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Abstract. Work vigor is defined by cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. The purpose of this multi-study paper was to develop a French version of the Shirom-Melamed Vigor Measure (F-SMVM), and test its (a) construct validity (i.e., factorial structure and internal consistency), (b) convergent and discriminant validity with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9), and (c) concurrent validity with work motivation and job satisfaction. Six hundred and forty (61.72% female) employees participated in the three present studies. Convergent and discriminant construct validity of the F-SMVM were examined with a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analysis. Concurrent validity was examined through correlations and regressions with work motivation and job satisfaction. Overall, the results supported the reliability and the construct validity of the F-SMVM. They also showed evidence of convergent validity between the F-SMVM and the UWES-9, as well as evidence of concurrent validity with work motivation and job satisfaction. The F-SMVM represents a valid measure assessing three interrelated dimensions representing physical, cognitive, and emotional components of work engagement.

International audience; The purpose of this study was to examine the association between young players’ perception of mother’s and father’s responsiveness with their self-esteem, anxiety (i.e., worry), and thriving (i.e., positive affect, vitality, and life satisfaction). In total, 314 male British rugby players with a mean age of 16.23 years (SD = 0.26) completed the study in two phases: n = 124 (first dataset), and n = 192 (second dataset). Participants trained on average 3.14 times/week (SD = 0.94) and had been involved in rugby for an average of 8.21 years (SD = 2.89). Participants completed questionnaires measuring perceived parental responsiveness (PPR) for their mother and father, self-esteem, worry about sport performance, and thriving indicators (i.e., positive affect, vitality, and life satisfaction). The results consistently indicated that participants’ perceptions of their mother’s and father’s responsiveness positively related to thriving, and negatively related to their worry about sport performance, mediated by their self-esteem. Overall, the study highlights the need for parents to be provided with insights into the value of being responsive to their child and being encouraged to regularly talk with their child regarding their needs and desires, and seeking to understand how their child perceives the support they currently receive.

International audience; Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of parental responsive support (observed) and perceived parental responsive support on athletes’ self-perceptions and thriving. Methods: Forty-one French-speaking Belgian individual sport athletes aged 12-15 years (M = 13.13, SD = 0.90) and one of their parent’s spent 10 minutes discussing three important athletes’ sport-related goals for the next season. The discussion was video-taped and coded to identify parents’ responsive support behaviors. After the discussion, athletes responded to a series of questionnaires measuring perceived parental responsiveness, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and thriving indicators (i.e., positive affect, vitality, life satisfaction, and health quality). Results: The results show that observed and perceived parental responsive support contributed to athletes’ proximal perceptions of self-efficacy. Both parental observed responsive support and athletes’ perceived parental responsiveness, mediated by athletes’ self-efficacy, were positively related to athlete’s self-esteem. Further, athletes’ perceived parental responsiveness was positively related with thriving while mediated in series by self-efficacy and self-esteem. Conclusion: Overall, it appears that parents’ responsive support (observed) and athletes’ perception of responsive support are associated with positive self-perceptions and optimal wellbeing in young athletes. This study demonstrates that parents can provide responsive support to their children in the sport context. These results add further weight to suggestions that sport organizations should actively include, rather than exclude, parents in their processes.

The present study examined the psychometric properties of the coach-adapted version of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ) using Bayesian structural equation modelling (BSEM). The sample included 780 (

Multiple health behaviour change (MHBC) represents one of the best ways to prevent reoccurrence of cardiovascular events. However, few individuals with cardiovascular diseases engage in this process. The present study examined the role of compensatory health beliefs (CHB; i.e., belief that a healthy behaviour compensates an unhealthy one)as a drag to engagement in this process. Some studies have shown that CHBs predict intention to engage in healthy behaviours, but no study has investigated CHBs in individuals who actually need to change multiple health behaviours. The goal was to better understand the role of CHBs in intentions formation process among individuals with cardiac diseases in an MHBC context. One hundred and four patients completed a questionnaire at the beginning of their cardiac rehabilitation program. Results showed that: (1) CHBs negatively predicted intentions (2) but only for participants with high self-efficacy or low risk perception; (3) CHBs predictions differed depending on the nature of the compensating behaviour, and were more predictive when medication intake was the compensating one. Findings only partially confirmed previous research conducted on healthy individuals who were not in an MHBC process, and emphasized the importance of considering CHBs for individuals in this process., Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe, 558

International audience; This study investigated the role of self-control in health behaviors at both trait and state levels. We examined if trait and state self-control independently predict health behaviors, as well as the mechanisms of these relationships (desire, conflict, and resistance). This question was investigated on unhealthy and healthy behaviors, in the domain of physical activity, diet, and smoking. 325 participants completed a questionnaire assessing trait and state self-control, as well as desire, conflict, resistance, and health behaviors. Path analyses revealed that trait self-control indirectly predicted unhealthy behaviors through reduced desire, conflict, and resistance, and directly predicted healthy behaviors. These relationships remained significant when controlling for state self-control, suggesting that people’s general tendency to prioritize distal goals over proximal motives uniquely predicts behaviors. Results also showed that adding state self-control to the model doubled the explained variance in healthy behaviors, highlighting the importance of considering self-control capacity at both trait and state levels.

The purpose of this study was to examine temporally distal influence at a three-month interval of perceived parental responsiveness on athletes’ goal accomplishment, trait cognitive sport anxiety, and thriving. Young players (154 males, 51 females, M = 12.50 years, SD = 0.65) involved in rugby, basketball, and handball participated in the study. Initially, participants set three goals to accomplish over the next three months and completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of their parents’ responsiveness, perceived self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Three months later, participants completed questionnaires assessing their goal accomplishment, worry about sport performance, and thriving. The results showed that athletes’ perceptions of their mother’s/father’s responsiveness, mediated by perceived athletes’ self-efficacy to accomplish their goals, influenced their goal accomplishment and trait cognitive sport anxiety three months later. The results also showed that athletes’ perceptions of their mother’s/father’s responsiveness, mediated by athletes’ self-esteem, influenced athletes’ thriving and trait cognitive sport anxiety three months later. Overall, the present study uniquely contributes to the understanding of parent-athlete relationships by showing that athletes’ perceptions of their mother’s and father’s responsiveness influence certain distal outcomes three months later (i.e., goal accomplishment, sports anxiety, and thriving) while mediated by self-efficacy and self-esteem.

Objectives: To better understand the role sports club coaches can play in health promotion (HP), as well as factors supporting this task, the present study aimed to compare coaches’ and players’ perception of coaches’ health promotion activities and test whether coaches’ basic need satisfaction predicts coaches’ HP activities mediated by self-determined motivation to coach. Design: Cross-sectional design. Multivariate analyses were used to compare coaches’ and players' perceptions of health promotion, while structural equation modeling was used to test the model. Setting: Community football clubs in the south east of France. Method: A sample of 101 coaches and 404 players from 18 soccer clubs completed a questionnaire assessing HP activities’ perceptions. Coaches also completed scales on basic need satisfaction, and self-determined motivation. Results: Similar patterns were found for coaches and players’ answers, with only a few differences, especially in the respect for oneself dimension. Moreover, basic need satisfaction predicted respect for oneself and others through self-determined motivation, while self-determined motivation was related to a healthy lifestyle, but basic need satisfaction and self-determined motivation were not linked to substance use. Conclusion: Results highlight only few differences between coaches’ and players perceptions of coaches’ HP activities. Coaches HP activities are sparse, but seems to be perceived by their players. Self-determined coaches were more likely to promote a healthy lifestyle and respect for oneself and others. The lack of relationship between motivational variables and substance use could potentially reflect the complexity of drug and alcohol prevention in sport clubs. ispartof: Health Education Journal vol:77 issue:2 pages:169-178 status: published

Despite evidence that cohesion is a significant determinant of academic outcomes in the university setting, a validated multidimensional measure of cohesion adapted to this context is lacking. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a cohesion questionnaire in the university setting based on Carron et al.’s (1985) multidimensional model. After conducting a pilot study and exploratory structural equation modeling analyses, a final 16-item version of the questionnaire was retained. The questionnaire presented strong fit to the data, good internal consistency, and measurement invariance across three different criteria. Findings suggest that researchers can use this questionnaire as a reliable, valid, and theoretically-grounded measure of cohesion in the university setting. Implications of these findings research are discussed.

Purpose – The health promoting benefits of sport participation are under-utilized and should be further developed, particularly at the grassroots level. The purpose of this paper is to examine how grassroots coaches in youth football perceive their coaching practices after participating in a community-based coach education program aimed at optimizing their experiences in youth sport, namely the Empowering Coaching™ training program, based on self-determination theory (SDT) and achievement goal theory (AGT). It compares French and Norwegian coaches to suggest whether the principles of the Empowering Coaching™ training program can be applied successfully in the two countries. Design/methodology/approach – The Empowering Coaching™ training program is a six hour workshop and was delivered at the beginning of the 2011 football season. At the end of the season, the grassroots coaches’ reflections on their coaching practices were examined through a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews of 18 coaches in France and Norway, applying a hybrid analyses and comparing country-wise. Findings – All coaches expressed the intention to embrace the philosophy of the program, and to apply several of the strategies they had learnt during the workshop. The coaches perceived that the program supported their efforts to develop and implement strategies to stimulate intrinsic motivation, enjoyment and long-term participation among the players. There were some differences between coaches from France and Norway (e.g. rules and involvement), but the similarities were more evident, supporting the universality of applying SDT in the youth sport setting. Social implications – The findings are encouraging for sport as a health promoting setting and for the development of the personal skills in grassroot coaches, as they imply that coaches who feel competent in how to structure practices and matches that provide the players with positive sport experiences are likely to enable players to feel supported and motivated. Originality/value – This study explores qualitatively the impact of an intervention based on SDT and AGT, focussing on football coaches’ reflections on their coaching practices.

The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the factorial validity of the Behavioural Regulation Sport in Questionnaire (BRSQ) when completed by young soccer players in the Promoting Adolescent Physical Activity (PAPA) project (9-15 years old) in 5 European countries (France: n = 1248, Greece: n = 1507, Norway: n = 1397, Spain: n = 2245, and England: n = 1372) and (2) test the measurement invariance of its latent factors across these 5 countries.First, we tested the exploratory structural equation model (ESEM) factor analyses, allowing cross-loadings between factors, against the traditional independent clusters confirmatory factor analysis model (ICM-CFA), with all cross-loadings constrained to zero. The ESEM showed very Good Fit Indices, whereas the ICM-CFA was not tenable across countries. Second, the ESEM was used as the baseline model for the tests of factor loading (metric) invariance and factor loading plus thresholds (scalar) invariance. The five factors obtained from the analysis were scalar inva...

The purpose of the present study was to determine and compare the levels of objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) among male players aged 10–14 who participate in grassroots football in three European countries (i.e. England, France, and Greece). In addition, the study also examined the relationship of objective levels of PA to a self-report measure of PA frequency used in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey for young football players. A total of 331 participants provided at least three days of valid accelerometer data and completed a self-report measure of PA. The results revealed that players accumulated 122.33 minutes of moderate- to vigorous PA (MVPA) and 488.19 minutes of ST per day. Multiple analyses of covariance controlling for years of experience in football revealed slightly significant differences between the three countries for light PA, MVPA, and the number of active days defined as meeting the [World Health Organization. (2010). Global recommenda...

20 pages; International audience; The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between athletes' perceptions of role ambiguity and two theoretically derived dimensions of coaching competency (i.e., game strategy and technique competencies). A total of 243 players from 26 teams representing various interdependent sports completed French versions of the Role Ambiguity Scale and the Coaching Competency Scale. Multilevel analyses supported the existence of relationships between the four dimensions of role ambiguity and the two dimensions of coaching competency at both individual and team levels. When the levels were considered jointly, athletes perceiving greater ambiguity in their role in both offensive and defensive contexts were more critical of their coach's capacities to lead their team during competitions and to diagnose or formulate instructions during training sessions. The results also indicated that the dimension of scope of responsibilities was the main contributor to the relationship with coaching competency at an individual level, whereas role evaluation was the main contributor to this relationship at a group level. Findings are discussed in relation to the role episode model, the role ambiguity dimensions involved in the relationships according to the level of analysis considered, and the salience of ambiguity perceptions in the offensive context.

8 pages; International audience; Objectives: The present article provides a summary of four studies undertaken to examine the structure of the role ambiguity framework advanced by Beauchamp, Bray, Eys, and Carron (2002) and its validity in another culture (i.e., French culture). Two forms of the Role Ambiguity Scale (Beauchamp et al., 2002) were developed into French: a version distinguishing the offensive and defensive contexts; a version without specification of any context. Three competing models of the organization of the role ambiguity dimensions were examined. Method: Overall, 1145 male and female athletes competing in different team sports participated in the study. Design: Cross-sectional with self-reported questionnaires. Results: In the French culture, the results supported a hierarchical organization of role ambiguity with three first-order dimensions loading on a second-order factor. The fourth study examining the predictive validity of the questionnaires revealed that a four-dimension model slightly accounted for more variance in task cohesion than a three-dimension model and enabled a more accurate description of the role ambiguity-task cohesion relationship. Conclusions: Theoretical and cultural implications were advanced.

The purpose of this study was to examine the direction of the effect between cohesion and collective efficacy in elite female handball teams. A total of 84 female handball players completed 2 questionnaires at 2 time periods during the competitive season (i.e., early and midseason). Relationships were examined across time at an individual level after statistically controlling for previous group performance. Regression analyses including the autoregressive influence indicated that early-season collective efficacy positively predicted variance in midseason individual attractions to the group-task (ATG-T) after controlling for early-season ATG-T scores. In elite female handball teams, findings only supported collective efficacy as an antecedent of task cohesion and suggested that coaches should promote strategies dedicated to foster athletes’ beliefs about their team efficacy.

Despite the call to improve health promotion (HP) in sport clubs in the existing literature, little is known about sport clubs' organizational capacity. Grounded within the setting-based framework, this study compares HP activities and guidance among 10 football clubs. At least three grassroots coaches from each club (n = 68) completed the Health Promoting Sports Clubs scale to assess their perceptions of HP; an official (n = 10) was interviewed about club's activities and official's guidance provided to coaches. A concurrent embedded design with quantitative results guiding the qualitative analysis was used. Despite no significant differences regarding coaches' perceptions of HP between the 10 sport clubs, except for the policy dimension, officials' interviews revealed some contradictions. Sport participation was recognized as automatically promoting HP, meaning that sport practice entails many benefits, without questioning the nature of the activities. HP was considered as a secondary aim in regard to sport performance, leading to the lack of written policies, partnerships and sporadic HP activities. Future interventions should consider: (i) the creation of required policy and long-term vision; (ii) the link between HP and sport performance; (iii) the rootedness of sport clubs within their community and (iv) guidelines towards HP from sport federations.

The main aim of this study was to examine mediating effects in the relationships between cohesion, collective efficacy and performance in professional basketball teams. A secondary aim was to examine the correlates of collective efficacy in a professional sport. A total of 154 French and foreign professional players completed French or English versions of questionnaires about cohesion and collective efficacy. Two composite measures of individual performance were used (pre- and post-performance). Individual-level analyses were performed. Regression analyses supported two mediating relationships with collective efficacy as a mediator of the pre-performance - Group integration-task relationship, and Group integration-task as a mediator of the pre-performance - collective efficacy relationship. Statistical analyses indicated that neither Group integration-task nor collective efficacy was a better mediator in the relationship between pre-performance and the other group variables. Results also revealed positive relationships between three dimensions of cohesion (i.e. Individual attractions to the group-task, Group integration-task, Group integration-social) and collective efficacy. These findings suggest that in professional basketball teams, staff members should look after athletes who perform at a lower or below their usual level because their performances might lead them into a downward cohesion - collective efficacy spiral. Staff members should also develop a high quality of group functioning, both on and off the basketball court, given its relationship with collective efficacy.

The present report provides a summary of five studies undertaken to develop a French-language instrument to assess cohesiveness in sport teams—the “Questionnaire sur l’Ambiance du Groupe” (QAG). For the initial version of the instrument, the Group Environment Questionnaire (Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985) was translated into French using the protocol outlined by Vallerand (1989). However, psychometric analyses undertaken in Studies 1, 2, and 3 failed to yield acceptable evidence of construct validity. Items were then revised in an attempt to make them more suitable for the French culture. Subsequent analyses in Study 4 provided support for the construct validity and reliability (internal consistency and interscale equivalence) of the QAG. In Study 5, predictive validity was demonstrated. The QAG has been found to possess satisfactory psychometric properties as a measure of cohesion in sport teams.

Background: Given the benefits of participating in sport, sports clubs have been recognised as health-promoting organizations. To examine health-promotion activities in Finnish sports clubs, Kokko et al. developed a set of standards for health-promoting sports clubs (HPSC). Objective: The present study extends this line of research, by (1) measuring coaches’ perceptions of health- promotion activities in French sports clubs and comparing them to earlier Finnish results, (2) measuring coaches’ perceptions of the health-promotion aims of sports clubs and (3) examining the links between HPSC and coaches’ self-determined motivation. Methods: Coaches ( N = 125) completed a modified version of the HPSC questionnaire and a scale assessing their motivation to coach. Results: Coaches perceived French and Finnish sports clubs as fairly health promoting, but with wide variability between clubs. In both countries, sports clubs scores showed the same patterns: high scores for ideology and environment activities, and low scores for policies, practices and partnership. Coaches’ perceptions of clubs’ aims also followed the same pattern, but with higher scores for each dimension, meaning that coaches considered health promotion as a relevant aim for sports clubs. Finally, controlling for demographic variables, the HPSC index and sub-indices were related to coaches’ self-determined motivation. Conclusion: This study strengthens the previous findings for health promotion in the setting of sports clubs and the positive role of these activities on coaches’ motivation to coach.

The aim of the study was to examine to what extent young people who play organised soccer rate their leisure-time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, life satisfaction, and health more positively and higher than a same-aged population-based reference group (including some adolescents who also played organised soccer). Data from two samples of five countries (England, France, Greece, Norway, and Spain) were included: a sample of soccer players aged 10-14 years who participated in the Promoting Adolescent Physical Activity project [Duda, J.L., Quested, E., Haug, E., Samdal, O., Wold, B., Balaguer, I., … Cruz, J. (2013). Promoting Adolescent health through an intervention aimed at improving the quality of their participation in Physical Activity (‘PAPA’): background to the project and main trial protocol. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology] and a nationally representative reference sample of 11- and 13-year olds from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. Results from multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the participants in the soccer sample, in particular girls, reported a higher level of moderate-to-vigorous leisure-time physical activity than those in the reference sample. They also rated their life satisfaction and subjective health more favourably than the reference sample. The associations did not differ according to age or socio-economic status. The results suggest that playing soccer is a positive activity for youth and seems to be a very potent way of increasing regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity among girls. Thus, efforts aimed at increasing participation in organised youth soccer may potentially be beneficial to young people's psychosocial health and hold the potential to increase physical activity, particularly among girls.

Objectives Based on the role episode model ( Kahn, Wolfe, Quinn, Snoek, & Rosenthal, 1964 ), the purpose of this study was to examine the reciprocal relationship between role ambiguity ( Beauchamp, Bray, Eys, & Carron, 2002 ) and group cohesion ( Eys, Loughead, Bray, & Carron, 2009 ) in youth interdependent sport teams. Design Longitudinal research with self-reported questionnaires. Methods Participants ( N = 162; 12–18 years of age; M = 15.00 years) took part in two testing sessions (midseason vs. late-season) designed to gather information on individual perceptions of role ambiguity and group cohesion. Results After statistically controlling for status, gender, and team membership, results demonstrated that perceptions of social cohesion at midseason positively predicted variations in perceptions of scope of responsibilities and role behaviors in defense between mid- and end of season. Conclusions The need to belong (fundamental human motivation) and the unbalanced gender composition of the sample could explain the salience of social cohesion in the cohesion-role ambiguity relationship within youth interdependent sport teams. Results underlined that a part of role construction within youth teams is based on the peer social relationships developed between teammates. Implications are identified for youth practice. Limitations and future directions are addressed.

The present study provides a summary of five investigations undertaken to develop a French short visual analog measure of cohesion. Based on the conceptual model of cohesion and the Questionnaire sur l'Ambiance du Groupe (QAG), this instrument, QAG-a, is designed to capture the dynamic nature of cohesion when it is assessed with repeated and frequent measures during a period of time. The QAG-a consists of eight items assessing the four dimensions of the conceptual model. The rating is performed using a numeric visual analog scale on a 10-cm line. The psychometric analyses undertaken provided support for the content, construct, and predictive validity and the reliability of the QAG-a (Studies 1 to 4). They also indicated that this instrument is well suited for measuring cohesion with a repeated, frequent design across a period of time (Study 5)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cohesion and collective efficacy in professional basketball teams. A total of 66 male and 54 female French-speaking professional players from 20 teams completed Heuze and Fontayne’s (2002) Questionnaire sur l’Ambiance du Groupe and a collective efficacy measure designed to assess the athletes’ perceptions of their team efficacy in offense, defense, and total. Index of agreement, intraclass correlation, and eta-squared statistic supported the existence of group perceptions for the constructs. At group level, several positive correlations were found between the dimensions of cohesion and collective efficacy. However, sequential multiple regression analyses indicated that only Group integration-task was a significant predictor of collective efficacy and explained 38% to 65% of the variance of the collective efficacy scales. The implications of the results are discussed and future studies using multilevel statistical methodologies are recommended.

Objectives As major actors in sports activities, sports coaches can play a significant role in health education and contribute to the psychological well-being of young people. However, not all participants in sports activities experience sports positively, which reduces the potential benefits for health. The present study investigates if coaches’ efforts to promote health increase young athletes’ enjoyment, self-esteem and perceived health in daily life and decrease sport dropout. Design To control for the variability between teams and between clubs, multilevel modeling was applied. Methods A sample of 342 young football players completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of coaches’ Health Promotion (HP) activities, enjoyment of sports, dropout intentions, self-esteem and perceived health in daily life. Results HP general score was positively related to enjoyment and perceived health as well as negatively dropout intentions. Players perceiving their coaches as promoting fair and play (Respect for oneself and others) scored higher on their perceptions of enjoyment in sport, self-esteem and self-reported health, and lower on dropout intentions. Moreover, players recognizing their coaches as encouraging their healthy lifestyle also reported higher perceptions of sport enjoyment, whereas player's perceived coaches’ activities on substance use were associated with lower participants’ enjoyment. Conclusions These results support the importance of developing HP in sports clubs. Especially, promoting respect of oneself and others seems to be the more beneficial to sport participants.