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kleptomania in children, signs and triggers of kleptomania in children, and Overcoming Kleptomania in Children. Since committing fraud, the kid would, on the whole, feel satisfied. Kleptomania is often linked to depression or obsessive-compulsive behavior. Kleptomaniacs steal on the spur of the moment, with little prior planning. Kleptomania is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain that occurs during a head injury. Several approaches to overcoming kleptomania in children can be used, including parental approaches, Islamic approaches, talking to a psychiatrist, giving the child love and encouragement, including the child in athletic activity, psychotherapy and Rational Emotive Counseling, and opioid rehab against the child to discourage the offender from being more serious.

Kleptomania is a disabling impulse control disorder, that can be treated with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). This was achieved through the results of a case study. The presenting case is 20-year-old college student. The complaint at the first interview was that she was stealing from others during childhood, with other symptoms matching DSM-5 for diagnosis of kleptomania. Study aims to use of CBT techniques to treat of kleptomania, with the application of psychological analysis theory techniques. Used of the clinical interview, thematic apperception test (TAT) and neuroticism trait from big five personality traits. With these measurements was determined causes and level of the disorder, in addition behavior motivated and neuroticism trait. Through the application of techniques and strategies of CBT and psychological analysis theory techniques the patient was treated for kleptomania symptoms and neuroticism trait (anxiety, anger, hostility, depression, consciousness-self, impulsiveness, stress and vulnerability). After treatment, the patient regained the ability to self-control, control of negative thoughts, and emotional stability. The study recommends for avoid harsh punishment, the Importance of using the right methods of education with children and adolescents, especially the child talented. In addition to the importance of dealing with the kleptomania as a disease and not a crime. With the possibility using of projective tests and some psychological analysis techniques with CBT.

Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that deficits in decision-making and judgment may be involved in several psychiatric disorders, including addiction. Behavioral addiction is a conceptually new psychiatric condition, raising a debate of what criteria define behavioral addiction, and several impulse control disorders are equivalently considered as types of behavioral addiction. In this preliminary study with a relatively small sample size, we investigated how decision-making and judgment were compromised in behavioral addiction to further characterize this psychiatric condition. Method: Healthy control subjects (n = 31) and patients with kleptomania and paraphilia as behavioral addictions (n = 16) were recruited. A battery of questionnaires for assessments of cognitive biases and economic decision-making were conducted, as was a psychological test for the assessment of the jumping-to-conclusions bias, using functional near-infrared spectroscopy recordings of prefrontal cortical (PFC) activity. Results: Although behavioral addicts exhibited stronger cognitive biases than controls in the questionnaire, the difference was primarily due to lower intelligence in the patients. Behavioral addicts also exhibited higher risk taking and worse performance in economic decision-making, indicating compromised probability judgment, along with diminished PFC activity in the right hemisphere. Conclusion: Our study suggests that behavioral addiction may involve impairments of probability judgment associated with attenuated PFC activity, which consequently leads to higher risk taking in decision-making., 行動依存症の認知特性を解明 --なぜ行動依存症はリスクを犯すのか--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2020-07-07.

Introduction. Kleptomania is a disorder characterized by the repeated inability to resist the urge to steal / take other people's things. Items that are taken are usually only small items and are not needed. The impulsive urge to take the item is often accompanied by anxiety disorders, or depressive disorders. This case report aims to present cases of kleptomania in children and their management. Case Presentation. a 14 years old girl, a junior high school student, middle socioeconomic background, lived in a suburban area of Jakarta, came to consult a psychiatric polyclinic with complaints that she could not resist the urge to steal other people's things without purpose, and without being planned before. The patient behaves mostly when she is sad or anxious when he remembers the argument between his parents. According to the patient, her parents often quarrelled for economic reasons. Conclusion.Combination of medication and cognitive behaviour therapy is effective in kleptomania treatment. Supportive family environment encourage patient’s recoveryfrom kleptomania.

The purpose of the article is to identify psychological aspects of preventing corruption in the professional activities of public servants by analyzing the main motives of systemic corruption behavior and socio-cultural aspects of their formation. It is revealed that research on the motives of corruption behavior is associated with several important factors: 1) the stereotypes of understanding of the corruption existing in the Ukrainian society; 2) social factors of corruption behavior - historical, economic, political, cultural, collective-psychological and individual psychological; 3) socio-cultural aspects of the formation of anticorruption consciousness.There are several motives of corruption behavior: game, social, monetary etc. This is due to the existence of the most common frames of mass consciousness, which are recorded in the Ukrainian society regarding the perception of corruption. The determining factors of the occurrence of corruption behavior in the professional activities of public servants are the psychological dependencies of the person, which leads to the use of the concept of psychological research.Corruptive behavior is defined as deviant one and causes the perception of the responsibilities of the public service as an opportunity to obtain satisfaction from the prospect of receiving unlawful benefits and privileges for violating official moral and ethical requirements (the formation of dependence). The types of psychological dependencies of public servants (on power, money, etc.) are distinguished. It is shown that a painful manifestation of such a person’s psychological dependency is kleptomania. In order to prevent corruption in the professional activities of public servants, it is proposed to apply scientifically substantiated psychological and diagnostic support, in particular special methods for determining the propensity for kleptomania and corruption behavior.

Kleptomania is an impulse control disorder. It refers to an irresistible compulsion to steal, motivated by neurotic impulse rather than material need. For Kleptomaniacs, stealing is not about money; it is about feeling and the rush of lairing on the edge. People with kleptomania has long been ignored by the frontline workers and even the policy makers as the actual number of these people is not realistic and reflective. Very often, kleptomania run away with the treatment at an earlier date as fearing that the treatment providers would notify the police. More often, the judiciary does not have sufficient measures to deal with their case as the notion of kleptomania is not an easy case to define and follow. Thus, most of these people may have to face the painful consequences, like probation and even Imprisonment. Nevertheless, the possible way-out for these clients is rehabilitation instead of imprisonment. Kleptomania often does not involve in one single offence, but whether the subjects are willing to disclose the related statistics is a question. This paper would like to take kleptomania as a case study to review the forcing factors which have influenced the statistics are far higher than the official data with reasons. The present study will try to explain the reasons and recommend effective methods to motivate a possible way-out.

Pierwsze opisy kleptomanii jako zaburzenia psychicznego pochodzą z XIX wieku. Po raz pierwszy kleptomania jako objaw towarzyszący a nie formalne rozpoznanie została ujęta w klasyfikacji zaburzeń psychicznych Amerykańskiego Towarzystwa Psychiatrycznego DSM-I w 1952 r. W Międzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Chorób ICD-10 została zaliczona do grupy „Nieprawidłowe nawyki i zaburzenia kontroli popędów”. Kleptomania jest poważnym zaburzeniem, gdyż liczne kradzieże dokonywane w sposób impulsywny, niosą za sobą ryzyko wykrycia a w konsekwencji odpowiedzialność karną. W Polsce brakuje danych epidemiologicznych, jednak szacuje się że 5% osób dokonujących kradzieży jest dotkniętych kleptomanią. Osoby z tym zaburzeniem często nie zgłaszają się do lekarza, więc opiniowanie takich przypadków stanowi często wyzwanie dla biegłych psychiatrów. Autorzy zaproponowali termin spektrum kleptomanii dla zdefiniowania przypadków, w których pacjenci mieli intensywny popęd do kradzieży, poczucie napięcia przed takim działaniem i ulgą po nim, lecz nie było spełnione kryterium kradzieży przedmiotu niepotrzebnego, bez uchwytnego motywu zysku dla siebie lub innych osób.

Kleptomania as a type of impulse control disorder (ICD) characterized by an inability to resist urges to steal objects not valuable or needed for personal use. Kleptomania may co-occurs with many psychiatric disorders frequently other impulse control disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders and substance use disorders. We presented two adolescent cases admitted to Marmara University Child and Adolescent Psychiatry outpatient clinic because of stealing behavior and diagnosed with Kleptomania and ADHD. Both cases had improvement in stealing behavior after ADHD treatment. Careful monitoring of comorbid conditions in the psychiatric evaluation of Kleptomania cases is very important in terms of treatment and prognosis.

Decision-making impairments reflect tendencies towards risky or unwise choices as manifested by presence of psychiatric symptoms or cognitive impairment (e.g. representation of value, inhibitory control-response selection, learning). Such impairments are suggested by the hallmark symptoms of substance and behavioral addictions, which include escalation over time (of substance intake or a given behavior), lack of control, neglect of other domains of life, and cognitive distortions (such as ‘chasing losses’ in gambling disorder). Amongst the putative behavioral addictions, most epidemiological data exist for gambling disorder, which is now included in DSM-5 as a substance-related and addictive disorder. However, other disorders share parallels and may also constitute behavioral addictions, such as compulsive stealing (kleptomania), compulsive shopping, and compulsive sexual behavior. The current paper presents a narrative review of evidence for cognitive decision-making impairments in addictions, as well as pharmacological treatments of these disorders that may have relevance for improving decision-making. We find that objective decision-making deficits have been widely reported in patients with substance use disorders and gambling disorder, compared to controls. Decision-making in the other behavioral addictions is under-studied. Evidence-based pharmacological treatments for some of these addictive disorders, for example, opioid antagonists and glutamatergic agents, modulate neural systems playing key roles in decision-making. But clinical trials have seldom examined effects of such treatments on objective decision-making measures. Future research directions are discussed, including the need to include standardized outcome measures of decision-making (tasks and imaging) alongside traditional clinical measures, to better understand and enhance underlying treatment mechanisms.

Kleptomania is an impulse control disorder characterized by the irresistible urge to steal not for monetary gain. Since its conceptualization, this categorical diagnosis has been conflated with common beliefs regarding the social class and gender such as the idea that women are intrinsically fragile and that people in the middle class were unlikely to commit theft. Also, its use has been controversial in the medical and forensic fields. This presentation will provide a historical excursus through the definitions of the syndrome and summarize the available pharmacological and psychotherapeutic options for its treatment. Currently, there is a lack of systematic studies regarding the clinical characteristics of kleptomania and its treatment options for practical standardized approaches.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Addiction is a major public health problem with few efficacious and safe treatments. The goal of this review is to provide an evidence-based assessment of the therapeutic role of the opioid antagonist naltrexone across the addiction spectrum-substance-based and behavioral. The PubMed database was searched for randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials that investigated the oral or intramuscular long-acting formulation of naltrexone in substance use disorders or behavioral addictions such as pathological gambling, kleptomania, and trichotillomania. Thirty-nine efficacy studies were retrieved, covering alcohol use disorder (n = 22), opioid use disorder (n = 6), nicotine use disorder (n = 5), stimulant use disorder (n = 2), gambling disorder (n = 2), trichotillomania (n = 1), and kleptomania (n = 1). Despite the very different presentations within and between both addiction categories, the data, as a whole, show consistency in favor of naltrexone's relative efficacy and safety. Given the potential benefit and good tolerability revealed in the studies, the high morbidity associated with addiction, and the dearth of alternate treatments, naltrexone would seem like an underutilized treatment option. Further, naltrexone's seemingly broad anti-addiction efficacy supports a shared role for brain opioid pathways in the pathophysiology of addiction, broadly defined. More studies investigating the efficacy and tolerability of naltrexone and other opioid modulators are warranted. Studies should also further examine the effect of combining psychotherapy with naltrexone, as well as the potential role of naltrexone in treating comorbid addictions.

Background Stealing is a fairly common behaviour among young adults. Understanding the potential associations and characteristics of individuals who steal may help educational institutions, health services and young people themselves resolve difficulties before the behaviour impacts on their academic performance and health. Aims We aim to test the hypothesis that desires to steal among students would be associated with worse academic achievements and higher rates of mood and impulse control disorders. Methods One thousand eight hundred and five students completed the College Student Computer User Survey online and were included in this analysis at a large Midwestern United States University. Responders were grouped according to self-reported stealing urges and behaviours and were compared on measures of psychosocial function, mental health disorders and impulsivity. Results Urges to steal were associated with worse depressive symptoms, higher levels of perceived stress and a number of psychiatric disorders including bipolar disorder and multiple disorders of impulse control (kleptomania, compulsive sexual behaviour, skin picking, trichotillomania and compulsive buying). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND/OR FUTURE RESEARCH: These following data indicate that stealing for many college students may be considered within a spectrum of impulsive behaviours. • Illegal behaviours among students point to mental health difficulties among them. • Our findings may provide clinicians, researchers and health professionals with a clearer picture of a range of impulsive behaviours among college students and promote treatment for this group. • Our findings could also inform preventative approaches to impulsive problems in young adults.

Introduction: In Japan, the rate of recidivism among thieves is high, some of which may be caused by kleptomania. The purpose of this study was to translate the Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale (K-SAS) into Japanese and validate its psychometric properties in a Japanese sample. A second purpose of the study was to evaluate the validity of K-SAS to discriminate between individuals with kleptomania and shoplifters not affected by the disorder. Methods: The original K-SAS was translated by researchers. The back-translation of the scale into English was conducted by a professional translator who was fluent in both languages. The items on the Japanese version of K-SAS were deemed appropriate for the Japanese context after being reviewed by a forensic psychiatry specialist. The sample included 22 kleptomania patients, 26 shoplifters, and 47 healthy adults. We tested the scale properties and validity to discriminate between the three groups. Results: The Japanese version of the K-SAS showed adequate reliability and validity. Individuals affected by kleptomania had significantly higher scores than shoplifters and healthy adults. Furthermore, the K-SAS score of kleptomania was not correlated with typical antisocial tendencies. Moreover, the K-SAS score for kleptomania was not correlated with psychometric scales related to obsessive-compulsive disorder and borderline personality disorder. Conclusions: The Japanese version of the K-SAS is a useful assessment tool for distinguishing between individuals with kleptomania and shoplifters not affected by the disorder in Japan. Keywords: Kleptomania, Shoplifting, Kleptomania symptom assessment scale, Japan, Psychometrics

Item does not contain fulltext Impulse control disorders (ICDs) and related impulsive and compulsive behaviors (together called ICBs) have been increasingly recognized in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD) and treatment. The International Parkinson's and Movement Disorder Society commissioned a task force to assess available clinical screening instruments and rating scales, including their clinimetric properties, make recommendations regarding their utility, and suggest future directions in scale development and validation. The literature was systematically searched for scales measuring a range of reported ICBs in PD. A scale was designated "recommended" if the scale had been employed in PD studies, been used beyond the group that developed it, and had adequate clinimetric data published for PD. Numerous diagnostic screening tools and severity rating scales were identified for a range of ICBs, including compulsive medication use, punding/hobbyism, walkabout, pathological gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive or binge eating, compulsive buying, reckless driving, compulsive exercise, pyromania, trichotillomania, hoarding, kleptomania, intermittent explosive disorder, and internet addiction. For screening across the range of ICBs (except compulsive medication use), the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's disease (QUIP) and QUIP-Rating Scale (QUIP-RS) are recommended, and for severity rating across the range of ICBs the QUIP-RS and the Ardouin Scale of Behavior in Parkinson's Disease are recommended. The Scale for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Psychiatric Complications is recommended for rating of hypersexuality and the compulsive behaviors gambling/shopping. Further testing of established scales against gold standard diagnostic criteria is urgently required for all other individual ICBs in PD. (c) 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (c) 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Background Hoarding Disorder (HD) is currently under consideration for inclusion as a distinct disorder in DSM-5 (1). Few studies have examined comorbidity patterns in people who hoard, and the ones that have suffer from serious methodological shortcomings including drawing from populations already diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), using outdated definitions of hoarding, and relying on inadequate assessments of hoarding. The present study is the first large-scale study of comorbidity in a sample of people meeting recently proposed criteria for hoarding disorder (1) and relying on validated assessment procedures. Methods We compared psychiatric comorbidity in a large HD sample (n = 217) to 96 participants meeting criteria for OCD without HD. Results High comorbidity rates were observed for major depressive disorder (MDD) as well as acquisition-related impulse control disorders (compulsive buying, kleptomania, and acquiring free things). Fewer than 20% of HD participants met criteria for OCD, and the rate of OCD in HD was higher for men than women. Rates of MDD and acquisition-related impulse control disorders were higher among HD than OCD participants. No specific anxiety disorder was more frequent in HD, but social phobia was more frequent among men with HD than among men with OCD. Inattentive ADHD was diagnosed in 28% of HD participants and was significantly more frequent than among OCD participants (3%). Conclusions These findings form important base rates for developing research and treatments for hoarding disorder.

Kleptomania is the inability to refrain from the urge to steal items for reasons other than personal use or financial gain. The disorder is frequently under-diagnosed and is regularly accompanied by other psychiatric disorders; particularly anxiety disorders, eating disorders and affective disorders. Our patient is a 19-year-old female, who was referred to our hospital from a general state hospital. She suffered from a desire to steal things such as makeup materials and perfume. She also complained carrying out inappropriate sexual behavior. She had depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms and attempted suicide three times in past years. She knew her grandmother as her mother, despite living in the same household. According to classical psychoanalytical theory; kleptomania is a defense against unconscious impulses, desires, conflicts and needs. The individual who is prone to narcissistic injury tries to prevent the self from disintegrating by the way of stealing behavior. Among psychodynamic theories, ego psychology, self-psychology and object relations theory also have explanations for kleptomania. This case has symptoms that belong to other psychiatric disorders. Thus, the case presented here is important for its emphasis on the fact that categorical and symptom oriented approaches are far from considering patients as a whole.

Impulse control disorders is an important psychiatric disorder group which draws attention in recent years. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and other classical disorders like pyromania, kleptomania, intermittent explosive disorder and compulsive buying could be evaşuated under this topic. The aim of this article is to review forensic psychiatric aspects of impulse control disorders and evaluate the disorders in terms of their legal status., Dürtü kontrol bozuklukları son yıllarda ilgi çeken önemli bir psikiyatrik bozukluk grubudur. Piromani, kleptomani, aralıklı patlayıcı bozukluk, kompulsif satın alma gibi klasik bozuklukların yanısıra dikkat eksikliği hiperakitivite bozukluğu da kısmen bu başlık altında ele alınabilir. Bu makalede dürtü kontrol bozukluklarının adli psikiyatrik yönden özellikleri gözden geçirilmiş ve yasal yönden değerlendirmeleri yapılmıştır

In this article we discuss the phenomenon of kleptomania from the standpoint of evolutionary and sociobiology. The differences between kleptomania and theft are shown. The basic evolutionary fixed «programs» of assignment / hold of other animals «goods» are revealed. We discuss the controversial issues of the instinctive nature kleptomaniac behavior in humans (especially in children).

This study investigates the possible relationship between pathological gambling (PG) and potential spectrum disorders including the DSM-IV impulse control disorders (intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, pyromania, trichotillomania) and several non-DSM disorders (compulsive buying disorder, compulsive sexual behavior, Internet addiction). PG probands, controls, and their first-degree relatives were assessed with instruments of known reliability. Detailed family history information was collected on relatives who were deceased or unavailable. Best estimate diagnoses were assigned blind to family status. The results were analyzed using logistic regression by the method of generalized estimating equations. The sample included 95 probands with PG, 91 controls, and 1075 first-degree relatives (537 PG, 538 control). Compulsive buying disorder, having 1–2 spectrum disorder(s), and having “any spectrum disorder” were more frequent in the PG probands and their first-degree relatives vs. controls and their relatives. Spectrum disorders were significantly more prevalent among PG relatives compared to control relatives (adjusted OR = 8.37), though much of this difference was attributable to the contribution from compulsive buying disorder. We conclude that compulsive buying disorder is likely part of familial PG spectrum.

Chronic disruptive and impulsive behaviors, such as kleptomania, pyromania, and intermittent explosive disorder, are significant concerns for clinicians treating psychiatric disorders due to their persistence and potential legal ramifications. To date, only a few studies have assessed treatment options for pyromania, oppositional defiant disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, kleptomania, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, and conduct disorder. This review discusses the clinical presentation of these disorders and the available literature on their treatment, focusing primarily on randomized controlled studies. Due to the paucity of available clinical studies for these disorders, however, case studies and open trials are mentioned for reference. Summaries of supported pharmaceutical and psychological interventions are provided for each disorder. Key words: adolescents, aggression, crime, fire setting, impulsivity, stealing, theft, treatment

Objectives Kleptomania is characterized by strong urges to steal and is one of only a few psychiatric disorders defined by illegal behaviors, but the clinical characteristics of individuals with kleptomania who have faced legal consequences due to their behavior are poorly understood. Method From 2001 to 2012, we recruited 107 adult participants with DSM-IV kleptomania. Participants with a history of shoplifting-related arrest (N = 82) were compared with those who had no such history (N = 25) on demographics, clinical features, and a self-report measure of impulsivity. Results Participants whose shoplifting had resulted in arrest had higher self-rated impulsivity on a weak trend level (Eysenck Impulsiveness Questionnaire), with large to very large effect size (Cohen's d = 1.12). Group comparisons showed no significant differences in terms of overall functioning (d = 0.60), time spent stealing (d = 0.73), frequency of stealing behavior (d = 0.33), psychiatric comorbidity, or severity of kleptomania symptoms. Conclusions Legal problems in kleptomania may be associated with generalized deficits in inhibitory control independent of kleptomania symptom severity. These findings emphasize the need for treatment to improve functional status in individuals with kleptomania and reduce the social and economic costs associated with reoffending.

The list of proposed addictions has recently grown to include television, videogames, shopping, day trading, kleptomania, and use of the Internet. These activities share with a more established entry, gambling, the property that they require no delivery of a biological stimulus that might be thought to unlock a hardwired brain process. I propose a framework for analyzing that class of incentives that do not depend on the prediction of physically privileged environmental events: people have a great capacity to coin endogenous reward; we learn to cultivate it, and, where it is entrapping, to minimize it, by managing internally generated appetites for it. The basic method of cultivating endogenous reward is to learn cues that predict when best to harvest the reward that has been made possible by the growth of these appetites. This hedonic management occurs in the same motivational marketplace as the instrumental planning that seeks environmental goods in the conventional manner, and presumably obeys...

This review summarizes neurobiological and genetic findings in behavioural addictions, draws parallels with findings pertaining to substance use disorders, and offers suggestions for future research. Articles concerning brain function, neurotransmitter activity, and family history and (or) genetic findings for behavioural addictions involving gambling, Internet use, video game playing, shopping, kleptomania, and sexual activity were reviewed. Behavioural addictions involve dysfunction in several brain regions, particularly the frontal cortex and striatum. Findings from imaging studies incorporating cognitive tasks have arguably been more consistent than cue-induction studies. Early results suggest white and grey matter differences. Neurochemical findings suggest roles for dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, but results from clinical trials seem more equivocal. While limited, family history and genetic data support heritability for pathological gambling and that people with behavioural addictions are more likely to have a close family member with some form of psychopathology. Parallels exist between neurobiological and genetic and family history findings in substance and nonsubstance addictions, suggesting that compulsive engagement in these behaviours may constitute addictions. To date, findings are limited, particularly for shopping, kleptomania, and sexual behaviour. Genetic understandings are at an early stage. Future research directions are offered.

The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of impulse control disorders (ICDs) in a European psychiatric inpatient sample. Two hundred thirty four consecutive psychiatric inpatients (62% female) were examined using a module of the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV) that has been developed for ICDs (SCID-ICD). In addition to intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, kleptomania, pathological gambling, and trichotillomania, the proposed ICDs not otherwise specified were assessed, including compulsive buying, nonparaphilic compulsive sexual behavior, pathological internet use, and pathological skin picking. Based on the SCID-ICD, a lifetime ICD rate of 23.5% and a current ICD rate of 18.8% were found. The most frequent ICDs were pathological skin picking (lifetime 7.3%, current 6.8%), compulsive buying (lifetime 6.8%, current 6.0%), and intermittent explosive disorder (lifetime 5.6%, current 3.4%). In contrast, referring to admission diagnoses taken from patients' charts only 3.8% of the inpatients were diagnosed with any current ICD. Individuals with comorbid ICD were significantly younger and had more admission diagnoses other than ICD. The results suggest high rates of ICDs among psychiatric inpatients that remain to be under-diagnosed in clinical routine.

Objective The authors investigated the sex difference in the rates and co-occurring patterns in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition –referenced psychiatric symptoms among incoming first-year college students in Taiwan. Methods This was a college-based questionnaire survey. The participants included 2731 incoming first-year college students (male, 52.4%; mean age, 19.3 ± 2.6 years). The participants completed the Chinese version of the Adult Self Report Inventory–4 for the assessment of a wide range of psychiatric symptoms according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition symptom criteria. The participant rate was 74.1%. Results There were 55% of the participants having at least one psychiatric symptom. Symptoms of agoraphobia, body dysmorphic, and gender identity disorder were more prevalent in women; those of obsession-compulsion, tics, conduct problems, schizoid personality, and kleptomania were more prevalent in men. The magnitude of symptom correlations between compulsion and gender identity disorder, dysthymia, and antisocial personality, and between gender identity disorder and schizophrenia was significantly greater in male participants, whereas that between conduct problems and obsession and motor tics was significantly greater in female participants. Conclusions The Chinese version of the Adult Self Report Inventory–4 identified similar sex difference in psychiatric symptoms as Western studies. The sex difference in co-occurring psychiatric conditions warrants further investigation.

Issler CK, Monkul ES, Amaral JAMS, Tamada RS, Shavitt RG, Miguel EC, Lafer B. Bipolar disorder and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder is associated with higher rates of anxiety and impulse control disorders.Objective:Although bipolar disorder (BD) with comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is highly prevalent, few controlled studies have assessed this comorbidity. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics and expression of comorbid disorders in female BD patients with OCD.Method:We assessed clinically stable female outpatients with BD: 15 with comorbid OCD (BD+OCD group) and 15 without (BD/no-OCD group). All were submitted to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, with additional modules for the diagnosis of kleptomania, trichotillomania, pathological gambling, onychophagia and skin picking.Results:The BD+OCD patients presented more chronic episodes, residual symptoms and previous depressive episodes than the BD/no-OCD patients. Of the BD+OCD patients, 86% had a history of treatment-emergent mania, compared with only 40% of the BD/no-OCD patients. The following were more prevalent in the BD+OCD patients than the BD/no-OCD patients: any anxiety disorder other than OCD; impulse control disorders; eating disorders; and tic disorders.Conclusion:Female BD patients with OCD may represent a more severe form of disorder than those without OCD, having more depressive episodes and residual symptoms, and being at a higher risk for treatment-emergent mania, as well as presenting a greater anxiety and impulse control disorder burden.

Although studies have examined clinical characteristics of kleptomania, no previous studies have examined the legal consequences of kleptomania. From 2001 to 2007, 101 adult subjects (n = 27 [26.7%] males) with DSM-IV kleptomania were assessed on sociodemographics and clinical characteristics including symptom severity, comorbidity, and legal repercussions. Of 101 subjects with kleptomania, 73.3% were female. Mean age of shoplifting onset was 19.4 +/- 12.0 years, and subjects shoplifted a mean of 8.2 +/- 11.0 years prior to meeting full criteria for kleptomania. Co-occurring depressive, substance use, and impulse control disorders were common. Sixty-nine subjects with kleptomania (68.3%) had been arrested, 36.6% had been arrested but not convicted, 20.8% had been convicted and incarcerated after conviction, while only 10.9% had been convicted and not incarcerated after conviction. Kleptomania is associated with significant legal repercussions. The findings emphasize the need for rigorous treatment approaches to target kleptomania symptoms and prevent re-offending.

Kleptomania is a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent stealing and for which there exists no empirically validated treatments. This study examined the efficacy and tolerability of the opioid antagonist naltrexone in adults with kleptomania who have urges to steal.An 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral naltrexone for kleptomania. Twenty-five individuals with DSM-IV kleptomania were randomized to naltrexone (dosing ranging from 50 mg/day to 150 mg/day) or placebo. Twenty-three subjects (92%) completed the study. Subjects were assessed every 2 weeks with the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Kleptomania (K-YBOCS), the urge and behavior subscales of the K-YBOCS, the Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale (K-SAS), the Clinical Global Impressions Scale (CGI), and measures of depression, anxiety, and psychosocial functioning.Subjects assigned to naltrexone had significantly greater reductions in K-YBOCS total scores (p = .001), stealing urges (p = .032), and stealing behavior (p.001) compared with subjects on placebo. Subjects assigned to naltrexone also had greater improvement in overall kleptomania severity (reflected in the CGI scores) (p.001). The mean effective dose of naltrexone was 116.7 (+/-44.4) mg/day.Naltrexone demonstrated statistically significant reductions in stealing urges and behavior in kleptomania. Naltrexone was well tolerated.

Hoarding has historically been conceptualized as a symptom of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD); however, data demonstrate important differences between hoarding and OC symptoms (for discussion, see Grisham et al. Anxiety Disorders, 19, 767‑779. 2005). Hoarding has also been observed in disorders besides OCD, including specific Impulse Control Disorders (ICDs; e.g., kleptomania, trichotillomania, pathological gambling, compulsive buying). Therefore, the current study tested the hypothesis that hoarding would be as strongly related to symptoms of ICDs as it is to OCD and that these relationships would be medium to strong in magnitude. Results from an undergraduate sample showed hoarding behaviors were strongly related to symptoms of OCD, moderately related to symptoms of compulsive buying, and more modestly related to symptoms of pathological gambling, trichotillomania, and kleptomania. Finally, findings suggest indecisiveness may be a particularly important underlying feature in hoarding behaviors. These results support the consideration of hoarding outside the confines of OCD.

OBJECTIVE Kleptomania is characterized by repetitive stealing of things not needed for personal use. Comorbidity with affective disorders, personality disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often described. Pharmacological treatment options are serotonin reuptake inhibitors, naltrexone or mood stabilizers. There are no controlled studies for cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and psychodynamic psychotherapies. However, literature suggests that patients respond to CBT, especially when combined with pharmacological strategies. Dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) is successfully applied in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. and, in a modified manner, of ADHD. METHOD / RESULTS We report a treatment of an in-patient with kleptomania, depressive episode, combined personality disorder and ADHD. Under combined treatment with DBT, which has been successfully used in the treatment of impulsive disorders, and duloxetine, the patient's urge to steal decreased markedly, and no corresponding actions were detectable in follow-up examinations. CONCLUSIONS Particularly for the kleptomania subtype with comorbid ADHD and / or personality disorder, DBT may be a promising approach. In addition, duloxetine as a serotonin-epinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) might fit into a complementary treatment strategy.

Impulse control disorders (ICDs), including pathological gambling, trichotillomania, kleptomania and others, have been conceptualized to lie along an impulsive-compulsive spectrum. Recent data have suggested that these disorders may be considered addictions. Here, we review the genetic and neuropathological bases of the impulse control disorders and consider the disorders within these non-mutually exclusive frameworks.

OBJETIVOS: Este artigo revisa o tratamento da cleptomania, do comprar compulsivo e do jogo patológico. MÉTODO: Realizou-se uma revisão da literatura publicada. RESULTADOS: A pesquisa sobre o tratamento em todas essas áreas é limitada. As técnicas cognitivo-comportamentais utilizadas no tratamento da cleptomania compreendem sensibilização encoberta, dessensibilização imaginal, dessensibilização sistemática, terapia de aversão, treinamento de relaxamento e fontes alternativas de satisfação. Com relação ao comprar compulsivo, não existe amparo empírico para o tratamento, mas as técnicas comuns examinadas foram sensibilização encoberta, exposição e prevenção de resposta, controle do estímulo, reestruturação cognitiva e prevenção de recaída. O tratamento do jogo patológico teve êxito tanto no formato em grupo como no individual, utilizando técnicas tais como terapia aversiva, dessensibilização sistemática, dessensibilização imaginal e terapia comportamental multimodal (incluindo exposição in vivo, controle do estímulo e sensibilização encoberta), juntamente com técnicas cognitivas, tais como psicoeducação, reestruturação cognitiva e prevenção de recaída. CONCLUSÕES: Há um consenso geral na literatura de que as terapias cognitivo-comportamentais oferecem um modelo eficaz de intervenção em todos esses transtornos. Uma formulação de caso individualizada é apresentada com um exemplo de estudo de caso. Sugerem-se diretrizes para a prática clínica de cada transtorno.

Kleptomania is characterized by the failure to resist impulses to steal objects not needed for personal use or their monetary value. The objective of this study was to examine cognitive and executive functioning in subjects with kleptomania. Fifteen women with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of kleptomania underwent a detailed psychiatric examination, including measures of kleptomania severity, and a battery of neuropsychological tests that emphasized executive functions. Correlational analyses were computed between measures of kleptomania severity and tests of executive functioning. Kleptomania subjects reported a mean duration of illness of 17.9 years and shoplifting a mean of 1.7 times per week. All subjects reported an inability to resist urges to shoplift. Neuropsychological testing revealed group mean test scores within 0.5 standard deviations of normative standards for age. Five subjects (33.3%), however, had below-average performance on at least one measure of executive functioning, and 4 (26.7%) had below-average scores on two executive measures. Correlational analyses revealed a statistically significant correlation between kleptomania severity and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance ( r = - 0.693 , p = 0.004 ). As a group, subjects with kleptomania did not demonstrate deficits on neuropsychological testing. Greater kleptomania symptom severity, however, was correlated with impairment in executive functioning.

BACKGROUND: Kleptomania has no definitive treatment. Mixed reports of benefit from openly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors led us to design a double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation trial of escitalopram. METHOD: Between December 2002 and March 2005, we recruited 24 subjects aged >or=20 years with DSM-IV kleptomania of >or=1 year's duration. We excluded subjects with organic mental disorders, psychoses, substance or alcohol abuse, suicidal risk, bipolar I or II disorder, anorexia nervosa, or antisocial personality disorder and subjects requiring other psychotropic medications. Our primary outcome measure was theft episodes per week. A responder was defined as a subject having a > 50% decrease in theft episodes per week and a Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement scale score of "much improved" or "very much improved." Escitalopram was started at 10 mg/day and increased as necessary and tolerated after week 4 to 20 mg/day. At the end of week 7, responders were randomly assigned to a 1-week taper followed by 16 weeks of placebo or to continuation of treatment for 17 weeks at their week 7 escitalopram dose. RESULTS: Nineteen subjects (79%) were week 7 responders and 15 were randomly assigned. Five subjects (4 responders) withdrew early: 1 for unrelated illness, 1 for protocol deviation, 2 for side effects, and 1 for withdrawn consent. Three (43%) of 7 escitalopram subjects relapsed compared with 4 (50%) of 8 placebo subjects (Fisher exact test p = .38). CONCLUSION: The high response rate during open-label escitalopram treatment was not better maintained by double-blind escitalopram than by placebo. Kleptomania may be a heterogeneous pathological behavior better treated with pharma-cotherapy in some cases and psychologically or with combined treatment in others.

The term 'addiction' was traditionally used in relation to centrally active substances, such as cocaine, alcohol, or nicotine. Addiction is not a unitary construct but rather incorporates a number of features, such as repetitive engagement in behaviours that are rewarding (at least initially), loss of control (spiralling engagement over time), persistence despite untoward functional consequences, and physical dependence (evidenced by withdrawal symptoms when intake of the substance diminishes). It has been suggested that certain psychiatric disorders characterized by maladaptive, repetitive behaviours share parallels with substance addiction and therefore represent 'behavioural addictions'. This perspective has influenced the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), which now has a category 'Substance Related and Addictive Disorders', including gambling disorder. Could other disorders characterised by repetitive behaviours, besides gambling disorder, also be considered 'addictions'? Potential examples include kleptomania, compulsive sexual behaviour, 'Internet addiction', trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder), and skin-picking disorder. This paper seeks to define what is meant by 'behavioural addiction', and critically considers the evidence for and against this conceptualisation in respect of the above conditions, from perspectives of aetiology, phenomenology, co-morbidity, neurobiology, and treatment. Research in this area has important implications for future diagnostic classification systems, neurobiological models, and novel treatment directions.

Kleptomania is the inability to refrain from the urge to steal items and is done for reasons other than personal use or financial gain. Alternatively, some of the main characteristics of the disorder, which consist of recurring intrusion feelings, an inability to resist the urge to steal, and a release of pressure following the theft, suggest that kleptomania could be an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. Persons diagnosed with kleptomania usually gain satisfaction after his stolen activity was done. This study is a qualitative-phenomenological study. Two men involved in the study; both subjects had been encountered an impulse disorder for years. The results showed that both subjects made plans before they stole things. They had an ego defense mechanism against kleptomania impulse that emerged when there are external and internal factors that weaken their wishes. Subject who has a good ego defense mechanism, have a strong will to recover; however, subject who has a weak ego defense mechanism will have a weak will to recover.

Since the disjunctive change of DSM-III, architects of the DSMs, including the recent DSM-5, have tended to ignore the problematic status of disorder categories limited by single symptoms or single symptom clusters. These disorders include kleptomania, pyromania, intermittent explosive disorder, paraphilic disorders, factitious disorder, among others. Single symptom/cluster disorders resemble Esquirol’s nineteenth-century French concept of monomania, which is defined as an “idee fixe, a single pathological preoccupation in an otherwise sound mind” (Goldstein 1998, p. 388). Monomania is also a variation on the early idea of partial insanity, where the patient’s reasoning remained unaffected, while insanity was circumscribed by either a single delusional belief or overwhelming irrational impulses. In this chapter I briefly review the history of monomania and why it came to be rejected by Anglo-European alienists. These historical critiques are then related to contemporary DSM-5 single symptom/cluster disorders. I then supplement this historical-to-contemporary critique with an original conceptual critique of single-symptom/cluster disorders. The chapter concludes with some methodological approaches to classification which address the crippling legacy of monomanias in today’s DSMs.