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Adolphe Quetelet was a Belgian polymath who aimed to advance aggregate-level statistical tools as a unifying framework for all scientific disciplines. In doing so, Quetelet adopted the astronomer's Law of Error (i.e., the normal distribution curve) and applied it to the study of moral and social phenomena in developing his notion of physique sociale (social physics). Quetelet further focused his attention on l'homme moyen (the average man) and, as such, argued that the average value of a distribution should be of primary concern in the study of human attributes. In the present article, I examine the influences that these ideas had on the methodological practices of late 19th- and early 20th- century psychologists. I illustrate how the dominant methodological approach implemented by psychologists in the early 20th century was deeply rooted in the demography of Quetelet's social statistics. In particular, I argue that psychologists' adoption of the Neo-Galtonian model of research was successful because it embraced Quetelet's determinism, emphasis on average values, and grouping of distributions based on type. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Visual Literacy As an Approach To Learning Photography. This article is an overview of the current photographic phenomena. Visual literacy as an approach becomes an offer in the development of photography learning science. As a of discipline, photography has the complexity of learning, just like other scientific disciplines. In photography learning, visual literacy is a significant capital. Visual literacy can be understood as a person's ability to respond to phenomena. It's not just the ability to switch media (design); from the oral to the visual, from the textual to the visual, from the audio to the visiual or from the visual to the other visual forms, and the ability to conduct studies of existing visual works. In photography, it is necessary not only to be processed artistically but also processed that has critical considerations, both from ethics, aesthetics, and perspective, to a phenomenon

T he current research aims to identify the degree of twenty-first century skills application among university students in the Kingdom. By determining the level of skills available in the university curricula from the students' point of view, determining the level of application of the skills among university students and indicating the differences reflected in the response of the sample members (gender and specialization).The research sample consisted of (576) male and female students from Saudi universities. The researcher prepared a scale through reviewing several studies related to its construction and application to use it with the participants. This scale consisted of two parts: The first part is a survey measuring the 21st century skills in the university curricula. The second part is the university students’ application of the skills of the twenty-first century.The results of the research showed that the skills of the 21st century are available and applicable in the university curricula with a high degree among university students, with statistically significant differences between the literary and scientific disciplines of students in favor of the scientific students. There are no differences between the gender of the participants in possessing the skills of the 21st century, except in flexibility in favor of males.

Citations are important rhetorical devices that when properly and strategically employed, allow writers to promote their current research findings persuasively and efficiently. As knowledge construction is progressive and cumulative, specifically in scientific disciplines, it is evident that acquiring skills for adequate and effective application of citations is essential for success. Scientific writers are required to possess advanced academic literacy skills in order to ably position their study within the framework of existing knowledge, and strategically employ citations to advance the acceptability of their research findings. This paper endeavors to propose materials for teaching the rhetorical functions of citations in advanced academic writing courses. The tasks are designed specifically to raise students’ awareness of citation norms, especially in their own specific disciplines. Since the practice of citing the work of others ethically is highly challenging for emerging research writers, materials suggested in this paper can be beneficial to instructors who are involved in developing advanced discipline-specific writing courses, or short-term academic writing workshops.

International audience; Background: Decades of research to understand the impacts of various types of environmental occupational and medical stressors on human health have produced a vast amount of data across many scientific disciplines. Organizing these data in a meaningful way to support risk assessment has been a significant challenge. To address this and other challenges in modernizing chemical health risk assessment, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) formalized the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework, an approach to consolidate knowledge into measurable key events (KEs) at various levels of biological organization causally linked to disease based on the weight of scientific evidence (http://oe.cd/aops). Currently, AOPs have been considered predominantly in chemical safety but are relevant to radiation. In this context, the Nuclear Energy Agency’s (NEA’s) High-LevelGroup on Low Dose Research (HLG-LDR) is working to improve research co-ordination, including radiological research with chemical research, identify synergies between the fields and to avoid duplication of efforts and resource investments. To this end, a virtual workshop was held on October 7-8th , 2020 with experts from the OECD AOP Programme together with the radiation and chemical research/regulation communities. The workshop, was a coordinated effort of Health Canada, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA). The AOP approach was discussed including key issues to fully embrace its value andcatalyze implementation in areas of radiation risk assessment. Conclusion: A joint chemical and radiological expert group was proposed as a means to encourage cooperation between risk assessors and an initial vision was discussed on a path forward. A global survey was suggested as a way to identify priority health outcomes of regulatory interest for AOP development. Multidisciplinary teams were needed to address the challenge of producing the appropriate data for risk assessments. Data management and machine learning tools were highlighted as a way to progress from weight of evidence to computational causal inference

Proper selection of persons to perform managerial work (in various forms of ownership) is an important initial step, and after proper selection, one should continuously work with persons who will perform that work, monitor them, guide and work on their career development. When choosing a leader, one must take into account the knowledge he should possess, desirable traits (intellectual, voluntary and emotional personality traits), attitudes, the degree of authority he enjoys and the nature of functioning -the group he works with to solve problems. Important personality traits, which should be taken into account when choosing a person for managers are: temperament, interests, character and abilities, and they can be determined to some extent on the basis of certain qualitative and quantitative indicators. Numerous knowledge from practice, although various sciences and scientific disciplines provide a good basis for high efficiency and effectiveness, show that there are many managerial (managerial) problems, and there are few good managers. The aim of this paper is to provide certain theoretical knowledge that provides a good basis for improving operational practices aimed at properly identifying candidates for managers, their proper education and training throughout their working lives and career development.

There is growing consensus that the scientific disciplines of psychology and cognitive neuroscience are in a state of crisis because a staggeringly high number of experimental studies have proven d...

In principle, humour studies would be significantly enhanced by a comprehensive understanding of laughter and amusement. Members of various scientific disciplines, however, often approach laughter from distinct, rather narrow, experimental or observational paradigms, and rarely make direct challenges to broader theories that are generaly accepted as incomplete, but also difficult to falsify. Evaluating, comparing, and ranking such theories is possible, however, using the concept of explanatory scope. To better establish the range of questions a comprehensive theory of laughter must resolve, I reviewed 525 peer-reviewed journal articles and recorded a total of 852 topics addressed by the authors. These were categorized into 29 themes. The list provided should allow scholars to more effectively assess the strengths and weaknesses of existing laughter theories and help guide future endeavours to more fully understand this important behavior.

In order to improve individual research achievements (IRA), this study investigates which affiliated countries and authors earn the most cited IRAs and whether those types of articles are associated with the number of cited papers on schizophrenia from a leading journal in the field. The Kano model was used for displaying the IRAs. Clusters of medical subject headings (MeSH) were applied to explore the core concepts of a given journal. This study aimed to apply social network analysis (SNA) and an authorship-weighted scheme (AWS) to inspect the association between MeSH terms and IRA. About 2,008 abstracts published between 2012 and 2016 in the journal Schizophrenia Research were downloaded from Pubmed Central using the keyword (Schizophr Res)[Journal] on September 20, 2018. The MeSH terms were clustered by using SNA to separate the core concepts and compare the differences in bibliometric indices (i.e., h, Ag, x and author impact factor or AIF). Visual dashboards were shown on Google Maps. Results indicate that (1) the US, the UK, and Canada earn the highest x-index; (2) the top one author from the US has the highest x-index (= 5.73 with x-core at cited = 16.44 and citable = 2); (3) the article type of schizophrenic psychology shows distinctly higher frequencies than others; and (4) article types are associated with the number of cited papers. Four approaches of the Kano model, SNA, MeSH terms, and AWS can be accommodated to display IRAs, classify article types, and quantify coauthor contributions in the article byline, respectively, and applied to other scientific disciplines in the future, not just in this specific journal.

Background Theory-based interventions have been recommended to target relevant issues and improve outcomes in children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, the timing of interventions has been recognized as key to improving outcomes, suggesting a need to focus on preteens (9-12 years old) with Type 1 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to identify the theories that inform interventions targeting preteens with Type 1 diabetes and to analyse the studies for their understandings of theory. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of intervention studies targeting preteens with Type 1 diabetes to identify the theoretical frameworks applied. Seven databases across different scientific disciplines were searched for papers published between 1995 and 2018. Results Twenty-four studies were included in the review. Of these, 14 were categorized as theory-inspired and 10 as theory-related studies. Social cognitive theory appeared most frequently. Most studies did not provide a rationale for their choice and application of theory to inform interventions. The studies were characterized by use of adult-centric theories and a focus on the relationships between children and their parents. Conclusions The present review shows variations and limitations in the description and application of theories across interventions targeting preteens with Type 1 diabetes. This emphasizes the need for future studies to address for what reason and how a certain theory or method is applied. We suggest that interventions might benefit from using theories that are centred on the needs and experiences of children, target family dynamics that include all important family members, and address the mutually constitutive relationship between interventions and the social context in which they are implemented.

هدف البحث الحالي إلى الکشف عن طبيعة العلاقة بين متغيري الذکاء الشخصي ودافعية الإنجاز الأکاديمي لدى الطلبة المعلمين من طلاب کلية التربية جامعة حلوان، وکذلک التعرف على الفروق في الذکاء الشخصي ودافعية الإنجاز الأکاديمي تبعا لاختلاف النوع (ذکور، إناث) والتخصص (علمي، أدبي). وقد تکونت عينة البحث الأساسية من (351) طالب وطالبة من طلاب الفرقة الرابعة بکلية التربية جامعة حلوان من الشعب العلمية والأدبية بواقع (155 ذکور، 196 إناث). وللتحقق من صحة فروض البحث تم تطبيق الأدوات التالية: مقياس الذکاء الشخصي (إعداد الباحثة)، مقياس دافعية الإنجاز الأکاديمي (إعداد الباحثة)، وتوصلت الباحثة من خلال البحث إلى العديد من النتائج أهمها: توجد علاقة ارتباطية موجبة دالة إحصائيا بين درجات الطلبة المعلمين على مقياس الذکاء الشخصي ودرجاتهم على مقياس دافعية الإنجاز الأکاديمي، کما لا توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا بين متوسطي درجات الذکور والإناث في الذکاء الشخصي، بينما توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا بين متوسطي درجات طلاب التخصصات العلمية والأدبية في الذکاء الشخصي لصالح طلاب التخصصات الأدبية. کما أسفر البحث عن وجود فروق دالة إحصائيا بين متوسطي درجات الطلاب الذکور والإناث في دافعية الإنجاز الأکاديمي لصالح الإناث، بينما توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا بين متوسطي درجات طلاب التخصصات العلمية والأدبية في دافعية الإنجاز الأکاديمي لصالح طلاب التخصصات العلمية. The aim of the current research is to reveal the nature of the relationship between the variables of personal intelligence and the motivation for academic achievement among students teachers from students of the Faculty of Education, Helwan University, as well as to identify the differences in personal intelligence and the motivation for academic achievement, according to the difference in gender (male, female) and specialization (scientific, literary). The basic sample of the research consisted of (351) male and female students from the fourth year of the Faculty of Education, Helwan University, from the scientific and literary divisions at the rate of (155 males, 196 females). To verify the validity of the research hypotheses, the following tools were applied: Personal Intelligence Scale (Prepared by the researcher), Academic Achievement Motivation Scale (Prepared by the researcher), and the researcher reached through many results the most important of them: There is a positive correlation statistically significant between the scores of students and teachers on a scale Personal intelligence and their scores on the scale of motivation of academic achievement, as there are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of males and females in personal intelligence, while there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of students of scientific and literary disciplines in personal intelligence in favor of students of literary disciplines. The research also resulted in statistically significant differences between the average scores of male and female students in the motivation of academic achievement in favor of females, while there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of students of scientific and literary disciplines in the academic achievement motivation for students of scientific disciplines.

About half of graduate and postgraduate students and one-third of faculty in the field of neuroscience are women The proportion of women neuroscientists tend to decrease as they progress through the career ladder Their responsibilities and their opportunities to secure research funding also tend to be lower compared to men, as in most scientific disciplines and professions The multiple factors contributing to the under-representation of women in higher-level roles have historical, social, and cultural roots A process of forgetfulness of pioneer women from the last century prevented the field from having role models in which upcoming generations of women neuroscientists could have identified Maria Manasseina, Cecile Vogt, Augusta Dejerine Klumpke are only some early pioneers who have recently been rediscovered The available data show that the profiles of women neuroscientists are overlooked and their remarkable findings receive less recognition Conscious and unconscious gender biases also affect the evaluation and recruitment process The presence of cultural and institutional barriers continues to hinder equal opportunities in all aspects of the scientific and academic career The initiatives launched so far to increase awareness of such barriers and diversity in the workplace have produced a slight improvement but further action should be taken and supported to improve the condition of women in neuroscience

The use of the concept of a mental image includes several knowledge fields and different scientific disciplines. Its use in contemporary social research has become more apparent in communicative and media studies in general, as well as its abundance in the fields of philosophy, psychology, social psychology and other Knowledge.

Fifty years after the experiments of Stanley Milgram, the main objective of the present paper is to offer a paradigm that complies with up-to-date ethical standards and that can be adapted to various scientific disciplines, ranging from sociology and (social) psychology to neuroscience. Inspired by subsequent versions of Milgram-like paradigms and by combining the strengths of each, this paper presents a novel experimental approach to the study of (dis)obedience to authority. Volunteers are recruited in pairs and take turns to be ‘agents’ or ‘victims’, making the procedure fully reciprocal. For each trial, the agents receive an order from the experimenter to send a real, mildly painful electric shock to the ‘victim’, thus placing participants in an ecological set-up and avoiding the use of cover stories. Depending on the experimental condition, ‘agents’ receive, or do not receive, a monetary gain and are given, or are not given, an aim to obey the experimenter’s orders. Disobedience here refers to the number of times ‘agents’ refused to deliver the real shock to the ‘victim’. As the paradigm is designed to fit with brain imaging methods, I hope to bring new insights and perspectives in this area of research.

Editorial decision-making is a fundamental element of the scientific enterprise. We examined whether contributions to editorial decisions at various stages of the publication process is subject to gender disparity, based on analytics collected by the biomedical researcher-led journal eLife. Despite efforts to increase women representation, the board of reviewing editors (BRE) was men-dominant (69%). Moreover, authors suggested more men from the BRE pool, even after correcting for men’s numerical over-representation. Although women editors were proportionally involved in the initial editorial process, they were under-engaged in editorial activities involving reviewers and authors. Additionally, converging evidence showed gender homophily in manuscripts assignment, such that men Senior Editors over-engaged men Reviewing Editors. This tendency was stronger in more gender-balanced scientific disciplines. Together, our findings confirm that gender disparities exist along the editorial process and suggest that merely increasing the proportion of women might not be sufficient to eliminate this bias.

The objective of this investigation was to analyze scientific production assessed by indexed doctoral theses in the Ordered Spanish Theses (TESEO) database, on the topic of the sport of handball in Spain. Productivity was analyzed on the basis of variables grouped by contextual information, methodologies and procedures. Seventy-two indexed theses from between 1976 and 2021 were analyzed. A progressive increase was identified in scientific production based on these theses during this period. The scientific disciplines that presented the highest number of theses were Sport Sciences (n = 33) and Sport Pedagogy (n = 19). The main results show that quantitative approaches are the most common (n = 49), doctoral theses using descriptive studies based on systematic observation represent the majority (73%), the predominant type of data collection was the use of cross-sectional studies (70.8%) versus longitudinal studies (26.4%), and the most used sampling method was that of convenience (n = 65). The results make it possible to ascertain the reality of this research topic, the methodological positioning and research tendencies, and to draw the basic lines for development.

Studies of primate personality have become increasingly common over the past three decades. Recently, studies have begun to focus on the health, welfare and conservation implications of personality, and the potential applications of incorporating quantitative personality assessments into animal management programmes. However, this literature is dispersed across a multitude of settings and scientific disciplines. We conducted a review of nonhuman primate personality studies relevant to these issues published since 2010, following on from an earlier review. The databases ScienceDirect, PubMed and Web of Science were used to identify relevant articles. After eliminating irrelevant or duplicate papers, 69 studies were selected. Our review reveals that, while primate personality research is carried out on a range of species, there is strong taxonomic bias. While 28 species appeared within the reviewed literature, 52% of studies were carried out on just five species. Further, the most common research focus (43%) was validating new assessment methods or describing personality in different species, rather than exploring the links between personality and animal welfare using existing validated methods. However, among the remaining studies that did explore the role of animal personality in husbandry, health, and welfare, we identified progression towards integrating personality data into various aspects of animal management. Evidence suggests the assessment of personality may benefit social group management, enrichment practices, training protocols, health and welfare monitoring, and conservation planning for endangered species. We argue that further research which develops our understanding of primate personality and its influence in these areas will provide a valuable tool to inform animal management practices.

Most scientific investigators conduct well-designed and controlled preclinical experiments generating data that are difficult to explain, contrast with existing scientific dogma, or represent a perceived negative result. It is common for these findings to remain hidden away in a drawer from the greater scientific community. However, these unseen results can lead to publication bias, have the potential to significantly advance scientific disciplines if they are published, and can help investigators avoid repeating experiments that have already been done, thus saving money and time. Moreover, these unexpected data may actually have significance if re-interpreted leading to new hypotheses. This editorial commentary highlights a novel user-friendly tool developed by Bernard and colleagues (Clin Sci (Lond) (2020) 134 (20): 2729–2739) to help investigators determine appropriate options for disseminating unpublished data in order to make them available to the broader scientific community. In addition, this commentary serves as an announcement for an upcoming special call for papers on meta-research to be published in Clinical Science. Meta-research is the evaluation and study of existing scientific literature and data. It is an evolving field dedicated to improving rigor and reproducibility in science, an endeavor to which Clinical Science and Portland Press are committed.

The Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry (MATR) is a population-based registry of more than 60,000 twins primarily born or living in Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Researchers may utilize the MATR for administration of research services, including study recruitment, data or sample (e.g., DNA) collection, archival dataset creation, as well as data collection through mailed, phone or online surveys. In addition, the MATR houses the MATR Repository, with over 1700 DNA samples primarily from whole blood available for researchers interested in DNA genotyping. For over 40 years MATR twins have participated in research studies with investigators from a range of scientific disciplines and institutions. These studies, which have resulted in numerous publications, explored diverse topics, including substance use, smoking behaviors, developmental psychopathology, bullying, children’s health, cardiovascular disease, cancer, the human microbiome, epigenetics of aging, children of twins and sleep homeostasis. Researchers interested in utilizing twins are encouraged to contact the MATR to discuss potential research opportunities.

Anticipating the need to evaluate and integrate scientific evidence to inform new risk assessments or to update existing risk assessments, the Formaldehyde Panel of the American Chemistry Council (ACC), in collaboration with the University of North Carolina, convened a workshop: “Understanding Potential Human Health Cancer Risk - From Data Integration to Risk Evaluation” in October 2017. Twenty-four (24)invited-experts participated with expertise in epidemiology, toxicology, science integration and risk evaluation. Including members of the organizing committee, there were 29 participants. The meeting included eleven presentations encompassing an introduction and three sessions: (1)“integrating the formaldehyde science on nasal/nasopharyngeal carcinogenicity and potential for causality”; (2)“integrating the formaldehyde science on lymphohematopoietic cancer and potential for causality; and, (3)“formaldehyde research-data suitable for risk assessment”. Here we describe key points from the presentations on epidemiology, toxicology and mechanistic studies that should inform decisions about the potential carcinogenicity of formaldehyde in humans and the discussions about approaches for structuring an integrated, comprehensive risk assessment for formaldehyde. We also note challenges expected when attempting to reconcile divergent results observed from research conducted within and across different scientific disciplines - especially toxicology and epidemiology - and in integrating diverse, multi-disciplinary mechanistic evidence.

Este artículo de revisión aborda las Jornadas Científicas escolares como herramientas que fortalecen los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el área de Biología, en estudiantes de educación primaria y secundaria. La revisión bibliográfica ha puesto de manifiesto que las actividades prácticas en los laboratorios o en jornadas científicas escolares juegan un papel preponderante en la enseñanza de las disciplinas científicas, con importantes beneficios e incremento del aprendizaje en los alumnos, lo cual permitiría de forma directa afianzar los conocimientos biológicos en los estudiantes de secundaria y disminuir así las dificultades que suelen tener con este tipo de asignatura al ingresar a la educación superior, al mismo tiempo, despertar el interés por el estudio de las ciencias.

A thorough understanding of how animals fly is a central goal of many scientific disciplines. Birds are a commonly used model organism for flight research. The success of this model requires studying healthy and naturally flying birds in a laboratory setting. This use of a nontraditional laboratory animal species presents unique challenges to animal care staff and researchers alike. Here we review regulatory, animal care, and training considerations associated with avian flight research.

Dougherty and Robey (DR and that investment of limited research funds in the cognitive and social psychological sciences is more worthwhile. In this commentary, I argue that for education, interdisciplinary research offers the best hope of progress at the interface of the learning sciences; and that we should reject arguments that isolate scientific disciplines and pit them against each other.

The modern personalized medicine using in its toolkit high-tech methods of diagnostic and treatment bases on accomplishments of scientists in many directions and one of the most important is the Anthropology. On top of trends Clinical Anthropology has as a field of research the study of consistent patterns and definition varieties of the typological alterability of the organization of the human body and its parts. Due to the current-day approaches developed mostly in the Federal Research Center of Nutrition and Biotechnology the Anthropology brings to the Nutritiology the information about individual distinctions of physical and nutritional status of humans considering of somatotypological variability, age, sex and other factors. Anthropological view brings to specialists standards and norms of the somatic growth which differentiated with the consideration of age-and-sex groups and of stature’s type (somatic type). In turn, the capabilities of Nutritiology and Dietology (dietotherapy, patient-specific nutrition and etc) could assure the correction of the image, nutritional status, many of anthropometric figures. Submitted data show different levels of morbidity, specific clinical character of the state of different diseases, including alimentary diseases, in different somatic type groups. The efficiency of the dietetic therapy for some alimentary diseases (alimentary obesity) also is dissimilar in groups of the different somatic types that means personify patient-specific statical demand for each person. Adducted materials point out the existence of close affinity and crosstalk between scientific disciplines – Anthropology and Nutritiology. No less, mentioned materials allow to recommend widespread use of anthropomorphic method in clinical practice providing individual attitude for the patient.

Early childhood is a significant period when transitions take place in children. This period is a hot topic among researchers who pursue this domain across different scientific disciplines. Many studies addressed social, scientific, medical, and technical topics during early childhood. Researchers also utilized different analysis measures to conduct experiments on the different types of data related to the early childhood to produce research articles. This paper aims to review and analyze the literature related to early childhood in addition to the data analyses and the types of data used. The factors that were considered to boost the understanding of contextual aspects in the published studies related to early childhood were considered as open challenges, motivations, and recommendations of researchers who aimed to advance the study in this area of science. We systematically searched articles on topics related to early childhood, the data analysis approaches used, and the types of data applied. The search was conducted on five major databases, namely, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed from 2013 to September 2017. These indices were considered sufficiently extensive and reliable to cover our field of the literature. Articles were selected on the basis of our inclusion and exclusion criteria (n = 233). The first portion of studies (n = 103/233) focused on the different aspects related to the development of children in early age. They discussed different topics, such as the body growth development of children, psychology, skills, and other related topics that overlap between two or more of the previous topics or do not fall into any of the categories but are still under development. The second portion of studies (n = 107/233) focused on different aspects associated with health in early childhood. A number of topics were discussed in this regard, such as those related to family health, medical procedures, interventions, and risk that address the health-related aspects, in addition to other related topics that overlap between two or more of the previous topics or do not fall into any of the categories but are still under health. The remaining studies (n = 23/233) were categorized to the other main category because they overlap between the previous two major categories, namely, development and health, or they do not fall into any of the previous main categories. Early childhood is a sensitive period in every child's life. This period was studied using different means of data analysis and with the aid of different data types to produce different findings from the previous studies. Research areas on early childhood vary, but they are equally significant. This paper emphasizes the current standpoint and opportunities for research in this area and boosts additional efforts toward the understanding of this research field.

The purpose of this study was to analyze scientific production on the topic of sport coaches in Spain, using doctoral theses included in the Spanish Ordered Theses TESEO database. Productivity was analyzed based on 17 variables grouped into contextual information, object of study, classification criteria, research design and research procedure. Sixty indexed theses were studied from the time period of 1996 to 2017, showing a progressive growth of scientific production in theses during this time. The role of women in the direction and writing of theses still represents a minority. The majority of theses are classified in the scientific disciplines of Sport Pedagogy and Exercise Psychology. The results show that quantitative methodological approaches predominate with descriptive research on populations using surveys or systematic observation. The most commonly used type of sampling was intentional with a questionnaire to collect data. The results show the profile of this research topic, the methodological a...

Conferences are a mainstay of most scientific disciplines, where scientists of all career stages come together to share cutting-edge ideas and approaches. If you do research, chances are you will attend one or more of these meetings in your career. Conferences are a microcosm of their discipline, and while conferences offer different perspectives in different disciplines, they all offer experiences that range from a casual chat waiting in line for coffee to watching someone present their groundbreaking, hot-off-the-press research. The authors of this piece have attended our fair share of conferences and have collectively mentored hundreds of students in understanding the "unwritten rules" and pro-tips of conference attendance. As you head to your first scientific conference, these rules will help you navigate the conference environment and make the most of your experience. We have also developed a web portal which contains far more information about these rules, tables of professional societies and conferences in different disciplines, and other resources that may come in handy for first-time conference attendees and their mentors. We encourage any reader to use, adapt, and contribute to these materials.

It is impossible to talk about human cognition without talking about concepts—there simply is no human cognition without concepts. Concepts form an abstraction of reality that is central to the functioning of the human mind. Conceptual knowledge (of e.g., APPLE, LOVE and BEFORE) is crucial for us to categorize, understand, and reason about the world. Only equipped with concepts and words for them can we successfully communicate and carry out actions. But what exactly are concepts? How are concepts acquired? How does the human mind use concepts? In this introduction chapter, we elaborate on these questions (i.e., representation, learning, application), and provide summaries of the seven individual chapters in the volume, which from different scientific disciplines relate to one or the other of the questions.

Gifted education has followed a paradigm that implies that giftedness is characterized by superior cognitive abilities emanating from the human brain. This view contrasts with a new concept of the human mind: embodiment. Its core message maintains that cognitive processes extend throughout the entire body. This approach is an already highly influential paradigm across various scientific disciplines. Yet, its potential for gifted education remains to be determined. Thus, the main objective of this work is to introduce the concept of embodiment from a gifted education angle. As a first step, we will explore the key principles of embodiment along with the most significant criticisms concerning more traditional concepts of cognition. Second, we utilize research findings to illustrate embodiment’s potential in the realm of gifted education. We suggest that gifted education should further examine the potential of the embodiment approach.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Artificial intelligence and big data are more and more used in medicine, either in prevention, diagnosis or treatment, and are clearly modifying the way medicine is thought and practiced. Some authors argue that the use of artificial intelligence techniques to analyze big data would even constitute a scientific revolution, in medicine as much as in other scientific disciplines. Moreover, artificial intelligence techniques, coupled with mobile health technologies, could furnish a personalized medicine, adapted to the individuality of each patient. In this paper we argue that this conception is largely a myth: what health professionals and patients need is not more data, but data that are critically appraised, especially to avoid bias. METHODS In this historical and conceptual article, we focus on two main problems: first, the data and the problem of its validity; second, the inference drawn from the data by AI, and the establishment of correlations through the use of algorithms. We use examples from the contemporary use of mobile health (mHealth), i.e. the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile or wearable devices such as mobile phones or smart watches. RESULTS We show that the validity of the data and of the inferences drawn from these mHealth data are likely to be biased. As biases are insensitive to the size of the sample, even if the sample is the whole population, artificial intelligence and big data cannot avoid biases and even tend to increase them. CONCLUSIONS The large amount of data thus appears rather as a problem than a solution. What contemporary medicine needs is not more data or more algorithms, but a critical appraisal of the data and of the analysis of the data. Considering the history of epidemiology, we propose three research priorities concerning the use of artificial intelligence and big data in medicine.

Introduction: Pelvic Girdle Pain (PGP) is an important clinical problem that deserves more attention. Several treatment regimens have been presented that appear to be somewhat promising, but it was reported that about 10% of patients still suffer from the problems 11 years after their inception. This situation should be improved. Purpose: We present a personalized history, with first the acceptance of the concept of ‘PGP’, around 2005, and then continued problems in really understanding PGP's nature and causes. We propose to engage in ‘deconstruction’ of PGP, that is, disentangling the large variety of processes involved. Implications: Deconstructing PGP is a venture into the unknown. Still, science should proceed on the basis of what we know already. To understand PGP, experts emphasize the importance of biomechanics or of psychology, and we propose to insert ‘inflammation’ between these two levels of understanding, that is to say, the full development from low grade local inflammation to systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation. Inflammation is bidirectionally related to biomechanical as well as psychological processes. For clinicians, challenging our “beliefs and understanding of PGP, rather than being ‘stuck’ with a preferred modus operandi” has major practical implications. It requires continuous monitoring of the patient, and a willingness to change direction. More scientific disciplines are relevant to understanding, and treating, PGP than a single human being can master. Creative flexibility of clinicians would be a promising starting point to improve overall treatment effects in PGP.

Objective Surgical trainees with significant underperformance require formal support to return to an expected standard, termed remediation. The aim of this scoping review was to define remediation interventions, approaches, and contexts. Design Following scoping review protocols, we set out to identify the evidence-base for remediation of surgical trainees, outline key concepts and uncover areas to stimulate further research. Results From a screen of 80 articles, 24 reported on remediation of surgical trainees. Most were from medical journals (n = 21, 88%) and published in the United States (n = 20, 83%). Ten articles (41%) reported outcomes of remediation of a trainee cohort and 7 (19%) were survey reports from surgical directors. The remainder were a mix of commentaries, editorials or reviews. Thirteen articles (54%) described trainees with deficiencies in multiple competencies, 8 articles (33%) had a singular focus on academic performance, and 1 article (3%) on technical skills. All articles used targeted individualized remediation strategies, a range of intervention methods (some multimodal) and recommended a 6- to 12-month period of remediation (n = 7, 29%). The program director was often the only supervisor (n = 12, 50%). One article reported trainees’ perspective of the process and one used educational theory to inform remediation. Conclusions Data with clearly reported outcomes were limited, but we found that targeted, individualized, multimodal and long-term remediation covering a range of competencies have been reported in the literature for surgical trainees. There is a need for development of explicit frameworks, strengthen the support for supervisors and trainees and further apply educational theory to develop better interventions that remediate deficiencies for all competencies.

Emotions are considered a fundamental aspect of sport scenarios, and within sports, consumer behavior is a very popular area of research in the sport management field. Thus, in recent years, there has been a growing interest for sport managers regarding the role that emotions play in sport consumer behavior. Thus, the aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the academic research on emotions in the sport management field using two techniques: a bibliometric performance analysis and a graphic mapping of the references in this field. This analysis focuses on authors, journals, papers, institutions and countries. Bibliometric indicators including the h-index measure, productivity and the number of citations were used to perform the performance analysis. Then, VOSviewer software was used to perform co-citation, bibliographic coupling and co-occurrence of keyword analysis (mapping analysis). The results of both types of analysis are consistent, with the United States being the most influential country in emotions in sport management research because the main authors and institutions in this research field belong to this country. The overall results indicate that the literature on this research topic has grown significantly in recent years in all scientific disciplines; however, the research topic is incipient, and therefore, the number of articles is still limited. Thus, this research presents the key aspects in the topic of emotions in sport management that could be helpful for researchers and policy makers in the field of sport management to make future decisions.

Context: Following on other scientific disciplines, such as health sciences, the use of Grey Literature (GL) has become widespread in Software Engineering (SE) research. Whilst the number of papers incorporating GL in SE is increasing, there is little empirically known about different aspects of the use of GL in SE research. Method: We used a mixed-methods approach for this research. We carried out a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of the use of GL in SE, and surveyed the authors of the selected papers included in the SLR (as GL users) and the invited experts in SE community on the use of GL in SE research. Results: We systematically selected and reviewed 102 SE secondary studies that incorporate GL in SE research, from which we identified two groups based on their reporting: 1) 76 reviews only claim their use of GL; 2) 26 reviews report the results by including GL. We also obtained 20 replies from the GL users and 24 replies from the invited SE experts. Conclusion: There is no common understanding of the meaning of GL in SE. Researchers define the scopes and the definitions of GL in a variety of ways. We found five main reasons of using GL in SE research. The findings have enabled us to propose a conceptual model for how GL works in SE research lifecycle. There is an apparent need for research to develop guidelines for using GL in SE and for assessing quality of GL. The current work can provide a panorama of the state-of-the-art of using GL in SE for the follow-up research, as to determine the important position of GL in SE research.

Context: Following on other scientific disciplines, such as health sciences, the use of grey literature (GL) is becoming widespread in Software Engineering (SE) research. Whilst the number of papers incorporating GL on SE is increasing, there is little empirically known about different aspects of the use of GL in SE research. In particular, there is a lack of excellent evaluation standard for the quality of GL. Aim: Our research is aimed at systematically reviewing the use of GL in SE, empirically exploring SE researchers' views on GL and providing a guide for using GL in SE and for quality assessment of the GL to be included. Method: We used a mixed-methods approach for this research. We carried out a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of the use of GL in SE. Then we surveyed the authors of the papers included in the SLR (as GL users) and the invited experts in the SE community on the use of GL in SE research. Results: We systematically selected and reviewed 102 SE secondary studies that incorporate GL in SE research, from which we identified two groups based on their reporting: 1) 76 reviews only claim their use of GL; 2) 26 reviews report the results by including GL. We also obtained 20 replies from the GL users and 24 replies from the invited SE experts. Conclusion: There is no common understanding of the meaning of GL in SE. Researchers define the scopes and the definitions of GL in a variety of ways. We found five main reasons of using GL in SE research. The findings have enabled us to propose a conceptual model for how GL works in SE research lifecycle. In the next workThere is a need for research to develop guidelines for using GL in SE and for assessing quality of GL.

International audience; Purpose - Depression is a global challenge causing psychological and intellectual problems that require efficient diagnosis. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals represent the functional state of the human brain and can help build an accurate and viable technique for the early prediction and treatment of depression. Methods - An attention-based gated recurrent units transformer (AttGRUT) time-series model is proposed to efficiently identify EEG perturbations in depressive patients. Statistical, spectral and wavelet features were first extracted from the 60-channel EEG signal data. Then, two feature selection techniques, recursive feature elimination and the Boruta algorithm, both with Shapley additive explanations, were utilised for selecting essential features. Results - The proposed model outperformed the two baseline and two hybrid time-series models-long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent units (GRU), convolutional neural network-LSTM (CNN-LSTM), and CNN-GRU-achieving an accuracy of up to 98.67%. Feature selection considerably increased the performance across all time-series models. Conclusion - Based on the obtained results, novel feature selection greatly affected the results of the baseline and hybrid time-series models. The proposed AttGRUT can be implemented and tested in other domains by using different modalities for prediction. Supplementary information - The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13755-022-00205-8.

Video is becoming a dominant medium for the delivery of educational material. Despite the widespread use of video for learning, there is still a lack of understanding about how best to help people learn in this medium. This study demonstrates the use of thermal camera as compared to traditional self-reported methods for assessing learners' cognitive load while watching video lectures of different styles. We evaluated our approach in a study with 78 university students viewing two variants of short video lectures on two different topics. To incorporate subjective measures, the students reported on mental effort, interest, prior knowledge, confidence, and challenge. Moreover, through a physical slider device, the students could continuously report on their perceived level of difficulty. Lastly, we used thermal sensor as an additional indicator of students' level of difficulty and associated cognitive load. This was achieved through, continuous real-time monitoring of students by using a thermal imaging camera. This study aims to address the following: firstly, to analyze if video styles differ in terms of the associated cognitive load. Secondly, to assess the effects of cognitive load on learning outcomes; could an increase in the cognitive load be associated with poorer learning outcomes? Third, to see if there is a match between students' perceived difficulty levels and a biological indicator. The results suggest that thermal imaging could be an effective tool to assess learners' cognitive load, and an increased cognitive load could lead to poorer performance. Moreover, in terms of the lecture styles, the animated video lectures appear to be a better tool than the text-only lectures (in the content areas tested here). The results of this study may guide future works on effective video designs, especially those that consider the cognitive load.

Like many scientific disciplines, neuroscience has increasingly attempted to confront pervasive gender imbalances within the field. While much of the conversation has centered around publishing and conference participation, recent research in other fields has called attention to the prevalence of gender bias in citation practices. Because of the downstream effects that citations can have on visibility and career advancement, understanding and eliminating gender bias in citation practices is vital for addressing inequity in a scientific community. In this study, we sought to determine whether there is evidence of gender bias in the citation practices of neuroscientists. Utilizing data from five top neuroscience journals, we indeed find that reference lists tend to include more papers with men as first and last author than would be expected if gender was not a factor in referencing. Importantly, we show that this overcitation of men and undercitation of women is driven largely by the citation practices of men, and is increasing with time despite greater diversity in the academy. We develop a co-authorship network to determine the degree to which homophily in researchers’ social networks explains gendered citation practices and we find that men tend to overcite other men even when their social networks are representative of the field. We discuss possible mechanisms and consider how individual researchers might incorporate these findings into their own referencing practices.

Technologies can support people with dementia to live an independent life at home. These supportive technologies have a variety of purposes, such as support in day-to-day activities and safety. There are also technologies with a focus on engaging in meaningful activities, supporting communication, information, and screening. Iterative co-design with end-users is needed to ensure high accessibility, relevant benefits, and satisfactory use of these supportive technologies. Nevertheless, most of the abovementioned developments lack frequent co-design cycles, and people with dementia are rarely involved in the design process. Various scientific disciplines are involved in researching and developing supportive technologies. These disciplines range from psychology and neuroscience to design and engineering. The disciplines differ in their research paradigm and design approaches in developing, designing, and evaluating the technology. In this chapter, we take a closer look at the methods and materials used for the active involvement of people with dementia. We provide insights from Active and Assisted Living (AAL) development projects that exemplify multidisciplinary approaches. We share insights gained from in-depth interviews with researchers from different disciplines. We conclude with a discussion on the challenges of multidisciplinary collaborations and possible ways forward to give people with dementia their desired role in the development of meaningful supportive technologies.

The central tenet of Perceptual Control Theory (PCT) is that ‘behavior is the control of perception’. From this tenet, a series of further elements are utiized to provide the necessary conceptual and mathematical detail for building and testing functional models of the behavior of humans, animals and purposeful machines. This chapter traces the elements of PCT, and their empirical scrutiny and critique, across multiple scientific disciplines to converge on a contemporary evaluation of the scientific status of PCT as an interdisciplinary theory of behavior. The chapter concludes with key recommendations for future research and the development of the theory.

While women's representation in STEM fields has increased over the past several decades, some fields have seen a greater increase women's participation than others. In the present research, we explore how women's participation in STEM disciplines influences labeling of those disciplines as hard vs. soft sciences. Study 1 found that increasing perceived participation of women in a STEM discipline increased the likelihood that participants would label it a soft science. Study 2 found that among people who did not work in science, this tendency to associate women's participation with soft science was correlated with endorsement of stereotypes about women's STEM competency. And Studies 3A and 3B showed that labeling disciplines as soft sciences led to the fields being devalued, deemed less rigorous, and less worthy of federal funding. These studies show that stereotypes about women's STEM competency can impact perceptions of fields in which women participate, with consequences for how scientific disciplines are perceived.

The replicability of research findings has recently been disputed across multiple scientific disciplines. In constructive reaction, the research culture in psychology is facing fundamental changes, but investigations of research practices that led to these improvements have almost exclusively focused on academic researchers. By contrast, we investigated the statistical reporting quality and selected indicators of questionable research practices (QRPs) in psychology students' master's theses. In a total of 250 theses, we investigated utilization and magnitude of standardized effect sizes, along with statistical power, the consistency and completeness of reported results, and possible indications of p -hacking and further testing. Effect sizes were reported for 36% of focal tests (median r = 0.19), and only a single formal power analysis was reported for sample size determination (median observed power 1 − β = 0.67). Statcheck revealed inconsistent p -values in 18% of cases, while 2% led to decision errors. There were no clear indications of p -hacking or further testing. We discuss our findings in the light of promoting open science standards in teaching and student supervision.

In his target article, Mechner provides a bio-behavioral analysis of effects called “aesthetic.” He then examines hundreds of such effects across a wide range of literary, artistic, and scientific disciplines and concludes that they consist of a composite of elements that produce what he calls “surprise-tinged” emotional responses in individuals with an appropriate learning history. In my commentary, I first suggest an operational, or functional, analysis of some of the terms Mechner uses in his analysis, including “surprise, “familiar,” and “priming.” I then provide a brief functional analysis of stimuli we call “aesthetic,” “artistic,” or “beautiful.” In so doing, I use my own history with music and as a musician to address two general questions about behavior we call “aesthetic”: what kinds of responses occur and under what circumstances, and what kinds of learning histories might be responsible for them? Although I identify some problems with Mechner’s interpretation, for example, that he introduces several vague concepts and often opts for explanations that are circular and that do not identify basic behavioral principles, in general I commend him for tackling such a complex topic in such a thorough and thoughtful manner.

Engagement of undergraduate students in research has been demonstrated to correlate with improved academic performance and retention. Research experience confers many benefits on participants, particularly foundational skills necessary for graduate school and careers in scientific disciplines. Undergraduate curricula often do not adequately develop collaborative skills that are becoming increasingly useful in many workplaces and research settings. Here, we describe a pilot program that engages undergraduates in research and incorporates learning objectives designed to develop and enhance collaborative techniques and skills in team science that are not typical outcomes of the undergraduate research experience. We conducted a collaborative science project that engaged faculty advisors and upper year undergraduates at four institutions and conducted a review to assess the program’s efficacy. Students developed a broad suite of competencies related to collaborative science, above and beyond the experience of completing individual projects. This model also affords distinct advantages to faculty advisors, including the capacity of the network to collect and synthesize data from different regions. The model for training students to conduct collaborative science at an early stage of their career is scalable and adaptable to a wide range of fields. We provide recommendations for refining and implementing this model in other contexts. "A grant from the University of Winnipeg Experiential Learning Fund helped support this program. We also gratefully acknowledge the support of the University of Saskatchewan Gwenna Moss Centre for Teaching and Learning in assisting with the program review." http://www.facetsjournal.com/doi/10.1139/facets-2017-0112

Scientific communication relies on clear presentation of data. Logarithmic scales are used frequently for data presentation in many scientific disciplines, including ecology, but the degree to which they are correctly interpreted by readers is unclear. Analysing the extent of log scales in the literature, we show that 22% of papers published in the journal Ecology in 2015 included at least one log-scaled axis, of which 21% were log–log displays. We conducted a survey that asked members of the Ecological Society of America (988 responses, and 623 completed surveys) to interpret graphs that were randomly displayed with linear–linear or log–log axes. Many more respondents interpreted graphs correctly when the graphs had linear–linear axes than when they had log–log axes: 93% versus 56% for our all-around metric, although some of the individual item comparisons were even more skewed (for example, 86% versus 9% and 88% versus 12%). These results suggest that misconceptions about log-scaled data are rampant. We recommend that ecology curricula include explicit instruction on how to interpret log-scaled axes and equations, and we also recommend that authors take the potential for misconceptions into account when deciding how to visualize data. Logarithmic scales are frequently used in ecological data display, but the degree to which they are understood is not clear. Here, the authors survey members of the Ecological Society of America and find that only 56% of respondents correctly interpreted data presented on log–log axes.

With alcohol misuse one of the leading causes of disability among young Australians, determination of potential predictors of risky drinking trajectories of young people is crucial. This study aimed to identify risky drinking trajectories from early to mid-adolescence and to determine if membership of a harm minimization intervention, alcohol knowledge, attitudes towards alcohol and prevalence of alcohol harms would predict trajectory group membership. Longitudinal data from 1,746 students were used to identify alcohol consumption trajectory groups for both intervention and control students. Higher baseline knowledge predicted a higher, increasing, consumption trajectory for controls, whereas, safer attitudes at baseline was not associated with a higher, increasing trajectory. All other alcohol harms at baseline were strongly associated with higher consumption trajectories. The intervention group had fewer increasing trajectories and a lower level of consumption at the end of the program, suggesting the drug education program reduced the number of students who substantially increased their consumption over time, while at the same time reducing their level of consumption in relative terms. The consistency of better intervention student outcomes across all trajectories provides evidence that the drug education program was influential with all types of student drinkers and is suitable for universal delivery

There are many unresolved issues concerning both the conceptual and practical aspects of measurement in the field of psychology. This situation persists despite its long-standing and fundamental role in the activities of the majority of psychologists and despite intense scientific enquiry. These issues concern, essentially, the role of qualitative variables, the neglect of non-linear relationships, inadequate sample size, and the difficulties in accounting for the behaviour of intrinsically complex systems, like those studied by psychology. This paper is devoted to briefly review these issues and to discuss the possible effects resulting from generalizations of traditional measurement tools, used by psychologists, related to the introduction of further conceptual approaches borrowed from other scientific disciplines. Recourse to the latter seems related to shortcomings in measurement approaches used in psychometrics, which heavily influence the choice of method used to estimate uncertainty in psychological measurement.

This article synthesizes foundational knowledge from multiple scientific disciplines regarding how humans develop in context. Major constructs that define human development are integrated into a de...