11 results on '"Shafir, Eldar"'
Search Results
2. A Behavioral-Economics View of Poverty
- Author
-
Bertrand, Marianne, Mullainathan, Sendhil, and Shafir, Eldar
- Published
- 2004
3. Economic status cues from clothes affect perceived competence from faces
- Author
-
Oh, DongWon, Shafir, Eldar, and Todorov, Alexander
- Subjects
PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Motion Perception ,Male ,Cognition and Perception ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Vision ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Personality and Creativity ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Touch, Taste, and Smell ,Social and Behavioral Sciences ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,0302 clinical medicine ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Training and Development ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Audition ,Psychology ,Economic Status ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Testing and Assessment ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Prejudice and Discrimination ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Well-being ,0303 health sciences ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Social Influence ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Affect and Emotion Regulation ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Careers ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Employee Behavior and Motivation ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Social Well-being ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Selection and Placement ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Intergroup Processes ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Workgroup and Teams ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Leadership ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Self and Social Identity ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Vestibular Systems and Proprioception ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Job Analysis ,Social status ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Work-life Balance ,Social Psychology ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Industrial and Organizational Psychology ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Interventions ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Narrative Research ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Cognition and Perception ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Diversity ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Retirement ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Embodied Cognition ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Genetic factors ,Industrial and Organizational Psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Personality and Situations ,Social cognition ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Personality Processes ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Impression Formation ,Humans ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Violence and Aggression ,Socioeconomic status ,Disadvantage ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Achievement and Status ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Prosocial Behavior ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Human Resources ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Perceptual Organization ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Work-life Quality ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Self-esteem ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Organizational Diversity ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Trait Theory ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Performance Measurement ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Religion and Spirituality ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Organizational Decision Making ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Intragroup Processes ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Social Cognition ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Performance Appraisal ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Theories of Personality ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Organizational Culture ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Moral Behavior ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Self-regulation ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Motivational Behavior ,Social perception ,05 social sciences ,Clothing ,FOS: Psychology ,Incentive ,Social Perception ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Social Psychology ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Psychology|Personality and Social Contexts ,Female ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Picture Processing ,Cues ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Attitudes and Persuasion ,Facial Recognition ,Social psychology ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Innovation and Technology ,Adult ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Organizational Ethics ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Politics ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Individual Differences ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Nonverbal Behavior ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Organizational Justice ,Young Adult ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Interpersonal Relationships ,parasitic diseases ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Organizational Development ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Disability ,Competence (human resources) ,030304 developmental biology ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception ,business.industry ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Cross-cultural Issues ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Occupational Health ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Sexuality ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Social and Personality Psychology|Cultural Differences ,bepress|Social and Behavioral Sciences ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Multisensory Integration ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Industrial and Organizational Psychology|Personnel Law ,business ,PsyArXiv|Social and Behavioral Sciences|Perception|Action - Abstract
Impressions of competence from faces predict important real-world outcomes, including electoral success and chief executive officer selection. Presumed competence is associated with social status. Here we show that subtle economic status cues in clothes affect perceived competence from faces. In nine studies, people rated the competence of faces presented in frontal headshots. Faces were shown with different upper-body clothing rated by independent judges as looking ‘richer’ or ‘poorer’, although not notably perceived as such when explicitly described. The same face when seen with ‘richer’ clothes was judged significantly more competent than with ‘poorer’ clothes. The effect persisted even when perceivers were exposed to the stimuli briefly (129 ms), warned that clothing cues are non-informative and instructed to ignore the clothes (in one study, with considerable incentives). These findings demonstrate the uncontrollable effect of economic status cues on person perception. They add yet another hurdle to the challenges faced by low-status individuals. Subtle economic status cues from clothes affect perceived competence from faces even when perceivers are warned that such cues are non-informative or are instructed and incentivized to ignore them. This bias puts low-income individuals at a disadvantage.
- Published
- 2019
4. Psychology, Behavioral Economics, and Public Policy
- Author
-
Amir, On, Ariely, Dan, Cooke, Alan, Dunning, David, Epley, Nicholas, Gneezy, Uri, Koszegi, Botond, Lichtenstein, Donald, Mazar, Nina, Mullainathan, Sendhil, Prelec, Drazen, Shafir, Eldar, and Silva, Jose
- Published
- 2005
5. Extrapolating human probability judgment
- Author
-
Osherson, Daniel, Smith, Edward E., Myers, Tracy S., Shafir, Eldar, and Stob, Michael
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy
- Author
-
SHAFIR, ELDAR, EDITED BY and SHAFIR, ELDAR
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. What's Psychology Worth? A Field Experiment in the Consumer Credit Market
- Author
-
Bertrand, Marianne, Karlan, Dean S., Mullainathan, Sendhil, Shafir, Eldar, and Zinman, Jonathan
- Subjects
Test ,O12 ,Wirtschaftspsychologie ,psychology ,M37 ,C93 ,D81 ,credit markets ,field experiment ,Verhaltensökonomik ,microfinance ,Verbraucherkredit ,Behavioral economics ,marketing ,ddc:330 ,D91 ,Südafrika ,D01 ,D12 ,Mikrofinanzierung ,D21 - Abstract
Numerous laboratory studies report on behaviors inconsistent with rational economic models. How much do these inconsistencies matter in natural settings, when consumers make large, real decisions and have the opportunity to learn from experiences? We report on a field experiment designed to address this question. Incumbent clients of a lender in South Africa were sent letters offering them large, short-term loans at randomly chosen interest rates. Psychological features on the letter, which did not affect offer terms or economic content, were also independently randomized. Consistent with standard economics, the interest rate significantly affected loan take-up. Inconsistent with standard economics, the psychological features also significantly affected take-up. The independent randomizations allow us to quantify the relative importance of psychological features and prices. Our core finding is the sheer magnitude of the psychological effects. On average, any one psychological manipulation has the same effect as a one half percentage point change in the monthly interest rate. Interestingly, the psychological features appear to have greater impact in the context of less advantageous offers. Moreover, the psychological features do not appear to draw in marginally worse clients, nor does the magnitude of the psychological effects vary systematically with income or education. In short, even in a market setting with large stakes and experienced customers, subtle psychological features that normatively ought to have no impact appear to be extremely powerful drivers of behavior.
- Published
- 2005
8. Scarcity Frames Value.
- Author
-
Shah, Anuj K., Shafir, Eldar, and Mullainathan, Sendhil
- Subjects
- *
SCARCITY , *CONTEXT effects (Psychology) , *PSYCHOLOGY , *JUDGMENT (Psychology) , *DECISION making - Abstract
Economic models of decision making assume that people have a stable way of thinking about value. In contrast, psychology has shown that people’s preferences are often malleable and influenced by normatively irrelevant contextual features. Whereas economics derives its predictions from the assumption that people navigate a world of scarce resources, recent psychological work has shown that people often do not attend to scarcity. In this article, we show that when scarcity does influence cognition, it renders people less susceptible to classic context effects. Under conditions of scarcity, people focus on pressing needs and recognize the trade-offs that must be made against those needs. Those trade-offs frame perception more consistently than irrelevant contextual cues, which exert less influence. The results suggest that scarcity can align certain behaviors more closely with traditional economic predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. MONEY ILLUSION.
- Author
-
Shafir, Eldar, Diamond, Peter, and Tversky, Amos
- Subjects
MONEY illusion ,PRICE inflation ,PRICES ,PURCHASING power ,MONEY & psychology ,VALUE (Economics) ,ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC surveys ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
The term "money illusion" refers to a tendency to think in terms of nominal rather than real monetary values. Money illusion has significant implications for economic theory, yet it implies a lack of rationality that is alien to economists. This paper reviews survey questions regarding people's reactions to variations in inflation and prices, designed to shed light on the psychology that underlies money illusion. We propose that people often think about economic transactions in both nominal and real terms, and that money illusion arises from an interaction between these representations, which results in a bias toward a nominal evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Self-Affirmation Among the Poor: Cognitive and Behavioral Implications.
- Author
-
Hall, Crystal C., Zhao, Jiaying, and Shafir, Eldar
- Subjects
- *
COGNITIVE ability , *POVERTY & psychology , *POOR people , *RICH people , *PSYCHOLOGY ,HUMAN behavior research - Abstract
The poor are universally stigmatized. The stigma of poverty includes being perceived as incompetent and feeling shunned and disrespected. It can lead to cognitive distancing, diminish cognitive performance, and cause the poor to forego beneficial programs. In the present research, we examined how self-affirmation can mitigate the stigma of poverty through randomized field experiments involving low-income individuals at an inner-city soup kitchen. Because of low literacy levels, we used an oral rather than written affirmation procedure, in which participants verbally described a personal experience that made them feel successful or proud. Compared with nonaffirmed participants, affirmed individuals exhibited better executive control, higher fluid intelligence, and a greater willingness to avail themselves of benefits programs. The effects were not driven by elevated positive mood, and the same intervention did not affect the performance of wealthy participants. The findings suggest that self-affirmation can improve the cognitive performance and decisions of the poor, and it may have important policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function.
- Author
-
Mani, Anandi, Mullainathan, Sendhil, Shafir, Eldar, and Zhao, Jiaying
- Subjects
- *
COMPARATIVE studies , *POVERTY & psychology , *RICH people , *COGNITIVE ability , *STATISTICAL hypothesis testing , *COGNITIVE testing , *FARMERS , *PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
The poor often behave in less capable ways, which can further perpetuate poverty. We hypothesize that poverty directly impedes cognitive function and present two studies that test this hypothesis. First, we experimentally induced thoughts about finances and found that this reduces cognitive performance among poor but not in well-off participants. Second, we examined the cognitive function of farmers over the planting cycle. We found that the same farmer shows diminished cognitive performance before harvest, when poor, as compared with after harvest, when rich. This cannot be explained by differences in time available, nutrition, or work effort. Nor can it be explained with stress: Although farmers do show more stress before harvest, that does not account for diminished cognitive performance. Instead, it appears that poverty itself reduces cognitive capacity. We suggest that this is because poverty-related concerns consume mental resources, leaving less for other tasks. These data provide a previously unexamined perspective and help explain a spectrum of behaviors among the poor. We discuss some implications for poverty policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.