depression. Patients waiting for, or in follow-up from, outpatient psychological therapy will complete first a two-week period of daily symptom monitoring, followed by two different two-week cognitive training interventions. Data collected will be used to assess feasibility of a future formal case series using Bayesian sequential analyses to determine switching of interventions, and inform the analysis parameters for such a future study.

The purpose of an eyewitness identification procedure is to determine whether the police suspect is guilty or innocent of the crime in question. Rather than presenting the lone suspect to the witness for an identification attempt, it is generally advised that the police investigator first surround the suspect with known-innocent fillers. The rationale is that if the suspect is guilty, the eyewitness ought to be able to pick this person out of a lineup. If the suspect is innocent, these fillers offer that individual protection from mistaken identification as many witnesses who would have otherwise identified the innocent suspect identify a filler instead (e.g., Smith et al., 2018; Smith et al., 2020). Hence, the idea of surrounding the suspect with known-innocent fillers is that we can strike a better trade-off between correct perpetrator identifications and incorrect innocent-suspect identifications. But producing that improved trade-off requires that fillers be selected so that they are, on average, as similar to the witness’ memory for the perpetrator as is the innocent suspect. Lineups in which fillers prevent the innocent suspect from standing out as a better match to the witness’ memory for the perpetrator are called fair and lineups in which the fillers do not prevent the innocent suspect from standing out as a better match to the witness’ memory for the perpetrator are called biased. More than 40 years of research demonstrates that fair lineups lead to a better trade-off between guilty-suspect identifications and innocent-suspect identifications than do biased lineups and that a suspect identification from a fair lineup is far more reliable than a suspect identification from a biased lineup (e.g., Clark, 2012; Lindsay & Wells, 1980; Smith et al., 2017). In the present line of research, we examine how laypeople perceive the reliability of identifications made from fair versus biased lineups. In Experiment 1, we presented laypeople with (1) a brief description of the crime, (2) the witness’ brief description of the perpetrator, (3) a six-person photographic lineup, and (4) the position of the identified lineup member. Each lay participant viewed one fair lineup, where all lineup members match the witness’ description of the perpetrator, and one biased lineup, where only the lineup member who was identified matches the witness’ description of the perpetrator. On each lineup, participants were asked to the likelihood the witness had made an accurate identification. We posited that, counterintuitively, laypeople would judge identifications from biased lineups to be more reliable than identifications from fair lineups. The rationale was that the non-selected lineup members provide a reference group of alternative outcomes that can be contrasted with the identified lineup member. Compared to when only the identified lineup member fits the witness’ description (biased lineup; high perceptual contrast), when all lineup members fit the witness’ description (fair lineup; low perceptual contrast), laypersons might look to the non-identified alternatives, question why not one of these other persons, and lower their reliability judgment accordingly. As we expected, laypeople rated likely accuracy higher for biased lineup than they did for fair lineups (d = .80). In the follow-up experiments, our goal was to determine what information laypeople needed to know before aligning their perceptions of fair and biased lineups to be equivalent to what the research shows to be the truth. To do this, we incrementally added additional instructions to the lineup task in a series of three separate experiments. In Experiment 2, we added to the instructions that the witness identified the suspect. We expected that this inclusion would key participants into the fact that there is only a single suspect present in the lineup (and that the other five are known-innocent, or not suspected of the current crime). In Experiment 3, we instructed participants to keep in mind that the actual culprit might or might not be present in the lineup, which we expected to help guide them to the conclusion that the “correct” answer might be to reject the lineup (or say that the culprit is not present). In Experiment 4, we informed participants that the police designed the lineup by selecting known-innocent fillers from a database of images. We expected that this instruction would help participants to appreciate the intent with which many biased lineups are constructed—to increase the likelihood that the witness would identify the suspect. However, adding on these additional pieces of information had little impact on participants ratings. Throughout the next several experiments, we were interested in determining how lay participants responded when presented with a lineup fairness question, rather than a question about suspect identification accuracy. In Experiment 5 and Experiment 7, we found that participants rated fair lineups as “fairer” than biased lineups, indicating that they were sensitive to the lineup fairness manupulation. Furthermore, in Experiment 5, we found that priming participants with this fairness question attenuated participants’ preferences for the biased lineup over the fair lineup. In fact, in Experiment 8, we found that providing participants with the full set of instructions (tested in Experiments 2 through 4) and priming them with a lineup fairness question (tested in Experiment 5 and 7), led to laypersons rating fair and biased lineups as almost identical in terms of suspect identification accuracy. Save for priming participants with lineup fairness considerations, none of the subtle instructions we provided to participants had much impact on their accuracy ratings for fair and biased lineups. Hence, in Experiment 9, we take a different approach. We will present laypersons with a short passage describing the purpose of lineups to see whether giving them more of a conceptual explanation leads them to appreciate why suspect identification accuracy is higher for fair than for biased lineups. This passage makes four key points: (1) suspects are generated by using the witness’ description, (2) suspects are sometimes innocent, (3) eyewitnesses frequently make false identifications of innocent persons, (4) the purpose of a lineup is to see if the witness recognizes the suspect as the culprit, and (5) lineups can be a good measure of guilt when all fillers match the witness’ description. The passage reads as follows: When a crime occurs there is sometimes an eyewitness who got a view of the culprit and can give a verbal description of that culprit. Police will generate suspects matching the witness’ description. The suspect might be innocent, of course, and so police sometimes put together a lineup (either live or photographic) that includes that suspect and then show that lineup to the eyewitness. It is not uncommon for the suspect in a lineup to in fact be innocent (not the culprit). Because eyewitnesses often mistakenly identify innocent people, police embed the suspect among known-innocent lineup members. These known-innocent lineup members are called “lineup fillers.” In a typical lineup, there are five of these fillers plus the one suspect, thereby yielding a lineup composed of six people. The goal of the lineup is to make sure that an eyewitness actually recognizes the suspect as being the culprit. But if the fillers do not fit the witness’s description of the culprit, then maybe the witness will pick the suspect only because he best fits the description rather than because the witness actually recognizes the suspect as being the culprit. Therefore, the fillers should fit the verbal description that the eyewitness gave of the culprit. If the fillers all fit the description that the eyewitness gave of the culprit and the eyewitness still manages to pick the suspect, the identification is considered good evidence of guilt. We will also use five manipulation check questions to assess participant comprehension of the short passage. Participants will answer these manipulation check questions at the end of the study, after having rated the likely suspect identification accuracy of both a fair and a biased lineup. If participants do not rate suspect identification accuracy as higher for fair than for biased lineups, these manipulation check questions will help us to determine the extent to which that might have been attributable to comprehension issues rather than to the inefficacy of the passage. The questions are listed below, with the correct answers marked by an asterisk. Which of the following is typically true? • *Police develop suspects using the witness' description of the culprit. • Police do not use witness' description of the culprit when developing suspects. • Police develop suspects who look different from the witness' description of the culprit. • None of the above. Suspects in the lineup are _____ innocent. • Always • Never • *Sometimes • Normally Witnesses... • Are always correct. • Are always false. • Rarely make false identifications • *Frequently make false identifications The purpose of a lineup is: • To see if one of the fillers might be the actual culprit in the case • *To see if the eyewitness actually recognizes the suspect as being the culprit rather than simply being the lineup member who best fits the description • To make the task as easy and obvious as possible so that the witness will pick the person the police want them to pick • None of the above Identifications from a lineup are good evidence of guilt if: • *Fillers match the witness' description of the culprit • Fillers do not match the witness' description of the culprit • Regardless of whether or not fillers match the witness' description of the culprit • The suspect looks very different than the other lineup members

This meta-analysis aims at evaluating the use of serious games on mental health improvement.

We will examine whether agency and redemption in a turning point narrative predict self-esteem and life satisfaction in students transitioning from education to work. We will obtain insights into short- and long-term change processes of self-esteem and life satisfaction by examining interindividual differences in daily fluctuations across 14 days and interindividual differences in change across 8 months. Personal narratives can predict long-term changes in individuals’ psychological adjustment, especially during challenging periods (Adler et al., 2015; Dunlop & Tracy, 2013). Two characteristics that have shown to predict adjustment are agency (Adler, 2012) and redemption (McAdams et al., 2001). Possibly, a meaningful narrative constructed in an agentic and redemptive manner can guide people’s behavior and encourage them when dealing with new setbacks. Consequently, these narratives might indicate resilience, supporting individuals during challenging periods in living the good life. For young adults, the transition from education to work is often a challenging period, which is reflected in the vast interindividual differences in changes in self-esteem (Reitz et al., 2020) and life satisfaction (Haase et al., 2012). Students’ narratives about a previous turning point might help explain this interindividual variability. Additionally, a meaningful agentic and redemptive narrative could support young adults during challenging days and hence, predict less fluctuation in daily self-esteem and life satisfaction. Considering daily life when studying narratives’ role in adjustment is important, because daily fluctuations in self-esteem and life satisfaction predict psychological problems (e.g., Sowislo et al., 2014; Willroth et al., 2020) and hence, help understand processes underlying trait change.

In-Vehicle technology, such as a smartphone, has been shown to distract people from driving. Following the paradigm of Sall et al. (2014), here we will investigate whether the LED flashes that occur near participants can capture their attention and interfere with the detection of changes in the road environment ahead.

The study has three tasks; the first two (i.e., a full MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) and its shorter, item-response theory-based version – BabyLex-IRT) are filled in by parents of young children, while the third, a tablet-based word-comprehension task (T-Lex) is completed by the young child. Each task is administered twice, once as an initial test and once as a retest, with a duration of two weeks between the two tests. We recruit 18-month-olds in Göttingen, Germany and in the Oslo area, Norway. There are two aims in this study. First, we will measure the test-retest reliability of all three tasks. Second, we aim to measure how well BabyLex-IRT and T-Lex map to the full CDI. In addition to that, we will follow children longitudinally and will aim at evaluating whether performance at 18 months of age predicts performance at 24 months and 30 or 36 months of age, although this will make the focus of a separate preregistration.

Human activity can protect or harm marine environments, with far-reaching impacts not only on the marine ecosystem but also on human health and well-being. One way to integrate both Sustainable Development Goals—marine protection and public health—may be individuals’ physical (marine contact) and psychological (inclusion of marine environments in self-representation) connectedness with marine environments. Using secondary data from surveys in 14 European countries and Australia (N ≈ 15,000), we will investigate the relationships of physical (Study 1) and psychological (Study 2) marine connectedness with public perceptions of marine protection importance as well as general health and well-being.

Eating and drinking while distracted has been linked to higher subsequent consumption. We hypothesize that distracted consumption leads to a lower decrease in food approach motivation after the meal. This may lead people to consume more afterwards than they would have if they ate without distraction. This is studies in two experiments: In Experiment 1 distraction is manipulated by letting participants consume lunch once while distracted and once while doing no other activities and measuring food approach motivation before and after each meal. In Experiment 2 food approach motivation is measured before and after lunch and dinner on three days and participant indicated whether they were distracted after each meal. Food approach motivation is assessed using a mobile approach avoidance task (mAAT; Zech et al., 2020) with food and object images.

DEA study

This is a pre-registration before data collection. Full pre-registration details are in the included PDF pre-registration file dated Jun 21, 2022. along with PDF of the Qualtrics questionnaire.

This registration contains the pre-registration protocol for a research project investigating the verb-marking deficit in English-speaking children with and without Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). A corpus analysis was conducted to test the assumptions of the Competing Sources of Input Account (Leonard et al., 2015).

Pre-registration for an experiment on financial scarcity and temporal discounting. We manipulate financial scarcity with the household task, where participants have to manage the finances of a household over several rounds. In this experiment, we design the experimental conditions in a way that the scarcity and abundance conditions end the experiment with a similar balance. To do so, the scarcity condition receives a positive income shock. In this experiment, we administer the income shock after round 1.

We examine the effectiveness of the concealed information test based on the attentional blink. Attentional blink is a phenomenon of missing a second target (T2) presented in the temporal proximity of a first target (T1), reflecting temporal constraints on attention (Raymond et al., 1992). When observers conceal their crime, we expect their hidden information to be inferred from their performance on the attentional blink task if more attentional resources are allocated to the crime-relevant T1.

This experiment investigates the effects of various magnitudes of optical minification on participant’s short-term comfort. We aim to assess how comfort varies with minification magnitude in both eyes (bilateral minification), and how comfort varies when minification is present in only one eye (unilateral minification).

Stage 1 IPA at PCI RR

There is growing interest in smartphone apps as a means of increasing the reach of interventions for poor sleep. To date, most evaluations of sleep interventions delivered via mental health apps (MHapps) have focused on formal treatment programs designed for clinical populations and specific disorders, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for insomnia. Yet, there has been a dramatic increase in the demand, availability, and media coverage of standalone, audio-based tools designed for ad-hoc use by the general public before and during sleeping hours. Despite the popularity of such tools (including amongst individuals with disrupted sleep), there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding their efficacy. The current study will aim to assess the feasibility of conducting a future definitive RCT to evaluate the efficacy of two categories of standalone, audio-based sleep exercises (referred to collectively as ‘Sleep Tools’ here) featured on Unmind -- a digital mental health platform for working adults. The two categories will include 1) Nightwaves (NW; ambient music and nature sounds), and 2) Sleep Tales (ST; narrated stories), both of which are designed to facilitate improved sleep. The study will recruit working adults who meet predefined criteria for poor sleep, and will be a multi-arm, parallel-group, external pilot RCT with assessments at pre- (t0) and post-intervention (t1). Participants will be randomised to one of two Sleep Tools interventions featured on the Unmind platform (NW or ST), or to a wait-list (WL) control group, for a period of 4 weeks. The primary aim of this study is to assess the feasibility of the research methods and interventions, in preparation for a definitive RCT. A secondary aim is to assess the preliminary efficacy of each intervention arm via self-reported outcome measures of sleep disturbance, sleep-related impairment, workplace productivity, core symptoms of depression and anxiety, and overall mental wellbeing, captured at t0 and t1. The study will incorporate a secondary trial designed to report on acceptability and usability of the Unmind Sleep Tools under more pragmatic, naturalistic study conditions.

Since the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) containing the light sensing photopigment melanopsin, there is growing interest in the research field of non-image forming (NIF) effects of light. Numerous studies have been already carried out to investigate NIF effects on humans. Some studies focus on circadian effects, while others investigate acute effects, such as an increase in attention. Although some results could be reproduced and are widely accepted in the scientific community, there are contradictory statements and a clear, holistic picture of NIF effects is still to be drawn. Since it is known that light can influence alertness, it is not surprising that researchers are also trying to find optimal workplace lighting, supporting employees and increasing well-being and productivity at the workplace. However, most studies use designs that are not easily transferable to real-life working conditions. The presented study is an approach to fill this gap by creating a study design that focuses on full-time daytime workers. Looking at the numerous studies that have been carried out to investigate acute NIF effects, it is conspicuous that results often differ significantly or even contradict, as shown by Souman et al. (2018). This can be explained by a great diversity in independent variables that are varied within these studies. In most studies the spectral composition and/or illuminance of light is altered. With the introduction of a new metric system to describe NIF effects of light by the CIE (CIE S 026/E:2018) parameters that depend on both of these quantities were introduced. In particular, the melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance (MEDI) has gained more and more interest. It describes how much daylight is needed to achieve the same melanopic stimulation as the current lighting scene considered. In 2020 Brown et al. showed, that this parameter can predict the magnitude of circadian responses for many lighting conditions. Therefore, we assume that this may also be possible for acute effects of light. In addition to the lighting properties, also temporal parameters are considered within this study. It could be shown that an increase in exposure duration can have similar effects as increasing illuminance (Dewan et al., 2011). The proposed study focuses on full-time daytime workers. Therefore, an exposure duration of 7.5 h is realized. In addition, all lighting scenarios fulfill the requirements for lighting at workplaces. Often studies include scenarios that are hardly realizable in real-life working situations. With this design we aim to investigate whether alternations between scenarios that could realistically be implemented on workplaces have an impact on the alertness of employees.

The current study follows-up on two preregistered experiments in which we investigated whether information in the focus of attention is protected from (Experiment 1: https://osf.io/8uvnb) or particularly vulnerable to (Experiment 2: https://osf.io/af8mj/) perceptual interference, compared to information outside the focus of attention. Contrary to what is typically observed, we did not find an interference effect in either of the experiments, neither for information in the focus of attention, nor for information outside the focus of attention. Therefore, in the current study, we will 1) investigate why we did not observe an interference effect in Experiment 1, while 2) still keeping our initial research question in mind (i.e., Is information in the focus of attention protected from or particularly vulnerable to perceptual interference, compared to information outside the focus of attention?). Related to the first point, we propose two hypotheses as to why we did not observe an interference effect in the aforementioned experiments. Firstly, the lack of an interference effect might be due to the specific, unfamiliar materials that were used (i.e., material hypothesis; non-verbalizable images from Endo et al., 2003). Secondly, the lack of an interference effect might be due to the long encoding times (i.e., encoding time hypothesis), resulting in particularly strong or robust memory representations. To investigate these two hypotheses, we will present participants with the paradigm as used in Experiment 1 (i.e., a 100% valid retro-cue paradigm), except for two critical changes; (1) we will use two types of materials (familiar vs. unfamiliar), and (2) we will decrease the encoding time from 2000 ms to 1000 ms. More specifically, we will present half of the participants with unfamiliar, not-verbalizable images as used in Experiment 1 (Endo et al., 2003) and the other half of the participants with a set of familiar, verbalizable images (Brady et al., 2008). For all participants in the current experiment, we decreased the encoding time, to enable us to compare the data of the participants of Experiment 1 (i.e., unfamiliar material – long encoding time) with the data of the participants who were presented with unfamiliar memory materials in the current study (i.e., unfamiliar material – short encoding time).

In this study, we will investigate whether the item in the focus of attention is more vulnerable to perceptual interference compared to other items, outside of the focus of attention in working memory, as previously has been found in different reward paradigms (e.g., Allen & Ueno, 2018; Hitch et al., 2018, 2020; Hu et al., 2014, 2016). To do so, we will use a ‘1114’ reward pattern as was typically used in the aforementioned studies. If the item in the focus of attention is more vulnerable to perceptual interference than items outside of the focus of attention in working memory, we should find a clear disruptive effect of perceptual interference for high reward items compared to low reward items (i.e., typically found in reward paradigms). Additionally, we will investigate whether the same pattern can be found for high reward items compared to no reward items (i.e., a comparison that is more similar to what is typically done in retro-cue paradigms).

This is a replication study. It's aim is to investigate possible ovulatory cycle shifts in women's clothing style (including colors and revealingness), as well as grooming (such as wearing jewellry). For this purpose, photographs of N = 257 women, all photographed four times across their ovulatory cycle, will be coded by three independent research assistants.

This study aims to identify similarities and differences in perceptions of childhood emotional abuse versus other forms of abuse. We will specifically be comparing abuse perceptions of students from 15 different countries. Each group will be recruited from university research participation pools. The study aims to identify similarities and differences in perceptions of abuse severity and offender responsibility, given how emotional abuse is understudied and underreported. Moreover, this study seeks to understand how culture influences perceptions of emotional abuse to gain a deeper understanding of new perspectives.

This study is a follow-up of a previously preregistered experiment on the effects of being exposed to an authoritarian populist discourse on moral value threat and tolerance. Supporting our initial hypothesis, in the previous study we observed that an authoritarian populist discourse elicits more value threat compared to a moderate discourse, even when controlling for discourse-participant political orientation matching. We also hypothesized that those participants exposed to the authoritarian populist discourse become less tolerant to alternative political options. This hypothesis was not supported by the data as the analysis of variance did not yield a statistically significant main effect of the type of discourse on tolerance. However, we find an interaction with the variable of satisfaction with democracy. The latter moderated the relationship between the condition and political tolerance, such as tolerance for those satisfied with democracy tended to decrease in the authoritarian populist discourse, while the trend was reversed for those dissatisfied. In the present study we aim to replicate this findings, while also extending them in two main ways: - First, we seek to understand which kind of values are threatened by the populist authoritarian discourse. While it was hypothesized that values would be threatened by this discourse regardless of political orientation, the fact that the value threat scale was content free opens up interesting questions. On one hand it could be that people feel their own personal and ingroup values threatened in all cases, regardless of sharing political orientation with the leader or not. This would mean that the leader elicits a sense of being attacked to those likeminded, while more directly atacking those with opposing values. However, another possibility is that those that share a similar political orientation with the leader especifically perceive their democratic values under attack. This would imply that people share the general outlook of the leader but disagree on his methods. To provide an answer to these questions we will look at this more closely by measuring three types of value threat: threat to personal values, threat to democratic values and threat to social values. Aditionally, as we are mostly interested in the nuances of value threat for those in favour of the political leader, we modify the procedure so that the political orientation of participants and the leader will always match and its effects will be added in the models as a covariable. - Second, aside from replicating the interaction effect of the experimental condition and satisfaction with democracy on tolerance found in the previous Study, we also seek to add a measure that captures agreement with specific intolerant actions. Accordingly, we will include Voelkel's et al. (2023) scale of support for undemocratic practices.

Psychologists have long proposed the idea of the authentic self in which a person internalizes various social roles, resulting in consistency across contexts and a healthy, positive sense of self (Gergen, 1971; Leary, 2003; Rogers, 1959). This proposal suggests a positive relationship between psychological continuity and mental health, distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, neuroticism; Donahue et al., 1993; Korchin, 1976). Clinically orientated researchers have also noted the links between pathologically low levels of psychological overlap across a person’s experiences and poor mental health (Gleaves, 1996). There are many social contexts throughout life that involve unique roles and identities that may represent the authentic or inauthentic self (Brewer & Chen, 2007; Cooley, 1902; James, 1890; McConnell, 2011; Mead, 1934; Turner & Onorato, 1999; Tyler et al., 1999). However, with the advent of social media in recent years, people now have much greater control over whether they express themselves authentically or not (Bayer et al., 2020). The present research examines whether the idea of the authentic self applies to social media. Social media are “virtual communities where users can create individual public profiles, interact with real-life friends, and meet other people based on shared interests” (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011, p. 3529). Popular examples of those platforms, such as Facebook or Instagram, have billions of monthly active users worldwide (Statista, 2022). Emerging research has outlined a complex landscape of how social media use and motives relate to mental health (Braghieri et al., 2022; Brailovskaia & Margaf, 2020). In terms of authenticity in social media use, one might expect a person who perceives their social media self to accurately reflect their values and characteristics to experience positive mental health (Reincke & Trepte, 2014). Alternatively, people use social media to escape from negative emotions or liberate themselves from offline constraints (Brailovskaia et al., 2020; Bunker et al., 2021). People who experience psychological maladjustment may seek social media as a place where they feel they can truly be themselves. Although most people wish to express themselves authentically on social media (Bayer et al., 2020), social media is rife with false profiles and expressions of the self that deviate from offline life (Wright et al., 2018). Therefore, regarding the relationship between social media use and its potential impact on mental health, it is crucial to investigate how social media use patterns are expressions of the extent that a person is authentic on social media. The present project's specific aims are to investigate: (1) Is perceived authenticity on social media linked positively or negatively to mental health? (2): Does the relationship between social media use patterns (e.g., active and passive use) and different aspects of mental health (e.g., indicators of poor mental health and wellbeing) vary by how authentic people believe they are on social media? (3) Does authenticity predict mental health at both trait (i.e., authenticity across contexts) and state (i.e., authenticity for specific social media behaviors) levels?

We selected the claim that a mastery-approach orientation positively predicts use of all three deep-processing strategies and the use of rehearsal strategies, For the purpose of this replication effort, we are particularly interested in replicating whether mastery-approach orientation positively predicts the use of rehearsal strategies.

For pre-registration including figures please use the following link: https://osf.io/5gpqz/.