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Objective North Korean refugee youths are at higher risk of developing a wide array of psychosocial sequelae, including increased impulsivity and problematic internet use. We aimed to identify reciprocal temporal relationships by performing autoregressive cross-lagged modeling and to examine how these relations differ by gender and adverse childhood experience.Methods We used the follow-up data of 108 North Korean refugee youths in South Korea over a 1-year period. The Barratt Impulsivity Scale-Brief and Young’s Internet Addiction Test were used to assess impulsivity and problematic internet use, respectively.Results Autoregressive effects were significant across all groups, indicating that impulsivity and problematic internet use were stable across time; however, prospective prediction of problematic internet use from impulsivity was not significant across all groups. Problematic internet use at baseline positively predicted impulsivity at after 1 year of follow up in only males and individuals with adverse childhood experience.Conclusion Our findings suggest that the negative effect of problematic internet use (i.e., increased impulsivity) among North Korean refugee youths may be more profound in males and those with adverse childhood experience. We present possible explanations for these findings and discuss the implications for targeted interventions.

Ситуація, що пов’язана зішвидким поширенням інтернет-залежності, є досить проблемною для багатьох країн, у тому числі, і України. В умовах соціально-економічної кризи особистість страждає від дії різноманітних психогенних чинників, що спричиняє пошук альтернативних сфер самореалізації, однією з яких є віртуальна реальність, що створюється в інтернеті. Метою дослідження є проведення теоретичного аналізу та емпіричне дослідження психологічних факторів інтернет залежності студентської молоді. Методологічною основою даного дослідження є теоретичний аналіз джерел, які визначають сутність інтернет адикції у молоді. З метою виявлення неконтрольованого користування інтернетом та оцінки симптомів залежності було проведено тест (Young’s Internet Addiction Test). Для визначення варіантів дозвілля було використано ситуативну анкету «Твоє дозвілля». Наукова новизна полягає у визначенні психологічних факторів, які лежать в основі інтернет залежної поведінки особистості. Описано основні теоретичні положення щодо визначення Інтернет-залежності. Висвітлено психологічні та фізичні фактори, що характеризують людей, залежних від Інтернету: нав’язливе бажання перевіряти електронну пошту, постійне очікування чергового з’єднання з Інтернетом, багатогодинне «зависання» в Інтернеті і витрачання на це великих грошей, відсутність доступу до нього викликає тривогу, агресію, роздратування під час вимушених відволікань. Встановлено, що адиктивна поведінка негативно впливає на емоційний стан особистості студента та на його соціалізацію. Визначено базові передумови виникнення й основні типи Інтернет-залежності згідно з дослідженнями К. Янг. З’ясовано коло потреб, які підлітки задовольняють за допомогою Інтернету і яким чином організовують своє дозвілля. З’ясовано, що основним механізмом розвитку Інтернет-залежності є зміщення мети у віртуальну реальність для заповнення відсутніх сфер життя особистості. В результаті обробки та інтерпретації емпіричних даних виділено чотири групи респондентів з різним ступенем Інтернет залежності. Встановлено факт зростання чисельності студентів, що відносяться до групи Інтернет-залежних, а відтак зусилля науково-педагогічних працівників повинні бути звернені на профілактику цього явища у молодіжному середовищі. Результати даного дослідження мають важливе значення для подальших досліджень пов’язаних із проведенням детального аналізу Інтернет-залежності у середовищі молоді з метою подальшого окреслення напрямів профілактичної виховної діяльності у студентських групах. Ключові слова: Інтернет; залежність; психологія Інтернету; підліткова залежність; використання Інтернету.

En el 2016 en México se presentó una tasa de 5.1 suicidios por cada 100,000 habitantes. Aguascalientes se encuentra en el 3er lugar a nivel nacional con 9.6 suicidios por cada 100, 000 habitantes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue el de identificar si el uso patológico de internet (PIU) es un factor de riesgo de suicidio en los jóvenes universitarios de la Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes. Se realizaron dos encuestas por invitación directa aleatoria, basadas en la Escala de Ideación suicida de Beck y el Internet Adiction Test, a 102 estudiantes. Se encontró que el 69.61% de los encuestados tiene el control completo sobre el uso de internet, el 28.43% tiene problemas frecuentes con el uso de internet y en el 1.96% existe adicción a internet y causa problemas significativos. Notablemente, se encontró que existe una correlación baja pero estadísticamente significativa entre la ideación suicida y la adicción a internet. In 2016 in Mexico, there was a rate of 5.1 suicides per 100,000 inhabitants. Aguascalientes is ranked 3rd place nationwide with 9.6 suicides per 100, 000 inhabitants. The main objective of this research was to identify if the pathological use of the Internet (PIU) is a risk factor for suicide in undergraduate students of the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes. Two surveys were conducted and applied by random direct invitation to 102 students, based on the Beck Suicide Ideation Scale and Internet Addiction Test. It was found that 69.61% of the participants have complete control over the use of the internet, 28.43% have frequent problems with the use of the internet and in 1.96% there is internet addiction and it is causing significant problems. Notably, a low but statistically significant correlation was found between suicide ideation and Internet addiction.

Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencilerinin internet bağımlılığı düzeyi ile düşünme ihtiyacı ve duyguları ifade etme düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Ayrıca çalışmada bu kavramların bazı demografik değişkenlere göre farklılık gösterip göstermediği de incelenmiştir. Çalışma 286 kız, 103 erkek ve cinsiyetini belirtmeyen 2 kişi olmak üzere toplam 391 öğrenciyle yapılmıştır. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak, Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi - Kısa Formu, Düşünme İhtiyacı Ölçeği, Duyguları İfade Etme Ölçeği ve araştırmacının oluşturduğu kişisel bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler İlişkisiz Grup t Testi, Tek yönlü Varyans Analizi ve Çoklu Regresyon Analizi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda internet bağımlılığı ile düşünme ihtiyacı ve duyguları ifade etmenin yakınlık alt boyutu arasında anlamlı ve ters yönde bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Düşünme ihtiyacı ve yakınlık duygu ifadesinin internet bağımlılığını yordadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları literatürdeki diğer bulgular ile birlikte tartışılmış, eğitimcilere ve ailelere öneriler sunulmuştur. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between internet addiction, need for cognition and expressing emotions of university students. In addition, whether these concepts differ according to some demographic variables would be investigated. The study was conducted on a total of 391 students including 286 girls, 103 boys and 2 unspecified sex. Data were collected by using Young Internet Addiction Test - Short Form, Need for Cognition Scale, Expressing Emotion Scale and the personal information form created by the researcher. The statistical analyses were performed with Multiple Linear Regression, Independent Samples t-Test, One Way ANOVA and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. As a result of the research, a significant and opposite relationship was found between internet addiction and the need for cognition and proximity (subdimension of expressing emotions). The results of the study were discussed together with the other findings in the relevant literature and suggestions were presented to the academicians and researchers.

Problematic usage of the internet (PUI) describes maladaptive use of online resources and is recognized as a growing worldwide issue. Here, we refined the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) for use as a screening tool to measure generalized internet use problems in normative samples. Analysis of response data with parametric unidimensional item response theory identified 10 items of the IAT that measured most of the PUI latent trait continuum with high precision in a subsample of 816 participants with meaningful variance in internet use problems. Selected items may characterize minor, or early stages of, PUI by measuring a preoccupation with the Internet, motivations to use online activities to escape aversive emotional experiences and regulate mood, as well as secrecy, defensiveness, and interpersonal conflict associated with internet use. Summed scores on these 10 items demonstrated a strong correlation with full-length IAT scores and comparable, or better, convergence with measures of impulsivity and compulsivity. Proposed cut-off scores differentiated between individuals potentially at risk of developing PUI from those with few self-reported internet use problems with good sensitivity and specificity. Differential item function testing revealed measurement equivalence between the sexes, Caucasians and non-Caucasians. However, evidence for differential test functioning between independent samples drawn from South Africa and the United States of America suggests that raw scores cannot be meaningfully compared between different geographic regions. These findings have implications for conceptualization and measurement of PUI in normative samples., Public Significance Statement We provide recommendations for measuring symptoms of problematic usage of the internet, which can be identified in a subset of the population using our refined version of the IAT and suggested cut-off scores. Relevant self-reported internet use problems include a preference for online over face-to-face social interactions, use of the internet to regulate emotions, excessive online engagement, interpersonal conflict, and emotional withdrawal following cessation of internet use.

Background Everyday internet usage is particularly significant in the population of adolescents and young people. Besides numerous benefits, internet usage brings certain risks of addictive behavior. Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is the most spread scale for measuring internet addiction. The aim of this study was to investigate internet addiction on a sample of Croatian adolescents. Methods Overall, 352 students aged between 15 and 20 from randomly selected high schools participated in the study. We have collected the data on the Internet Addiction Test along with basic demographic information. The main analyses included the factorization of IAT test and the measurement of prevalence of internet addiction with the analysis of the gender differences. Results The results showed that 3.4% of high school students reported high levels of internet addiction, while 35.4% of respondents reported some signs of addiction. Three-factor structure of IAT was obtained with dimensions: Emotional and cognitive internet preoccupation, then Neglecting work and lack of self-control and the last one is Social problems. Although the first factor has the most significant role in internet addiction risk, gender differences were found only in the last two factors, where boys have higher scores on Social Problems, while girls have higher scores on Neglecting work and lack of self-control. Conclusions Based on our results, the prevention activities should be focused on the area of ​​emotional and social competence and the responsible use of internet. Since the result show that a third of the sample show moderate signs of addiction, programs of both indicated and selective prevention should be systematically planned for the general population of adolescents as well as for the groups in risk. The obtained gender differences indicate that the preventive and treatment programs should take into account gender specifics.

Introduction: Some internet users lose the ability to control the duration and / or frequency of their use, leading to the phenomenon of internet addiction. In Brazil, there is no data about the prevalence of this phenomenon. Aim: To estimate and compare the prevalence of Internet addiction among university students in the health area. Method: A comparison of the prevalence was evaluated among undergraduate students from the health area of the University of Pernambuco, Brazil. Three instruments were applied: the Portuguese (Brazil) versions of the Internet Addiction Test, the Online Cognition Scale and a questionnaire characterizing socio-demographic and habits of use from Internet. The data were submitted to bivariate statistical tests, test of association for categorical variables and analysis of linear growth trend. Results: At the end of the study, 359 students participated in the study, 75.5% women with a mean age of 19.49 years (± 2.33 years). According to Internet Addiction Test, 44.28% of the sample had Internet Addiction, with a higher prevalence in males (51.1%). Concerning Online Cognition Scale, the prevalence of the disorder was 62.9%, higher in females (65.7%). This prevalence rates obtained were higher when compared to previous studies, which may be related to the variety of instruments. Conclusion: The prevalence of Internet Addiction in the sample studied varied according to the instrument used. There was also a significant linear trend between the weekly connection time and the severity of the addiction to the internet. Keywords: Internet; Addictive Behavior; Prevalence; Cross-Sectional Studies

Objectives: In this study, we assessed the psychometric properties of the Hebrew version of the 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Methods: We had 180 Israeli-Arab male adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 16 (M = 13.92, SD = 1.42) complete the IAT and report their pornography viewing habits, their physical activity rate, and their grades at school. Results: We used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to determine the tool's structure, resulting with one-factor and 2-factor solutions both accounting for at least 50% of the variance explained by the models (using EFA). Upon dropping item 12 and items 12 and 15 from the one-factor model and the 2-factor model, respectively, the models demonstrated adequate psychometric properties (.73 ≤ α ≤ .94) and fitted fairly with the data (using CFA). The IAT scores correlated significantly with concurrent reports of the participants' pornography viewing, grades at school, and physical activity rate, reinforcing the tool's construct validity. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the IAT is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring Internet addiction among literate Israeli-Arab male adolescents for whom Hebrew is their second language and, presumably, other Israeli adolescents for whom Hebrew is the native language.

The problematic internet usage in academic youth is increassingly relevant for overall health and functioning, yet little studied and poorly defined to this date. Aim . To investigate the associations between the level of internet usage and self-reported well-being, and also the association between the level of internet usage and demographic parameters (age, gender, faculty, year of study, relationship status, country of permanent residence) in foreign medical students. Materials and method. In May 2019, 110 foreign students from the French and English section of medicine and dentistry faculties, from the “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, signed the consent and filled in a self-reported questionnaire including demographic data, Internet Addiction Test, World Health Organization well-being questionnaire (WHO-5). Results . The higher levels of internet usage in medical university foreign students were associated with lower levels of self-reported well-being. The level of internet usage was significantly lower in students from EU and associated countries than in those from non-EU countries. The second year students reported the highest levels of internet usage, while those in years 4 and 5 reported the lowest levels. Men reported higher levels of internet usage than women. Discussion and conclusions. Further assessments, such as the type of internet activities of male and female students, cutoffs for problematic internet usage, cultural issues, perceived stress and coping mechanisms in relationship with internet usage level, can give us a better understanding of internet usage and of its health impact in academic youth.

The present study tested whether relation between parental rejection and internet addiction was mediated through depression. Two hundred and thirty university students, ranging in age from 18 to 25 years, responded to the Adult versions of the Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire for fathers and for mothers (Uddin & Aktar, 2015), Beck Depression Inventory (Uddin, 2013), and Internet Addiction Test (Uddin & Sultana, 2016), along with a Personal Information Form. Results of independent sample t-test indicated significant gender differences in paternal rejection only. Bivariate correlations showed that parental rejection was positively associated with depression and internet addiction. Multiple regression analysis revealed that mother and father rejection jointly explained about 26% variance in depression and 21% variance in internet addiction of both female and male university students. Mediation analysis showed that depression partially mediated the relation between parental rejection and internet addiction.

Introduction: Internet has been easily accessible to students living in urban areas. With its unprecedented development and many benefits, it also leads to Internet addiction (IA) among people. Though IA is a disorder in itself, there can be other disorders associated with it as well. One such association of IA is with depression. Objective: The aim of this paper is to show a potential relationship between internet addiction and depression among students belonging to the urban setting. Materials and Methods: The research sample consisted of 228 students aged between 11-27 doing their schooling or graduation. To assess the study, a self-administered questionnaire consisting of three parts was given to them. The first part comprised of socio-demographic information and pattern of internet usage. Second part consisted assessment of internet addiction using Young's 20 item Internet addiction test (IAT) and the third module comprised of Birleson’s depression self-rating scale (DSRS) questionnaire. Results: The 228 study participants were classified based on their scores obtained on IAT and DSRS scales. They were divided into two class labels: Depression Yes and Depression No. 99 were classified to the “YES Depression class” and 129 were classified to the “No Depression class” and overall classification accuracy achieved was 85.5%. Conclusion: Students get addicted to the internet due to its easy availability and accessibility. The current study showed that this addiction is associated with depression. It also showed that internet addiction and depression is more prevalent above the age of 19. Keywords: Internet addiction, Internet addiction test, Depression, Depression self-rating scale, Logistic regression.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factor structure of a bilingual version (English and Malay) of Internet Addiction Test, a measure of severity on pathological Internet use (PIU); examine the measurement invariant by adding the socio-demographic and Internet use variables as covariates. Method: Pencil-paper questionnaire was distributed to undergraduates in Univerisiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). A total of 1120 valid responses were collected. EFA and CFA were first applied to identify the factor structure of IAT. Multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) model was used to examine the differential item functioning (DIF) and the effect of covariates on the latent factors. Result: A four-factor model demonstrated moderate fit to the data for 17-item of IAT with significant high factor loading. Comparison of MIMIC model with and without DIF indicated that the most meaningful and significant DIF effect were on three items showing direct effect from Chinese to IAT18, IAT19 and IAT20. By controlling the DIF effect, some covariates still present the significant impact on latent factors of IAT, which were female, time spent online, effect on study, years of Internet use experience, general users, other users and Chinese. Conclusions: the risk factors of PIU were male, time spent online, years of Internet use experiences, game users, SNS users, perceived less effect on study. More research is encouraged to examine the racial group difference, including the risk of PIU and item response bias.

Background: Internet addiction has become a serious problem in the world, especially for adolescents. Temperament plays an important role in influencing internet addiction in adolescents. Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between students’ characteristics and temperament with their internet addiction levels in one of the junior high schools in Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, which used primary data that was obtained from students who filled out a questionnaire. The study sample included 114 students in one of the junior high schools in Surabaya. The dependent variable was the internet addiction level; the dependent variables were gender, age, student grade, and temperament. An Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and an Early Adolescents Temperament Questionnaire-Revised (EATQ-R) were the tools used for data collection. Data was collected in November 2019. The sample selection was done through the stratified random sampling technique. The data was subsequently analyzed using the Fisher’s exact and Spearman correlation tests. Results: There was a significant positive correlation between age (p

Background: The rate of internet addiction is increasing in college students. The first year at college is a particularly vulnerable period for internet addiction. Students' psychological characteristics are likely to play an important role in internet addiction. Our study aimed to assess the relationship between impulsivity, social support, depression and internet addiction among male college freshmen.Materials and Methods: The current study utilized latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify at-risk profiles among 734 college freshmen (100% male) based on their Internet Addiction Test item ratings. We compared the levels of impulsivity, social support and depression among different profiles and investigated whether these variables could predict each latent internet addiction class.Results: LPA resulted in three distinct profiles: the low internet addiction group (42.10%), the moderate internet addiction group (35.70%) and the high internet addiction group (22.20%). Impulsivity and depression increased with internet addiction severity levels, whereas social support was inversely related to the severity of internet addiction. Male freshmen with high impulsivity, low social support and high depression were more likely to be included in the high internet addiction group.Conclusion: This study highlights that impulsivity, social support and depression may predict internet addiction in male college freshmen. Our findings have important practical implications for college educators and counselors in developing interventions for internet addiction.

Los usuarios de Internet frecuentemente experimentan problemas relacionados con su uso de Internet y, aunque la cultura tiene una influencia importante en la forma en que las personas se comunican, en lo que valoran y, por lo tanto, en cómo utilizan Internet, las publicaciones sobre investigación intercultural del uso problemático de Internet son escasas. La herramienta más común para medir dicho uso, el Internet Addiction Test (IAT), se ha utilizado en varios países, por lo que en este estudio comparamos los resultados interculturales de las investigaciones más recientes sobre el análisis factorial del IAT. Encontramos que, en países con dos o más estudios, los resultados a menudo se replican, lo que sugiere que el contexto cultural influye en los comportamientos en Internet. Luego realizamos nuestros propios estudios de análisis factorial del IAT en tres países (España, EE. UU y Colombia) con 1,273 participantes. Al comparar nuestros resultados con los de estudios previos en esos países, encontramos que nuestros resultados también fueron similares a los de estudios anteriores. El hallazgo más notable fue que todos los análisis factoriales de IAT que realizamos y los anteriores en las mismas regiones contenían un factor relacionado con los problemas de gestión del tiempo y otro factor relacionado con problemas emocionales/psicologicos, lo que sugiere que el control de impulsos y las necesidades emocionales no satisfechas son componentes importantes en el desarrollo del uso problemático de Internet en todo el mundo. La investigación futura sobre el uso problemático de Internet debería centrarse en estos aspectos. Internet users worldwide often experience problems related to their Internet use, and although culture has an important influence over how people communicate, what they value, and therefore how they use the Internet, little cross-cultural research on the subject of problematic Internet use has been carried out. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the most common measurement tool for this purpose, has been used in various countries. In this study we compared and analyzed the cross-cultural results found in the most recent research on the IAT factor analysis. We found that in countries with two or more studies, results are often replicated, suggesting that cultural context influences Internet behaviors. We conducted our own IAT factor analysis studies in three countries - Spain, USA, and Colombia - with a total of 1,273 participants. We compared our results with those from previous studies in the same countries and found similar results. The most notable finding was that all the IAT factor analyses, both ours and the previous ones in the same regions, contained a factor related to loss of control/time management problems and another factor related to emotional/psychological problems, thereby suggesting that impulse control problems and unfulfilled emotional needs are the most important components in the development of problematic Internet use in various countries around the world. Future research on problematic Internet use should focus on these aspects.

Background: In 2018, the Nigerian Communication Commission affirmed that more than 100 million Nigerians made use of the Internet. A good percentage of internet usage is maladaptive. A valid, reliable, and socio-culturally sensitive assessment instrument is essential to study internet usage patterns in Nigeria. Young’s Internet Addiction test (IAT) has been validated in many countries, but not in Nigeria. Objectives: This study aimed to validate IAT to determine psychometric properties acceptable in a Nigerian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 184 Nigerian University undergraduates (77 males and 107 females), mean age = 20.5, were purposively drawn, and they responded to IAT, the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), and the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS). Results: The Cronbach’s α of the six IAT factors ranged from 0.25 (anticipation) to 0.69 (salience). The observed overall Cronbach’s α coefficient of 0.79 was obtained for IAT. The corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.73 to 0.84. The concurrent validity score was observed to be r = 0.54 between IAT and SAS-SV and r = 0.58 between IAT and BFAS. A significant positive correlation was equally observed between the IAT and BFAS factors, ranging from conflict (r = 0.322, P = 0.000) to relapse (r = 0.488, P = 0.000). The new norm determined for IAT in the Nigerian population was ≥ 38.5 for males and ≥ 40.8 for females. Conclusions: IAT is gender-sensitive and has acceptable psychometric properties for the Nigerian population.

Son muchos los beneficios que presentan los avances tecnológicos: propician un nuevo modelo de educación, caracterizado por ser más abierto e inclusivo, pero acompañando a estas ventajas, también se presentan dificultades que se deben conocer para ayudar a los adolescentes en su desarrollo integral, por lo que el propósito del estudio fue identificar la adicción al internet y su influencia en el desempeño escolar y social. Se aplicó una investigación cuantitativa, de tipo descriptiva transversal, con una muestra de 339 adolescentes del tercer año de bachillerato de los Colegios de la ciudad de Ibarra, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de test de adicción al internet, llegando a concluir que la adicción al internet está presente en los jóvenes e influye de manera negativa en el desarrollo escolar y social.

The use of the Internet has been gradually and unstoppably gaining ground in all areas of life, from recreational activities to how social relations are established. However, the existence of clinical cases indicates that the addictive use of the Internet is a problem that seriously affects some people. Among the instruments that measure this construct, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) stands out. However, instrumental studies of this test are scarce in Latin America. The present study sought to analyze the psychometric properties of the IAT in a sample of 227 Peruvian undergraduate university students. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to provide validity evidence based on the internal structure, and evidence based on the relationship with other variables was also provided. Reliability was estimated through the ordinal alpha coefficient. The results indicated that the IAT adequately fits a bifactor model (with two specific factors, time/control and stress/compensate), obtaining good levels of reliability. Additionally, the IAT scores correlate significantly with the average number of hours per day on the internet and social skills. The results lead to the conclusion that the scores in the IAT have evidence of validity and reliability for its use.

The increasing popularity of Internet raises challenges in preventing the negative influences of the Internet, particularly internet addiction (IA) on lifestyles, including physical activity. However, there has been a scarcity of evidence about the relationship between IA and physical activity among Vietnamese youths. The aim of this study was to see if there is an association between IA and physical activity in Vietnamese adolescents and youths. An online cross-sectional study with 589 Vietnamese adolescents and youths was conducted between August 2015 and October 2015 by using the respondent-driven sampling technique (RDS). Short-form Internet addiction test (s-IAT) and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – Short form (Iphysical activityQ-SF) were employed to measure IA and level of physical activity. The results revealed that 23.1% of the participants were found to be inactive in physical activity. Our study did not reveal any association between IA and physical activity in Vietnamese youths and adolescents. We found that the level of physical activity was low to moderate for the majority of the participants, showing that necessary steps are required to provide early intervention in order to emphasize the importance and the benefits of physical activity.

Objectives Previous studies have reported that internet addiction (IA) is associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) consistently. However, in terms of gender, there are controversial findings. We aimed to investigate the relation between IA and self-acknowledged ADHD traits among female college students in Japan. Methods The study questionnaire consisted of questions about demographics, Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-V1.1 Part A (ADHD screener) and Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT). When four or more items are more frequent than the cut-off on ADHD screener, the subject was categorized into students with a positive ADHD screen. We defined students with total IAT score of 70 and higher as IA. Results A total number of respondents was 369 (mean age: 19.0±0.7 years). Seventy-seven subjects were screened positive on ADHD screener (20.9%). Students with a positive ADHD screen scored significantly higher on the IAT (54.2±14.2 vs. 42.5±11.3). The rates of IA in students with and without a positive ADHD screen were 18.2% and 1.0%, respectively. Conclusion Results of this study demonstrated the relation between IA and self-evaluated ADHD traits among female college students in Japan. Appropriate education for students on how to use the internet properly will be necessary to prevent IA.

Background: Use of Internet has drastically increased in the last decades. Despite of the advantages, use of it can lead to addictive behaviours that can affect various domains of a person’s life like physical, social, mental and financial wellbeing. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of Internet use and its correlates among 150 urban school students in 13-15 years age group in a selected school in Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu, South India. Study was conducted using apredesigned, pretested questionnaire part of the questions were retrieved from Young’s 20 item Internet Addiction Test. Results: Among the 150 study participants, 53 (35.4%) are not addicted to use of internet, 63 (42%) are in mild addiction level, 29(19.3%) are in moderate addiction level and 5(3.3%) comes under severe addiction level, 43.4% were using internet for social networking and with regard to duration of use of internet, 17% were using internet for duration of 1-2 hours a day and 6% use it for more than 2 hours a day. Conclusion: The current study shows a higher level of internet use and addiction to it among students. Need to enhance the awareness regarding the consequences of these technologies to students.

Background: Internet addiction (IA) among university engineering students and its association with psychological distress can impact their educational progress, academic competence, and long-term career goals. Thus, there is a need to investigate the IA among engineering students. Objectives: This study was a first such attempt to explore internet use behaviors, IA, among a large group of engineering students from India, and its association with psychological distress primarily depressive symptoms. Methods: One thousand eighty six engineering students aged 18–21 years pursuing bachelors in engineering from the south Indian city of Mangalore participated in the study. The socio-educational and internet use behaviors data sheet was used to gather demographic information and patterns of internet use, Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was utilized to assess IA, and Self-Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20) assessed psychological distress primarily depressive symptoms. Results: Among the total N = 1086, 27.1% of engineering students met criterion for mild addictive internet use, 9.7% for moderate addictive internet use, and 0.4% for severe addiction to internet. IA was higher among engineering students who were male, staying in rented accommodations, accessed internet several times a day, spent more than 3 h per day on internet, and had psychological distress. Gender, duration of use, time spent per day, frequency of internet use, and psychological distress (depressive symptoms) predicted IA. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of engineering students have IA which can be detrimental for their educational progress in university studies and long-term career goals. Early identification and management of IA and psychological distress among engineering students is crucial.

The study identified Internet addicts in a population of post-baccalaureate students (n = 153) enrolled in a USA-based medical school preparatory program, using a standard Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Independent sample t tests, chi-square tests, and multiple regression analyses were used to compare outcomes and measure the contributions made by different predictors toward different outcomes. Of the total number of subjects, 17% met the criteria for Internet addicts. Students’ age and time spent on the Internet per day were significant predictors underlying their addictive Internet usage. Internet addiction and students’ academic performance also exhibited a significant negative association. A preliminary positive association between Internet addiction and students’ self-reported depression was noted.

Background and aims The main goal of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of a Vietnamese version of the short-version of Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT) and to assess the relationship between s-IAT scores and demographics, health related qualify of life and perceived stress scores in young Vietnamese. Methods The Vietnamese version of s-IAT was administered to a sample of 589 participants. Exploratory factor and reliability analyses were performed. Regression analysis was used to identify the associated factors. Results The two-factor model of Vietnamese version of s-IAT demonstrated good psychometric properties. The internal consistency of Factor 1 (loss of control/time management) was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.82) and Factor 2 (craving/social problems) was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.75). Findings indicated that 20.9% youths were addicted to the Internet. Regression analysis revealed significant associations between Internet addiction and having problems in self-care, lower quality of life and high perceived stress scores. Discussion and conclusions The Vietnamese version of s-IAT is a valid and reliable instrument to assess IA in Vietnamese population. Due to the high prevalence of IA among Vietnamese youths, IA should be paid attention in future intervention programs. s-IAT can be a useful screening tool for IA to promptly inform and treat the IA among Vietnamese youths., Highlight • Short-version of Internet Addiction Test (s-IAT) was validated with high reliability and good psychometric properties among Vietnamese youths. • Two factors were identified from s-IAT including: loss of control/time management and craving/social problems. • There are significant associations between Internet addiction and male gender, having problems in self-care and high perceived stress scores.

Summary The concept of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) continues to raise many questions. While some researchers are interested in all activities on the Internet, others focus on one or two forms of activities when it comes to PIU assessment. Before ruling out the importance of specific activities, it is necessary to assess the contribution of each activity to the concept of PIU for both genders. This paper has two goals: to compare online activities that contribute to Internet Addiction Test (IAT) total score for each gender, and to compare according to gender, online activities that contribute to classify adolescents into PIU categories; at-risk and problematic internet user. The study was conducted in Canada among a sample of 3,938 adolescents. Multiple linear regressions indicate that for boys, social media, YouTube, blogs, massively multiplayer online game (MMO) and online gaming all contributed to IAT total score. For girls, social media, YouTube, blogs and downloading music or films all contributed to IAT total score. Logistic regressions indicated that boys who play MMO and read blogs are more likely to be in the PIU category, while for girls, use of social media and blogs increases the potential to be categorized as such. The results also demonstrate the importance of broadening the spectrum of assessment to all Internet applications, rather than focusing only on participation in online gaming.

The studies reported analyze the factorial structure of Facebook Addiction Italian Questionnaire (FAIQ), a variant of 20-item Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT). In Study 1, we tested FAIQ psychometric properties using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In Study 2, we performed a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to verify the FAIQ factorial structure identified through EFA. Results from CFA confirm the presence of a four-factor model accounting for 58 percent of total variance, plus a general higher order factor that best fits the data. Further relationships between FAIQ factor scores, personality, and Facebook usage have been explored.

Background: Internet use has spread across the world due to easy accessibility and affordability. However, it has been creating many problems at several levels. So, there is a need to identify the suitability of psychometric properties and the factor structure of the widely used Internet Addiction Test (IAT) in the Indian settings. Our objective was to perform an exploratory factor analysis on the IAT and to test the reliability of the scale. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study that included various professional groups. We used an online questionnaire that included sociodemographic details and Young’s IAT. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the factor structure of Young’s IAT in the Indian setup. Results: The mean age of the sample (N = 1,782) was 27.7 years (SD = 8.74) with a predominantly male population 1040 (58.4%). In total, 1.0% (17) of the sample had significant problems with internet usage, whereas 13% (232) were in the range of frequent/occasional problems, and the mean score on IAT was 32 (SD = 16.42). Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors that explained 49% of the variance (Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy: 0.95, Bartlett’s test of sphericity: P = 0.000). They were “mood and relationship issues” and “duration and productivity.” Cronbach’s α was 0.92, which indicates a high level of internal consistency. Conclusion: In Indian settings, IAT can be understood based on the two-factor structure. The scale has excellent reliability. Further studies are needed to replicate these results, by using confirmatory factor analysis and validity testing.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the severity of Internet addiction and various media-related applications. The participants were junior high school students between 12 and 15 years old. A total of 529 students (283 males, 246 females) were included. The participants answered Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and a structural questionnaire about their access to electronic devices and applications. An Internet addiction prevalence of 4.3% (95% CI: 2.8–6.5%) was reported in this study, with an additional 26.3% (95% CI: 22.6–30.2%) of participants possibly addicted. The accessibility of gaming devices was significantly higher in male students than in female students. The use of applications for SNSs was significantly higher in female students than in male students. Twitter accessibility was a factor that contributed to Internet addiction in both genders. The prevalence of severe Internet addiction among school students in Japan was 4.3%, and Twitter was the most important factor associated with this addiction. Media literacy must be increased in adolescents and their friends, teachers, and families.

Objetivo: analizar factores asociados al uso problemático de internet en adolescentes. Métodos: estudio multicéntrico, transversal y analítico. Participaron adolescentes de secundarias federales de cinco estados de la República Mexicana. El muestreo fue aleatorio simple por conglomerados. Se midió el uso problemático de internet con la escala validada (Internet Addiction Test) y factores sociales, de salud, familiares y académicos por medio de una encuesta. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y regresión logística binaria para la predicción de variables con pResultados: participaron 777 estudiantes, 30.6% presentó uso problemático de internet, que estuvo asociado con factores académicos como: retraso en tareas (69.3%; p=0.001), inasistencia a clase (14.7%; p=0.001), problemas con el profesor (20.6%; pConclusiones: el uso problemático de internet en adolescentes escolarizados está asociado a factores que podrían afectar su entorno académico, generar conductas de riesgo no saludables o de problemática social.

Background: Internet addiction disorder is identified as a matter of grave concern likely to cause physical, psychological, and social issues. Hence, this survey was designed to study its degree and impact on second MBBS students of a medical college in India. Aims and Objectives: Objectives were to determine the degree of internet addiction, its effect on personal relationships, academics, psychological and physical health along with commonly accessed applications, and monthly expenditure. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out wherein each participant was provided with a pre-validated questionnaire of which Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was a part. Results: Of 108 participants, the ratio of males to females was 1:1. According to the IAT score, regular use was noted in 28 students whereas mild and moderate addiction was observed in 53 and 27 students, respectively. Academic performance was most affected (3.71 ± 2.03 vs. 6.53 ± 2.49 vs. 9.15 ± 1.59) while personal relationships were least affected (1.43 ± 1.45 vs. 2.07 ± 1.59 vs. 2.96 ± 2.63) across all grades. Deleterious effect on physical and psychological health was seen with increasing grades of addiction which was statistically significant. Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube, and Google were commonly accessed with majority (n = 94) of participants spending

We explored the mediating role of loneliness in the relationship between explicit self-esteem and pathological Internet use in a sample of 624 Chinese adolescents. The participants were administered a series of measures, including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3), and Young Internet Addiction Test. The results suggested that greater pathological Internet use was associated with lower explicit self-esteem and greater loneliness, but loneliness was positively correlated with pathological Internet use. The mediation analysis indicated that loneliness completely mediated the association between explicit self-esteem and pathological Internet use among adolescents, implying that lower explicit self-esteem was correlated with greater loneliness, which was then associated with greater pathological Internet use. Accordingly, enhancing adolescents' self-esteem and decreasing their feelings of loneliness may function as a preventive measure to help teenagers relieve their levels of pathological Internet use.

This study found that the underlying factors of Internet addition and their importance differ across cultures.The varying factors of Internet addiction across cultures have important implications to the diagnosis and treatment of Internet addiction.Internet addiction was found to be prevalent globally among young Internet users.E-commerce businesses have the ethical and legal responsibilities to help reduce Internet addiction.This study will allow future research projects to integrate Internet addiction to study user behaviors in the e-commerce context effectively. Studies have shown that technology addiction distorts the true intentions of technology users. This is primarily due to the maladaptive perceptions that form as a result of the addiction to technology. Internet is the vehicle for e-commerce; therefore, understanding Internet addiction (IA) is critical to developing a sustainable and healthy environment for e-commerce growth and ignoring it could lead to a myriad of business, societal, ethical and legal ramifications. Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is a well-established instrument for measuring an individual's addiction level. While IAT has been widely adopted clinically and in research in many countries, the differences in the underlying constructs of IA among various countries have not been sufficiently examined. Using the data collected from 488 US, 453 African, and 209 Chinese college students, this study focuses on discovering the differences in the underlying properties of IA from a cross-cultural perspective. The analysis shows that a sizable percent of the users in each region suffers from IA problems. More importantly, the results indicate that the key underlying IA psychometric constructs are substantially different in different cultural, economic and technological contexts. Further, the implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.

The all-pervasive Internet has created serious problems, such as Internet overuse, which has triggered considerable debate over its relationship with addiction. To further explore its genetic susceptibilities and alternative explanations for Internet overuse, we proposed and evaluated four hypotheses, each based on existing knowledge of the biological bases of addiction, inattention, novelty-seeking, and harm-avoidance. Four genetic loci including DRD4 VNTR, DRD2 TaqlA, COMT Val158Met and 5-HTTLPR length polymorphisms were screened from seventy-three individuals. Our results showed that the DRD4 4R/4R individuals scored significantly higher than the 2R or 7R carriers in Internet Addiction Test (IAT). The 5-HTTLPR short/short males scored significantly higher in IAT than the long variant carriers. Bayesian analysis showed the most compatible hypothesis with the observed genetic results was based on attention (69.8%), whereas hypotheses based harm-avoidance (21.6%), novelty-seeking (7.8%) and addiction (0.9%) received little support. Our study suggests that carriers of alleles (DRD4 2R and 7R, 5-HTTLPR long) associated with inattentiveness are more likely to experience disrupted patterns and reduced durations of Internet use, protecting them from Internet overuse. Further-more, our study suggests that Internet overuse should be categorized differently from addiction due to the lack of shared genetic contributions. Keywords: Internet overuse; inattentiveness; dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4); serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR); Internet Addiction Test Introduction The advent of the Internet age in the last decade provided the world with new landscapes of sociability and access. Lately, the growing role of the Internet, along with other new information technologies (e.g., mobile devices and applications), has become increasingly pervasive and influential in all aspects of our everyday life. With its impersonal method of communication, copious amount of information, and many other unprecedented features, the Internet has reshaped and redefined friendships, businesses, professions, academia, and entertainment. Meanwhile, the omnipresent Internet has created serious social and personal problems, everything from privacy theft (Aimeur & Schonfeld, 2011) and cyberbullying (Tokunaga, 2010) to Internet overuse. Is Internet Overuse a Type of Addiction? Since the term "Internet addiction" was first introduced in 1996 (Young, 1996), there has been considerable debate by both clinicians and academicians over whether it should be diagnosed, studied, and treated the same way as substance addictions such as alcohol, nicotine and drugs (Beard & Wolf, 2001; Campbell, Cumming, & Hughes, 2006; Mitchell, 2000; Murali & George, 2007; Young, 2004). The discussion has become even more contentious after pathological gambling became the first behavioral disorder recognized as a type of addiction by the American Psychiatric Association (2013). The controversy is also reflected in the use of terminologies. Besides Internet addiction, some refer to it as Internet addiction disorder (Bai, Lin, & Chen, 2001), whereas others prefer pathological Internet use (Morahan-Martin & Schumacher, 2000), or Internet dependency (W. Wang, 2001). In this study, the term Internet overuse is used to cover the collective phenomenon. Despite the debate and controversy, Internet overuse became a popular topic for research. Between 1996 and 2006, more than 120 peer-reviewed articles were published on Internet overuse and related subjects (Byun et al., 2009). Internet overuse has been most studied in East Asian countries such as China and South Korea (Weinstein & Lejoyeux, 2010). This seems to correspond with the high prevalence of Internet overuse and frequent tragic incidents related to Internet overuse in this region (Choi et al., 2009; Deng & Xuan, 2009; Lam, Peng, Mai, & Jing, 2009; Park, Kim, & Cho, 2008; Tsai et al. …

This study examines the link between cyberdependency and school performance among students in the 3rd grade of the Mamie Houphouët Fêtai High School in Bingerville. It covers a sample of one hundred and ninety (190) female students between the ages of 14 and 17. Students’ addiction to the Internet and social networks is measured using a questionnaire based on Vavassori et al. (2002) and Young’s Internet Addiction Test in its French version validated by Khazaal (2008). As for academic performance, they are verified using the end-of-term scoring matrices. The results, obtained using student T and Anova, show that students in the third grade using the Internet as teaching tools have higher academic performance than their peers who use it as entertaining instruments. All these different results are explained by the models of Zuckerman (1969) and Viau (1994). Ultimately, this study will inform and raise awareness among students, educational system actors and parents about the risks of excessive use of the Internet and social networks on school learning.

Internet addiction (IA) is much sought after concept in the present-day human lives in which technology has emerged as a vital part. The ever-growing role of internet technology also accrues to a sizable amount of problems at societal and individual levels. The present research is a trail to model the IA and causal factors from the version of employees of Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. A sample of 500 members is selected at random and are asked to provide an opinion about the modified internet addiction scale. The modified internet addiction scale is developed with the analysis is carried in two steps. The observations are made from the study regarding the non-significance of other socio-demographic factors except age and the means to overcome these kinds of hurdles are advocated. The limitations of the study along with the future research prospects are suggested accordingly.

Introduction: There is enormous growth of Internet use in the last few decades, and it has a vast impact on people's relationship and behavior. Internet use by college students has been associated with frequent communication among friends and family members, but it has minimized the face-to-face interaction. Internet addiction does not imply as an intoxicant; it has been considered as an impulse. Internet addiction among students adversely affects their mental, physical, and social health. Objective: The aim of the study is to find the patterns of Internet use and prevalence and risk factors of Internet addiction among students. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on students studying at Banaras Hindu University (BHU). A total of 133 respondents (77 males and 56 females) were selected for the study by simple random sampling technique. Internet Addiction Test developed by K. Young and a semi-structured interview schedule were used for data collection. Results: The results of the study revealed that out of the 133 students, approximately half of the respondents (53.2%) belong to the 22–25 years' age group and less than half of the respondents (42.9%) were studying postgraduation. One-third of the students (33.8%) belongs to humanities and social sciences. It was found that 58.3% of students were having mild addiction and 20% of students suffer from moderate addiction of the Internet. Nearly one-third of the respondents (41.4%) were facing the problem of headache because of Internet usage. In this study, more than half of the study participants (56.3%) were using the Internet during night, and nearly, one-third of the respondents (42.1%) were using the Internet only for chatting. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of Internet addiction is less in the BHU, approximately one-fifth of the students were suffering with this. To conclude, it can be said that the Internet will be useful keeping in mind that excess of anything is dangerous.

Introduction Addiction to the Internet and mobile phones in adolescents could be related to loneliness. However, less research has been conducted on this topic in developing countries. This study aimed to examine addiction to the Internet and mobile phones and its relationship with loneliness in adolescents in Iran. Method This was a cross-sectional and analytic study that was conducted between 2015 and 2016 in Rasht, in the north of Iran. Subjects were selected through cluster sampling from female and male teens who were studying in the public and private schools. The Kimberly’s Internet Addiction Test, Cell phone Overuse Scale (COS), and the University of California , Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale were used for data collection. Results The mean age of participants was 16.2 ± 1.1 year. The mean of addiction to the Internet was 42.2 ± 18.2. Overall, 46.3% of the subjects reported some degrees of addiction to the Internet. The mean of addiction to mobile phones was 55.10 ± 19.86. The results of this study showed that 77.6% (n = 451) of the subjects were at risk for addiction to mobile phones, and 17.7% (n = 103) of them were addicted to their use. The mean of loneliness was 39.13 ± 11.46 in the adolescents. Overall, 16.9% of the subjects obtained a score higher than mean in loneliness. A statistically significant direct relationship was found between addiction to the Internet and loneliness in the adolescents (r = 0.199, p = 0.0001). The results also showed a statistically significant direct relationship between addiction to mobile phones and loneliness in the adolescents (r = 0.172, p = 0.0001). Conclusion The results of this study revealed that a high percentage of adolescents who have some degrees of addiction to the Internet and mobile phones experience loneliness, and there are relationships between these variables.

espanolLa Adiccion a Internet es un fenomeno clinico que ha dado senales de alarma sobre las propiedades adictivas de las nuevas tecnologias de la informacion y comunicacion (TICs). El objetivo del estudio fue adaptar transculturalmente el Test de Adiccion a Internet de Young (1998) y ev aluar estructuras factoriales anteriormente propuestas. Ademas, dada su antiguedad, se busco desarrollar una ver sion abreviada del instrumento, vigente y con buenas propiedades psicometricas en la cultura chilena. La muestra estuvo constituida por 425 participantes con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 68 anos. A traves de un analisis factorial confirmatorio, se constato que ninguna de las soluc iones factoriales anteriormente propuestas logro un nivel de buen ajuste a los datos. Mediante un analisis de contenido, se creo una version abreviada del instrumento con dos factores teoricamente orientados, estructura que presento tanto un buen ajuste a los datos como una buena consistencia interna. EnglishInternet addiction is a clinical phenomenon that has raised concerns about the addictive properties of the new information an d communication technologies (ICTs). The study aimed to transculturally adapt Young’s Internet Addiction Test (1998) and to assess its previously proposed factor structures. Given the test’s antiquity, the study also aimed to develop a brief and valid version of it with good psychometric properties. The sample consisted of 425 participants between the ages of 18 and 68 years. Through a s eries of confirmatory factor analyses, none of the previously proposed factor structures achieved a good level of fitness to the data. A brief version of the instrument with two theoretically oriented dimensions was developed through a content analysis. Th e proposed structure achieved a good level of internal consistency and fitness to the data.

Social Networking Sites (SNSs) have exploded as a type of popular communication, suggesting exponential appeal. Unfortunately, one reason for their rise is the potential of excessive usage, which leads to negative consequences that are associated with addiction. In this research, we assessed the symptoms of excessive SNS usage by studying user behavior in SNSs. We employed the modified Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the modified Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) to reflect addictive behaviors. We previously developed a data collection application and experimentally collected data from undergraduates in Thailand. In this article, we clarify the factors associated with addiction components (e.g., salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse), which are reflected by the questions of IAT and BFAS. We analyzed questionnaire and Facebook data by various methods. Our analytic results identified the effective factors associated with addiction components. Then we employed the Support Vector Regression (SVR) for evaluation. The outcome of our research can be applied for developing prevention strategies to increase the awareness of excessive SNS usage.

Excessive Social Networking Site (SNS) usage leads to negative consequences that are associated with addiction. We assessed the symptoms of excessive SNS usage by studying user behavior in SNSs. Understanding how people behave in them helps detect and identify the symptoms of excessive SNS usage. In our previous studies, we developed a data collection application and experimentally collected data from undergraduate students in Thailand. We employed modified versions of Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS) for measuring SNS addiction. Our results identified the differences between excessive and normal users. In this article, we clarified the factors associated with addiction components reflected by IAT and BFAS question items. Our analytic results indicated the effective factors for addiction components.

Internet addiction is an important problem especially for the younger generation in today's technology. This study is to investigate internet addiction among vocational students in Canakkale. Without using the sample selection, 266 students, who were at school at the time of the study and agreed to participate in the study, were included in the study. The data were collected by using the Form of Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Internet Addiction Test. 68.8% of the students connected to the internet via their mobile phones. 69.6% of them use the internet every day. They connected to the internet for averagely 8.2±7.2 hours. 54.5% of the students were normal internet users, 42.1% were risky internet users and 3.4% were internet addicted. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file . Ozet Internet bagimliligi, gunumuz teknolojisinde ozellikle genc nesil icin onemli bir sorundur. Bu arastirmada Canakkale'de bir meslek yuksekokulu ogrencilerinin internet bagimliligi durumu incelenmistir. Orneklem secimine gidilmeden, arastirmaya katilmayi kabul eden 266 ogrenci calisma kapsamina alinmistir. Arastirma verilerinin toplanmasinda sosyo-demografik ozellikler formu ve internet bagimlilik olcegi kullanilmistir. Ogrencilerin %68,8’i internete cep telefonlarindan baglanmaktadirlar. Ogrencilerin %69,6'sinin interneti her gun kullandigi gorulmektedir. Gunde ortalama 8,2±7,2 saat internet kullanmaktadirlar. Ogrencilerin %54,5'inin normal internet kullanicisi, %42.1'inin riskli internet kullanicisi, %3.4 unun ise bagimli internet kullanicisi oldugu saptanmistir.

WOS: 000372954900014 PubMed: 28092191 Background and aims: In this study, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) was adapted to Turkish language, which was originally developed by Young (1998) in English to measure the presence and severity of the Internet dependency. The main purpose was to ensure that the psychometric features and the factor structure of the test were suitable for Turkish university students. Method: The study was conducted in two sequent phases. Participants were 990 undergraduate students from several public universities in Turkey. Results: In the first phase, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was applied to figure out the factor structure of the Turkish version of the IAT. The EFA revealed four factors, which explained 46.02% of the total variance. In the following phase, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with a different sample, to verify the factor structure that was found in the initial EFA. The CFA resulted four-factor model was satisfactory for the Turkish version of the IAT. These four factors were named as Mood, Relationship, Responsibilities, and Duration. Conclusions: Based on the findings, the administration of Turkish version of the IAT provided acceptable results on undergraduate students.

The Polish adaptation of Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is presented.The results show that the test's internal consistency is excellent.The Polish IAT is proved to be a valid instrument for measuring Internet addiction. In our digital age, the availability of an instrument to measure Internet addiction in Poland is not only a necessity but a priority. The urgency lies in the pressing need to rehabilitate Polish Internet addicts and those who are on the verge of becoming addicts. Thus, the purpose of this research study is to present a valid instrument for measuring Internet users' level of addiction, namely the well-established Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT). A total of 1245 college students participated in the study (69.5% males). On this large sample, the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the IAT were investigated. The internal consistency was excellent (α=.900). Also, except for one item, the corrected item-total correlation values ranged from .384 to .648, indicating that they measured the same construct: Internet addiction. Principal component analysis confirmed the presence of two components. This study presents evidence that the Polish version of the IAT included here is a valid instrument for measuring Internet addiction.

The recent development of internet infrastructure has fuelled a popular concern that young Asian internet users are experiencing Internet addiction due to excessive Internet use. In order to understand the phenomenon, psychometric validation of a 14-item Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS), with 417 Chinese adolescents has been performed. Compared to other instruments for use with Chinese populations, e.g. the 20-item Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the 26-item Chen Internet Addiction Scale, the CIUS is relatively concise, and easy to use for measuring and diagnosing Internet addiction. The present psychometric validation has found good factorial stability with a one-factor solution for the CIUS. The internal consistency and model fit indices were very good, and even better than any previous CIUS validations. The Chinese CIUS is a valid and reliable self-reporting instrument for examining compulsive Internet use among Chinese adolescents. Other findings included: male adolescents tend to experience more compulsive Internet use than their female counterparts, and CIUS scores were positively correlated with the daily Internet use time and negatively correlated with the academic performance of the participants. No significant relationships between the CIUS, ICT accessibility, family economic condition, parental occupation or religion were found.

Objective The aim was to assess the reliability and validity of a Thai version internet addiction test. Results Cronbach’s alpha for the Thai version of the internet addiction test was 0.89. A three-factor model showed the best fit with the data for the whole sample, whereas the hypothesized six-factor model, as well as a unidimensional model of the internet addiction test, failed to demonstrate acceptable fit with the data. Three factors, namely functional impairment, withdrawal symptoms and loss of control, exhibited Cronbach’s alphas of 0.81, 0.81, and 0.70, respectively. Item 4, ‘to form new relationships with online users’, yielded the lowest loading coefficient of all items. Positive correlations between the internet addiction test and UCLA loneliness scores were found. The Thai version of the internet addiction test was considered reliable and valid, and has sufficient unidimensionality to calculate for total score in screening for excessive internet use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13104-018-3187-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The aim of this preliminary study was to explore the impact of Internet usage on individual functioning by exploring the relationship between Internet usage and depression amongst the students of University of Namibia. An exploratory study was conducted amongst 36 conveniently selected males and females’ students. This study investigated prevalence of internet addiction and its association with depression. In this study two tests were used, the Young Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The males scored an average of 36.6 on the YIAT whilst females scored an average of 33.9. On the PHQ-9, the males scored 14.7 and females scored 16 on average. The differences in hours spend per day for females were 4.5 h and males spend 6.4 on average. The result of this exploratory study reveals that there is a correlation between Internet addiction scores, depression scores and time spent online.

Background: Previous literature suggests that increased usage of social networking sites (SNSs) can have a detrimental effect on mental wellbeing [1,2]. Furthermore, increased SNS usage has been found to result in the development of a new behavioral addiction: SNS addiction [3]. This new form of addiction to social networking is shown to predict depression in users of SNSs [4,5]. Objective: As the rates of people who use SNSs are rising, the current study aimed to identify relationships between SNS usage, SNS addiction and depression, with a focus on SNSs used today that have not been researched before, namely Instagram, Twitter and Snapchat. Methods: A cross-sectional online study was conducted on a sample of 103 young adults. Each participant filled out a questionnaire consisting of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R), Young’s Internet Addiction Test (IAT), along with general questions relating to SNS use. Results: The results of the current study suggest that Instagram use (β = .24, p ≤ .05) and SNS addiction (β = .32, p = .001) were significant predictors of depression. The results also showed that Instagram use predicted SNS addiction (β = .22, p < .05). No such relationship existed between Facebook, Twitter or Snapchat and SNS addiction or depression. Conclusion: The results indicated that both Instagram use and SNS addiction were related to depression, and that Instagram use was related to SNS addiction. Results are explained from a uses and gratifications perspective. Further research using longitudinal designs is needed to establish the direction of this relationship.