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Objective: To describe the methods of recruitment and demographic results of an online sexual health survey using social networking sites (SNS) to recruit people aged 16–29 years in the state of South Australia (SA) during 2019. Methods: A crosssectional online survey titled ‘Let's Talk About It’ using SNS (Facebook and Instagram) was administered between July and August 2019, targeting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non‐Indigenous young people. The survey comprised questions on demographics information, sexual health knowledge, behaviours and healthcare access. Results: During the data collection period, the study team closely monitored the demographics of participants and adjusted SNS messaging through paid advertising to increase the recruitment of under‐represented population groups, especially Aboriginal people, males and regional and remote residents of SA. A total of 2,724 people accessed the survey predominately via Facebook during a six‐week period between July and August 2019; 2,380 people were eligible and included in the analysis. Conclusions and implications for public health: Even though SNS have been used previously in recruitment for sexual health issues, small adjustments to the study during recruitment were specifically made to include under‐represented populations in the final study. Using SNS is an effective method for recruiting survey participants; during recruitment phases, additional strategies may be required to be inclusive of diverse and under‐represented populations.

Background There are no available school-based alcohol and drug prevention programs with evidence of effectiveness among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. To address this, we codeveloped the Strong & Deadly Futures well-being and alcohol and drug prevention program in partnership with an Indigenous creative design agency and 4 Australian schools. Objective This paper presents the protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of Strong & Deadly Futures in reducing alcohol and other drug use and improving well-being among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. Methods The target sample will be 960 year 7 and 8 students from 24 secondary schools in Australia, of which approximately 40% (384/960) will identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The study design is a 2-group, parallel cluster randomized controlled trial with allocation concealment. Recruited schools will be block randomized (ratio 1:1), stratified by geographical remoteness, by an independent statistician. Schools will be randomized to receive Strong & Deadly Futures, a web-based alcohol and drug prevention and social and emotional well-being program that delivers curriculum-aligned content over 6 lessons via an illustrated story, or health education as usual (control). Control schools will be supported to implement Strong & Deadly Futures following trial completion. Surveys will be administered at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 months, and 24 months (primary end point) post baseline. Primary outcomes are alcohol use (adapted from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey), tobacco use (Standard High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey), and psychological distress (Kessler-5 Psychological Distress Scale). Secondary outcomes are alcohol and drug knowledge and intentions, alcohol-related harms, binge drinking, cannabis use, well-being, empowerment, appreciation of cultural diversity, and truancy. Results The trial was funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council in January 2019, approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of Sydney (2020/039, April 2020), the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council of New South Wales (1620/19, February 2020), the Western Australian Aboriginal Health Ethics Committee (998, October 2021), and the ethics committees of each participating school, including the New South Wales Department of Education (2020170, June 2020), Catholic Education Western Australia (RP2020/39, November 2020), and the Queensland Department of Education (550/27/2390, August 2021). Projected dates of data collection are 2022-2024, and we expect to publish the results in 2025. A total of 24 schools have been recruited as of submission of the manuscript. Conclusions This will be the first cluster randomized controlled trial of a culturally inclusive, school-based alcohol and drug prevention program for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth; therefore, it has significant potential to address alcohol and other drug harms among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12620001038987; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=380038&isReview=true International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/34530

This thesis deals with the biographies, the academic work and the influence of James Ward, W.H.R. Rivers, C.S. Myers and Sir Frederic Bartlett. Along with Galton, Sully, Spearman and Burt these four men were among the principle founding fathers of British psychology. Ward, Rivers and Myers were largely responsible for establishing psychology at Cambridge, where, under Bartlett, the subject later flourished. Part 1 of this thesis argues that these Cambridge pioneers have not yet received the historical attention which befits their cardinal position in British psychology. Part 2 describes Ward's philosophy, systematic psychology and his advocacy of psychophysics. The importance for Ward's thought of Bain, Lotze and Fechner and more generally, of British Associationism and neo Hegelian Idealism, are described. A biography of Ward is presented with special reference to his long struggle to establish psychophysics at Cambridge between 1877 and 1897. Part 3 describes the consolidation of psychology under Rivers and Myers between 1897 and 1922. The life of each man is described illustrating their common background in medicine, anthropology and early experimental psychology. Their work on "Shell Shock" in World War I, their work in experimental and cross cultural psychology, and Myers' massive contribution to industrial psychology, through his N.I.I.P., are outlined. Part 4 looks at the further growth of Cambridge psychology under Sir Frederic Bartlett from 1922 - 1939. His main contributions, it is argued, were; as an experimentalist; as a psychological theorist; as a promoter of applied psychology; as a respected and influential teacher. Special attention is paid to Remembering. Part 5 sums up the work of the Cambridge School. As a detailed history the thesis ends with 1939 but this last section also deals briefly with the influence of the Cambridge School since that date and describes the later work of Bartlett.

Background Since 2010 rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs-chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis) have been increasing among young Australians. Most STIs are diagnosed in young people aged 16-29 and rates of diagnosis are higher among Aboriginal people than non-Aboriginal people. Little information exists to understand social and behavioural issues associated with increasing rate of STIs, especially in South Australia and among Aboriginal peoples. Methods We undertook an online cross-sectional survey of sexual health, knowledge and behaviour of young South Australians aged 16-29 years during a six-week period in 2019. Descriptive analysis, univariate and adjusted logistic regression models were used to compare Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants. Results In total 2,380 South Australians participated in the “Let’s Talk About It” (LTAI-2019); 52% were female, the median age was 20 years (IQR:17-24) and 10% of participants identified as Aboriginal. Regression analysis suggested among both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal participants being female (aOR 2.41, CI:1.07-3.51, & 3.03, 2.17-4.23 respectively) and not using a condom during last sexual encounter (2.33, 1.03-5.29 & 1.62, 1.15-2.27) were associated with ever being tested for an STI and having two or more sexual partners in the past 12 months (1.37, 0.67-7.45 & 3.13, 1.31-7.45) was associated with testing positive for an STI. Conclusions LTAI-2019 is the first study to describe factors associated with STIs among young South Australians. It is evident that young people are engaged in behaviours which increase their risk of acquiring STIs. Public health action which considers these behaviours particularly those that target young Aboriginal people is required. Key messages LTAI 2019 is the first study to describe current sexual health, knowledge, behaviours and access to health services for STIs and related issues amongst young South Australians. It provides evidence that is useful for informing both public health practice and policy, and the development of STIs preventative health programs.

This systematic review assessed the current evidence base of substance use prevention programs for Indigenous adolescents in the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The authors investigated (a) the outcomes, type, setting and context of prevention programs; (b) the common components of beneficial prevention programs; and (c) the methodological quality of evaluations of included prevention programs. The authors searched eight peer-reviewed and 20 grey literature databases for studies published between 1 January 1990 and 31 August 2017. Data extracted included type of program (culturally adapted, culture-based or unadapted), the setting (school, community, family or multi-setting), delivery (computerised or traditional), context (Indigenous-specific or multi-cultural environment) and common components of the programs. Program evaluation methodologies were critically appraised against standardised criteria. This review identified 26 eligible studies. Substance use prevention programs for Indigenous youth led to reductions in substance use frequency and intention to use; improvements in substance-related knowledge, attitudes and resistance strategies; and delay in substance use initiation. Key elements of beneficial programs included substance use education, skills development, cultural knowledge enhancement and community involvement in program development. Five programs were rated as methodologically strong, seven were moderate and fourteen were weak. Prevention programs have the potential to reduce substance use among Indigenous adolescents, especially when they are developed in partnership with Indigenous people. However, more rigorously conducted evaluation trials are required to strengthen the evidence base.

Globally, Indigenous populations experience a disproportionately higher burden of disease related to substance use. Effective prevention of harm related to substance use is a key strategy for improving the health and wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia. To inform preventative approaches, this review synthesised the evidence of risk and protective factors of substance use and related harms among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Eight peer-reviewed and two grey literature databases were systematically searched for quantitative or qualitative studies assessing factors associated with substance use and related harms among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, published between 1 January 1990 and 30 April 2018. Study quality was assessed using validated instruments. Risk or odds ratios were extracted or calculated and factors were summarised in an ecological model into individual, relationship, community, societal or culturally-distinct levels. Thirty-eight relevant studies were identified and reviewed. Individual-level risk factors for substance use were identified including low socio-economic status, high psychological distress, poly drug use and being male. Relationship-level factors were peer pressure and partner/family substance use; protective factors were supportive environments and positive role models. Community-level risk factors included availability of substances. Culturally-distinct factors included cultural connection as a protective factor, but cultural obligations around sharing was a risk factor. Societal risk factors included intergenerational trauma caused by government policies. These findings highlight the importance of tailored preventative approaches for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities that address identified risk factors and promote protective factors across all ecological levels.

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. A newly matriculated medical student must transition from college student to physician in four short years. The call has been made to help students in this transition. There is little data on how this can occur and how the system of medical education can guide students. We set out to describe and understand medical students' process of professional identity formation (PIF) longitudinally from first-year to fourth-year students. Using a qualitative thematic analysis of 58 survey responses from the anatomy dissection laboratory (1st and 2nd year students), 78 clerkship reflective practice essays (3rd year students), and 26 survey responses to a realistic field exercise (4th year students) we developed a grounded theory: We found four developmental/transformational stages (Building, Becoming, Bridging, and Being) in PIF of a physician with the end result that the physician is confident, resilient, and embraces his/her identity. Additionally, there were three longitudinal supports identified that faculty provide: promoting self-reflection, promoting mastery of difficult tasks, and being available. Successful transition is tied to transformational experiences that with the faculty support propel the student toward PIF. These findings serve as a framework for medical educators to develop a curriculum that supports positive PIF in medical students.

Background and Aims There is a need for more evidence to guide efforts to address harmful methamphetamine use amongst young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. ‘Communities that Care’ (CTC) is an evidence-based process developed to prevent alcohol and other drug-related harm but its suitability for use in Aboriginal contexts has not been established. This study sought to explore whether risk and protective factors for methamphetamine use, as described by Aboriginal stakeholders, align with the CTC risk and protective factor framework. Method Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted in Aboriginal communities nationally. Data were analysed thematically using the CTC framework as a deductive coding framework. Additional themes were captured and summarised. Results Participants were 147 (80% Aboriginal; 44% female) key stakeholders aged between 16 and 69 (median=40), recruited via organisational and community networks in each site. Relevant factors were identified in all four CTC domains: community, family, school, peer/individual. However, these four domains did not capture issues of central importance to Aboriginal people. These were summarised as an additional domain, ‘Culture and Identity.’ Conclusions Given that the Communities that Care risk and protective framework did not sufficiently capture issues of central importance to Aboriginal people, there is a need for different, community-informed models that reflect the unique determinants of use in this context.

Background Deadly Liver Mob (DLM) is a peer-driven, incentivised health promotion program aimed at increasing understanding of hepatitis C, promoting harm reduction in relation to injecting drug use, and linking participants to screening for hepatitis C, other blood borne viruses and sexually transmissible infections among Aboriginal people in Western Sydney, NSW. This paper presents the evaluation of a pilot study examining the acceptability of the program as a first step of a scalability assessment. Methods Deadly Liver Mob operated in co-located needle and syringe programs and sexual health clinics in two sites: (Site 1: two and a half years for 2 days/week; Site 2: 1 year for 1 day per week). Comparisons were made of the proportion of Aboriginal clients (Site 1) and occasions of service provided to Aboriginal clients (Site 2) in the 12 months prior and post-introduction of DLM. Interviews were conducted with 13 staff involved in delivery of DLM and with 19 clients. Results A total of 655 and 55 Aboriginal clients, respectively, attended Site 1 and Site 2 for health education. The proportion of Aboriginal clients attending both sites was significantly higher during the DLM compared with prior to its implementation. Of those attending for health education, 79 and 73%, respectively, attended screening following education. DLM clients strongly endorsed the program. Some staff were concerned about workforce capacity to effectively engage Aboriginal clients with multiple and complex needs, managing the differing aims of the participating services involved, and about offering of incentives for attendance at health services. Conclusion While acceptability was high among staff and clients and preliminary results show high engagement with Aboriginal communities, this evaluation of a pilot program raises some issues to consider in scale up of DLM to other sites. The initiation of additional DLM sites should address issues of alignment with governing strategies and workforce capacity.

Background Methamphetamine is an illicit and addictive psychostimulant that remains to be a significant cause of economic burden in Australia. Social media is increasingly being used by nongovernment organizations and health services to encourage the growth of social support networks among people with health-related issues. Several studies have investigated the utility of social media in providing social support to groups of people with health-related issues. However, limited research exists that explores how people who have been directly or indirectly affected by methamphetamine use social media for social support. Objective This study aimed to determine the types of social support being sought and provided by people affected by methamphetamine when interacting with others on a Facebook page. Methods A total of 14,777 posts were collected from a Facebook page and transferred into an Excel document for content analysis. The posts were manually coded into categories of social support using an adapted version of Cutrona and Suhr’s Social Support Behavior Code. Posts could be coded into more than one category. Saturation was reached at 2000 posts, which were used to draw inferences. Results Emotional support was the most offered support type, with 42.05% (841/2000) of posts providing this form of support. This is followed by esteem support, which was provided in 40.40% (808/2000) of posts. Overall, 24.20% (484/2000) of posts offered informational support. Network support and tangible support were the least offered support types, with 2.25% (45/2000) and 1.70% (34/2000) of posts offering these types of support, respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that online social support groups can be effective in challenging stigma by encouraging people affected by methamphetamine to connect with each other and talk about their struggles. This in turn represents an important step toward successful rehabilitation.

IntroductionAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people experience high rates of substance use and related harms. Previous prevention programmes and policies have met with limited success, particularly among youth, and this may be a result of inadequately targeting the unique risk and protective factors associated with substance use for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. The purpose of this systematic review is to therefore synthesise the risk and protective factors associated with substance use and related harms among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and critically appraise the methodological quality of the included studies.Methods and analysisA total of seven peer-reviewed (Cochrane, Embase, PsychInfo, Medline, ProQuest, Informit, and CINAHL) and two grey literature (HeathInfoNet and Closing the Gap Clearinghouse) databases will be systematically searched using search terms in line with the aims of this review and based on previous relevant reviews. Studies published between 1 January 1990 and 31 April 2018 will be included if they identify risk and/or protective factors for substance use or related harms in a study sample that consists of at least 50% Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. A narrative synthesis will be undertaken where the identified factors will be organised using an ecological approach into individual, relationship, community, societal and cultural levels. A critical appraisal of study quality will be conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data and the qualitative assessment tool by Godfrey and Long.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethics approval is not required as primary data will not be collected. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, conference presentations and social media.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017073734.

We are living in an age of concern for mental health and wellbeing. The objective of the research presented in this paper is to investigate the perceived health, social value and happiness benefits of urban agriculture (UA) by focusing on home and community food gardens in South Australia. The results reported in this paper are from &ldquo, Edible Gardens&rdquo, a citizen science project designed to investigate the social value, productivity and resource efficiency of UA in South Australia. Methods include an online survey and in-field garden data collection. Key findings include: dominant home gardener motivations were the produce, enjoyment, and health, while dominant community gardener motivations were enjoyment, connection to others and the produce. Exploratory factor analysis revealed four key factors: Tranquillity and Timeout, Develop and Learn Skills, the Produce, and Social Connection. The key difference between home and community gardeners was an overall social connection. Although home gardeners did not appear to actively value or desire inter-household social connection, this does not mean they do not value or participate in other avenues of social connection, such as via social learning sources or by sharing food with others. The combined results from this research regarding health and wellbeing, social connection and happiness support the premise that engagement in home or community food gardening may provide a preventative or supportive role for gardener health and wellbeing, regardless of whether it is a conscious motivation for participation.

Discriminatory attitudes directed at women who nonfatally self-harm have been documented in psychiatric wards and medical settings, especially in Accident and Emergency departments. Such attitudes constitute a “moral code,” which surrounds the act of self-harm and subjects it to negative comparison to accidents, physical illness, and completed suicide. What is less clear, however, are the characteristics of that moral code which governs self-harm in prisons, despite the fact that high rates of self-harm in women’s prisons are well known. Reporting the findings of a research project in one English prison, this article identifies the characteristics of that “moral code” and the way it affects the experiences of women in prison.

Background: Youth peer-led interventions have become a popular way of sharing health information with young people and appear well suited to Indigenous community contexts. However, no systematic reviews focussing on Indigenous youth have been published. We conducted a systematic review to understand the range and characteristics of Indigenous youth-led health promotion projects implemented and their effectiveness. Methods: A systematic search of Medline, Embase and ProQuest Social Sciences databases was conducted, supplemented by grey literature searches. Included studies focussed on interventions where young Indigenous people delivered health information to age-matched peers. Results: Twenty four studies were identified for inclusion, based on 20 interventions (nine Australian, four Canadian and seven from the United States of America). Only one intervention was evaluated using a randomised controlled study design. The majority of evaluations took the form of pre-post studies. Methodological limitations were identified in a majority of studies. Study outcomes included improved knowledge, attitude and behaviours. Conclusion: Currently there is limited high quality evidence for the effectiveness of peer-led health interventions with Indigenous young people, and the literature is dominated by Australian-based sexual health interventions. More systematic research investigating the effectiveness of peer-led inventions is required, specifically with Indigenous populations. In order to improve health outcomes for Indigenous youth, greater knowledge of the mechanisms and context under which peer delivered health promotion is effective in comparison to other methods of health promotion is needed.

Background Methamphetamine use is of deep concern to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, but access to culturally appropriate treatment resources and services is limited. Web-based programs have potential as flexible and cost-effective additions to the range of treatment options available to Aboriginal people. The We Can Do This online intervention is designed to incorporate evidence-based therapies in a culturally relevant format using narratives from Aboriginal people to contextualize the therapeutic content. Objective The goal of the research will be to test the effectiveness of the online intervention in a wait-list controlled randomized trial across multiple sites in urban, regional, and remote locations. Methods Participants will be Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people aged 16 years and over who have used methamphetamine at least weekly for the previous 3 months. They will be recruited online and via health services. During the intervention phase, participants will have access to the online intervention for 6 weeks with optional telephone or face-to-face support provided by participating health services. The primary outcome measure will be the number of days the participant used methamphetamine over the past 4 weeks compared to wait-list controls, assessed at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months. Secondary outcomes will include help-seeking, readiness to change, severity of dependence, and psychological distress. Any important changes to the protocol will be agreed upon by the trial management committee and communicated to all relevant parties, including trial site representatives and the trial registry. Results Recruitment will commence in July 2019, and results are expected in early 2021. This research is funded by National Health and Medical Research Council project grant #1100696. The primary sponsor for the trial is the South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute. A trial management committee with representation from the participating health services, chief investigators, other Aboriginal experts, and consumers will oversee procedures, trial conduct, analysis, and reporting of the results. Conclusions The trial of this online intervention builds on existing research supporting the effectiveness of Web-based therapies for a range of psychological and other health-related issues including substance use. If successful, the We Can Do this online intervention will increase the range of options available to Aboriginal people seeking to reduce or stop methamphetamine use. It may provide a pathway into treatment for people who may otherwise be disengaged with health services for a range of reasons and will be a culturally appropriate, evidence-based resource for health practitioners to offer their clients. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12619000134123p; https://www.anzctr.org.au/ Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=376088&isReview=true International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/14084

With a view to establishing if there might be a consensus in favour of mainstreaming (the integration of children with disabilities into regular classrooms), attitudinal data from six groups of educationists were summarised by the three authors. There appeared to be considerable variability both within and between these groups in terms of the extent to which such placements were considered appropriate. Also, attitudes differed markedly according to the nature of the presenting disability or difficulty. The data are discussed with reference to information obtained concurrently and other research. Emeritus Professor James Ward was foundation director of the Centre for Research into Special Education and Rehabilitation, Macquarie University, and is now adjunct professor of psychology at Bond University. Dr Yola Center is senior lecturer and Dr Sandra Bochner is associate professor, School of Education, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia.

PurposeThis study followed four novice principals in two urban school districts through one or two years of their leadership coaching experience. The purpose of this study was to determine principals’ perceived benefits of the coaching experience, principals’ beliefs regarding the most beneficial attributes of a coach, and the match between these findings and the core leadership practices that most dramatically impact student achievement.Design/methodology/approachThis study followed four novice principals in two urban school districts through one or two years of their leadership coaching experience.FindingsPrincipals in this study appeared to have had a successful coaching experience in part because of: the coach's knowledge of curriculum, schools, and districts; the practicality of the experience; and the coach's ability to collaborate and shape the thinking of principals without being authoritative or intrusive. Principals experienced success on the job as identified by the student achievement on state tests and their advancement to district principal leadership roles.Originality/valueThe focus of the coaching in this study appeared to be centered on the core leadership practices noted to have the most impact on student achievement. The results revealed that the skills sets and knowledge of a coach are critical to the coaching experience. The general effects of a coaching focus on core leadership practices may also play a significant part in principal success; however, more research is needed to make a full determination.

PurposeThe aims of this paper are to determine the state of visiting for women in the English prison system and to explore the relationship between women's mental health and visits in prison.Design/methodology/approachFor the purpose of this paper the authors conducted a review of the literature. All literature published from 1983 onwards was included to coincide with the introduction of Pat Carlen's (1983) campaigning group Women in Prison (WIP). The review focused on all literature from England and Wales to reflect the National Criminal Justice System and used an inclusion criteria to achieve this.FindingsThe review revealed key themes including visit rejection, the importance of visits for maintaining identity and the contradicting emotions that women in prison experience when visited.Originality/valueSocial relationships and family ties are protective factors for prisoners' mental wellbeing, yet the number and frequency of visits to offenders in custody has declined. The potential role for prison visiting schemes to improve the mental wellbeing of women in custody is explored, including the implications for the education and training of staff and visitors involved in the visiting process.

This study followed 16 principals in an urban district who were assigned leadership coaches for 6 months. Coaches were provided to principals who were of low-performing schools or new to the position. The study was part of a descriptive evaluation to examine (1) what principals and coaches actually did and (2) what impact the coaching experience had on principals’ beliefs and actions. The findings indicate that coaches and principals spent most of their time together visiting classrooms and discussing feedback and support for teachers. Most principals in the study indicated that the coaching experience had a positive impact.

Background: Indigenous adolescents are at a higher risk of experiencing harms related to substance use compared with their non-Indigenous counterparts as a consequence of earlier onset and higher rates of substance use. Early onset of substance use has been identified as a risk factor for future substance use problems and other health, social, and family outcomes. Therefore, prevention of substance use among adolescents has been identified as a key area to improve health of Indigenous Peoples. Evidence exists for the effectiveness of prevention approaches for adolescents in mainstream populations and, most recently, for the use of computer- and Internet-delivered interventions to overcome barriers to implementation. However, there is currently no conclusive evidence about the effectiveness of these approaches for Indigenous adolescents. Objective: The purpose of this review is to synthesize the international evidence regarding the effectiveness of substance use prevention programs for Indigenous adolescents in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Methods: A total of 8 peer-reviewed databases and 20 gray literature databases will be searched, using search terms in line with the aims of this review and based on previous relevant reviews of substance use prevention. Studies will be included if they evaluate a substance use prevention program with Indigenous adolescents (aged 10 to 19 years) as the primary participant group and are published between January 1, 1990 and August 31, 2017. Results: A narrative synthesis will be provided about the effectiveness of the programs, the type of program (whether culture-based, adapted, or unadapted), delivery of the program (computer- and Internet-delivered or traditional), and the setting in which the programs are delivered (community, school, family, clinical, or a combination). Conclusions: The study will identify core elements of effective substance use prevention programs among Indigenous adolescents and appraise the methodological quality of the studies. This review will provide researchers, policy makers, and program developers with evidence about the potential use of prevention approaches for Indigenous adolescents.

The relationship between pose and illumination learning in face recognition was examined in a yes-no recognition paradigm. The authors assessed whether pose training can transfer to a new illumination or vice versa. Results show that an extensive level of pose training through a face-name association task was able to generalize to a new illumination (Experiments 1 and 3), but an equal level of illumination training failed to generalize to a new pose (Experiment 2). The transfer of pose training was likely to depend on a relatively extensive level of training because the same faces with reduced level of exposure (Experiment 4) were unable to reproduce the transfer effect. The findings suggest that generalization of pose training may be extended to different types of image variation, whereas generalization of illumination training may be confined within the trained type of variation.

Traditionally, the origins of the modern British state have been traced to the sequence of events known as the ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1688. Leading an invasion from the Netherlands, Prince William of Orange displaced the reigning monarch, James II. In his absence, James was adjudged to have abdicated, but he fought to regain the throne. With the final military defeat of James at the battle of Aughrim in July 1691, William ruled jointly with his wife, James’s daughter Mary II.1 Under their reign, the French-style state which James envisaged, and had begun to construct, was dismantled. In its place came institutions which came to be regarded as characteristically British. The narrative established around these developments, popularized by a long line of writers including John Locke, Edmund Burke, Thomas Babington Macaulay and G. M. Trevelyan, depicts the national polity taking a decisive step into modernity while honouring ancient traditions of liberty.

Effects of shading in face recognition have often alluded to 3D shape processing. However, research to date has failed to demonstrate any use of important 3D information. Stereopsis adds no advantage in face encoding [Liu, C. H., Ward, J., & Young, A. W. (in press). Transfer between 2D and 3D representations of faces. Visual Cognition], and perspective transformation impairs rather than assists recognition performance [Liu, C. H. (2003). Is face recognition in pictures affected by the center of projection? In IEEE international workshop on analysis and modeling of faces and gestures (pp. 53–59). Nice, France: IEEE Computer Society]. Although evidence tends to rule out involvement of 3D information in face processing, it remains possible that the usefulness of this information depends on certain combinations of cues. We tested this hypothesis in a recognition task, where face stimuli with several levels of perspective transformation were either presented in stereo or without stereo. We found that even at a moderate level of perspective transformation where training and test faces were separated by just 30cm, the stereo condition produced better performance. This provides the first evidence that stereo information can facilitate face recognition. We conclude that 3D information plays a role in face processing but only when certain types of 3D cues are properly combined.

Because stereoscopic depth cues are not present in an ordinary photograph, matching a two-dimensional (2-D) photograph to a three-dimensional (3-D) face requires establishing a correspondence between information derived from monocular depth cues and ignoring discrepant information from stereopsis. To examine the implication of this transfer of information across 2-D-3-D representations, we had participants perform identification tasks where only one of the two images for training and test contained stereo information. We compared identification performance for this incongruent condition of dimensionality to two congruent conditions where images for both training and test were shown with or without stereo information. Results revealed that performance in the incongruent condition is overall 4-5% less accurate for both a recognition task (Experiment 1) and a sequential matching task (Experiment 2). This small cost of depth cue inconsistency suggests a degree of encoding specificity for 2-D and 3-D information in face recognition.

It is known that happy faces create more robust identity recognition memory than faces with some other expressions. However, this advantage was not verified against all basic expressions. Moreover, no research has assessed whether similar differences also exist among other expressions. To tackle these questions, we compared the effects of six basic emotional expressions on recognition memory using a standard old/new recognition task. The experiment also examined whether exposure to different emotional expressions at training creates variable effects on transfer of the trained faces to a new/neutral expression. Our results suggest that happy faces produced better identity recognition relative to disgusted faces, regardless of whether they were tested in the same image or a new image displaying a neutral expression. None of the other emotional expressions created measurable advantage for recognition memory. Overall, our data lend further support for the happy face advantage for long-term recognition memory. However, our detailed analyses also show that the advantage of happy expression on identity recognition may not be equally discernible from all other emotional expressions.

Facial expression is a major source of image variation in face images. Linking numerous expressions to the same face can be a huge challenge for face learning and recognition. It remains largely unknown what level of exposure to this image variation is critical for expression-invariant face recognition. We examined this issue in a recognition memory task, where the number of facial expressions of each face being exposed during a training session was manipulated. Faces were either trained with multiple expressions or a single expression, and they were later tested in either the same or different expressions. We found that recognition performance after learning three emotional expressions had no improvement over learning a single emotional expression (Experiments 1 and 2). However, learning three emotional expressions improved recognition compared to learning a single neutral expression (Experiment 3). These findings reveal both the limitation and the benefit of multiple exposures to variations of emotional expression in achieving expression-invariant face recognition. The transfer of expression training to a new type of expression is likely to depend on a relatively extensive level of training and a certain degree of variation across the types of expressions.

(1998). Sir Cyril Burt: the continuing saga. Educational Psychology: Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 235-241.

A questionnaire developed to establish experience of recording achievement and action planning was administered to 812 students commencing undergraduate study in 1994. While one-to-one tutorial opportunities appeared to be a key element which was associated with positive outcomes, more than one-third of the sample group reported no such opportunities. For the majority of students, recording achievement was not seen as a means of planning and managing learning. Those who participated in a process which they scored highly on criteria associated with quality practice, however, were more likely to see the process as having a role in learning management and were also more confident that they could identify achievements and present evidence for these achievements. Similarly, students involved in planning future actions were more confident when it came to setting goals within higher education. Some implications of these results for guidance practice are highlighted.

On the assumption that professional attitudes can have a significant influence upon the success of educational policies, a survey was undertaken into the views of student teachers regarding the most suitable provisions for children with special educational needs. The sample comprised 179 students who were receiving or had received pre‐service courses in the psychology and teaching of children with special educational needs. By reference to a list of eight alternative forms of provision, respondents were asked to nominate the most appropriate placements for children representing 31 widely ranging types of disability or educational difficulties. The data suggest that most of the group surveyed would not consider an inclusionist or ‘zero reject’ model to be optimal and instead would use service options based largely upon the severity of any disabling condition. In this, they are similar to the findings of much previous research undertaken with educationalists.

PLACEMENT IN residential care continues to be an option for children who need substitute care. However, the number of children involved at any time is often uncertain, as a result of the diversity of agencies, government and nongovernment, that provide these services. The Children in Residential Institutions Program (CIRI) within the Special Education Program of the Department of Education, Employment and Training provides a unique means for identifying the number of children in residential care in Australia at any time. A national census of children in residential care was conducted in association with the CIRI Program in 1983 and repeated and replicated in 1988 in New South Wales and Victoria. Results showed that there had been changes in the numbers and category of children requiring care over the study period. There were fewer large congregate‐style residences and more small units and family group homes. The study highlights the need for collection of accurate data about the number of children in resi...

A clinical case study is outlined in which the learning of a printed word system of communication appeared to facilitate the development of a dual (signing/printed word) system of communication in a 13-year-old deaf-blind boy with severe intellectual disabilities. The introduction of the printed word reading program, and its subsequent systematic combination with training in Australasian sign, led to a substantially accelerated acquisition of signing skills in this child after he had failed to make progress with signing over a 5-year period. The features of the printed word system of communication, and the instructional technology that can be used to teach it, may endow it with much greater utility as a means of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) than had been previously realized.

An observational study of children with disabilities integrated into regular primary and high school classes was undertaken over a period of 2 years in order to: (i) assess the educational and social experiences of these students; and (ii) identify the characteristics of students, classrooms and schools which promote effective integration.. Academic, Social and Total Integration Indices were devised in order to provide an objective means of validating the quantitative data and furnish a data base for further longitudinal studies. Results indicated that such measures appear to be effective in discriminating between more and less effective placements and in identifying structured teaching techniques and appropriate resource support as the two characteristics most strongly associated with a successful mainstream placement.