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Background: Though the relationship between the personality traits (PTs) of the Five Factor Model (FFM) and athletic performance is well documented, the functional role of PTs in athletic team settings has received scarce empirical attention. The limited research that has been conducted is often criticized for methodological flaws, such as failure to differentiate between sports (e.g., Team vs. Individual Sports). Objective: To investigate the functional impact of personality on Team and Individual Sport performance in sport-specific settings. The principal objective was to investigate the distinct functional role of the FFM PTs and their influence on team success, based on type of PTs, and the similarity or variance of these PTs among team members. It was anticipated that teams with more similarity in certain PTs (e.g., Agreeableness, Neuroticism) and more variance in others (e.g., Extraversion, Conscientiousness) will lead to optimized team success, evident by objective — Win-Loss percentage or competitive rankings — and subjective measures — coach ratings. Results: Statistically significant relationships were revealed between the FFM PTs and the five variables of coach ratings. The results indicate that both coach and athlete personality play a part in athletic success. Furthermore, regardless of sport type, Conscientiousness appears to be an advantageous PT in the recruitment and selection of athletes. Specific to Team Sports, Conscientiousness and Openness are two prominent PTs in promoting athletic success. The findings have several implications on the selection and recruitment process of athletes and provide empirical evidence for athlete interventions across sport types.

Purpose . The purpose of the current research is to investigate tennis players and swimmers’ perceived coaching behaviors for sport with sport age. Material/Methods : A cross-sectional survey method was applied to tennis players and swimmers (Buyukozturk et al., 2012). Participants (nfemales=175; nmales=187) were selected from different tennis (n=122) and swimming (n=240) clubs in Canakkale, Istanbul and Hatay provinces. For data collection, a translated Turkish version (Yapar et al., 2014) of the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport (CBS-S) (Côté et al., 1999) was used. The CBS-S includes 47 items and 7 sub-dimensions. The collected data were analyzed with descriptive and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistics. The CBS-S sub-dimensions were evaluated with the sport age of tennis players and swimmers (p

One of the environmental variables associated with early talent development and the achievement of a high level of proficiency in sport is the relative age effect (RAE). The purpose of our study was threefold: (a) to calculate the RAE in young Israeli athletes (ages 14–18 years); (b) to examine how the athletes perceived this effect, if the effect indeed exists; and (c) to compare the RAE findings of this study with those of two previous studies on elite male (Lidor et al., 2010) and female (Lidor et al., 2014) Israeli ballplayers. Participants in the current study were 1,397 athletes (390 females and 1,007 males) who competed in five individual (gymnastics, judo, swimming, tennis, and track and field) and five team (basketball, soccer, team handball, volleyball, and water polo) sports. Data on the RAE, as well as on a number of aspects associated with this effect as perceived by the athletes, were collected via two closed questions. Data analyses showed that the RAE was found to be significant among the male athletes in four sports—swimming, basketball, soccer, and team handball; those who were born early in the year had a higher representation in these sport programs. However, this effect was not found to be significant in the female athletes. Most of the female and male athletes did not think that their birth date influenced their athletic success. However, a large portion of those who were born in the first quarter of the year (Q1) and the second quarter of the year (Q2) among the male athletes felt that they exhibited stronger abilities in the sports program compared to their peers who were born in the third and fourth quarters of the year (Q3 and Q4, respectively). The data of the current study provide additional support for the use of an “open door” approach to accepting children to sport programs by policymakers and coaches in Israel.

Executive Function (EF) is an umbrella term for a set of mental skills that develop across childhood and adolescence, enabling us to accomplish tasks and goals, particularly in sport-specific settings (Best, 2010). There is limited research examining the processes by which open/closed motor skill sports optimize EFs. The present study analyzed the effects of motor sequencing (i.e., open motor skill) and repetitive movement (i.e., closed motor skill) in individual and team sports and their influence on EFs. 40 University students aged 17-29 were randomly assigned to a team and individual sports-specific intervention focused on either repetitive or variable motor sequential movement. To assess EF pre and post-intervention, a cognitive battery was administered to measure working memory, cognitive flexibility, and planning and problem solving; all of which are fundamental EFs (Diamond & Lee, 2011). It was predicted that participants in the variable motor sequencing and team condition would yield superior EF performance. Results suggested a significant interaction effect of sex and type of sport (individual/team) on EF measures, as females and males performed significantly different on a team relative to the individual conditions. For performance on intervention, an overall main effect of type of sport was found, such that participants in the team conditions finished faster on the sports task relative to the individual conditions. There was also a significant main effect of sex, as males generally outperformed female participants. These findings have implications for optimizing athletic and EF performance between sexes and type of sport.

Objectives: To quantify self-reported current sleep behaviors in a range of adult athletes. In addition, to determine any differences in sleep duration and sleep quality, depending on sport type and competitive level. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 313 athletes (243 male, 70 female), competing in a variety of sports and competitive level, completed the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and a questionnaire which captured current sleep behaviors. Sleep quality was calculated using the global PSQI score (≥ 5 indicative of poor sleep quality). Results: On average, athletes self-reported sleep duration was 7:34 ± 1:00 h:min. Overall, 19% of athletes achieved less than 7 h of sleep, 50% achieved less than 8 h. Global PSQI score was 5.0 ± 2.4, with poor sleep quality found in 55% of athletes. Sleep duration was significantly shorter in runners compared to basketball, soccer and rugby players (p < 0.05). Recreational athletes slept significantly less (7:08 ± 0:54 h:min) than competitive (7:32 ± 1:00 h:min), national (7:50 ± 1:00 h:min) and elite level athletes (7:49 ± 0:51 h:min). No differences in sleep quality were found between sport or competitive level. Discussion: Half of the athletes failed to achieve 8 h of sleep per night and the majority reported compromised sleep quality. Sport type and competitive level may influence sleep duration; however, these factors do not seem to cause discrepancies in sleep quality. This study provides novel data into the sleep behaviors of adult athletes, and suggests strategies to improve sleep duration and quality may be warranted.

Background In children physical activity has been shown to be associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study further explores this association for specific characteristics of sports participation, namely membership of a sports club, frequency of sports participation, performing individual versus team sports, performing indoor versus outdoor sports, while differentiating between specific dimensions in the physical, psychological and social domain of HRQoL. Methods Cross-sectional data were collected from Dutch primary school children aged 10 to 12 years. They completed the Movement and Sports Monitor Questionnaire Youth aged 8 to 12 years (MSMQ) and the KIDSCREEN-52, an HRQoL questionnaire for children and adolescents. The data were examined using linear multilevel analyses because of the clustering of children in schools. Results The questionnaires were completed by 1876 children (response rate 81.3%). Membership of a sports club, moderate or high frequency of sports participation, and performing outdoor sports were all significantly associated with better HRQoL. These associations were largely found in the physical domain of HRQoL, to a lesser degree in the social domain, and to a limited extent in the psychological domain. Conclusion The association between sports participation and HRQoL in children depends on both characteristics of sports participation and the domain of life that is concerned. These differences offer starting points for developing tailor-made sports programs for children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12955-019-1124-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The aim of this research was to investigate the role of athletes’ perception of coaches’ leadership behavior as predictor of athletes’ assertiveness in individual sport. 239 individual sport athletes (Xage=20.79±3.32) voluntarily participated to the research. The participants consisted of 170 male (71,1%) and 69 female (28.9%) athletes from various individual sports such as wrestling, athletics, weightlifting, taekwondo, boxing, karate, badminton etc. The data were collected using a personal information form, Leadership Scale for Sport and Rathus Assertiveness Schedule. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were used in SPSS 17. p

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye'de bireysel sporlardan Yüzme, Tenis, Taekwondo ve takım sporlarından Hentbol, Basketbol, Futbolda gençler kategorisinde oynayan sporcuların sürekli öfke düzeylerinin belirlenmesidir. Araştırmaya İstanbul İli Avrupa yakası Gençler Kategorisinde yer alan 133 erkek 107 kadın sporcu olmak üzere toplam 240 lisanslı sporcu katılmıştır. Lisanslı takım sporu yapan 45 Futbol, 44 Basketbol, 32 Hentbol oyuncusu, bireysel sporlar yapan lisanslı 42 Tenis, 36 Yüzme, 41 Taekwondo sporcusu katılmıştır. Araştırmada sürekli öfke ve öfke tarzlarının belirlenmesi için orjinali 1988 yılında Spielberger tarafından geliştirilmiş olan ve Türkçe uyarlaması 1994 yılında Özer tarafından yapılmış Sürekli Öfke – Öfke Tarz Ölçeği (SÖ-ÖTÖ) ve araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan kişisel bilgi formu uygulanmıştır. Anketler tüm sporculara birebir yüz yüze yaptırılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda 16-18 yaş grubu bireysel (Yüzme, Tenis, Taekwondo) ve takım sporlarıyla (Hentbol, Basketbol ve Futbol) ile ilgilenen lisanslı sporcuların öfke durumları spor branşı, cinsiyet değişkenlerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklar tespit edilmiştir (p

Purpose: The aim of this review is to (1) retrieve all data validating the Session-rating of perceived exertion (RPE)-method using various criteria, (2) highlight the rationale of this method and its ecological usefulness, and (3) describe factors that can alter RPE and users of this method should take into consideration. Method: Search engines such as SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases in the English language between 2001 and 2016 were consulted for the validity and usefulness of the session-RPE method. Studies were considered for further analysis when they used the session-RPE method proposed by Foster et al. in 2001. Participants were athletes of any gender, age, or level of competition. Studies using languages other than English were excluded in the analysis of the validity and reliability of the session-RPE method. Other studies were examined to explain the rationale of the session-RPE method and the origin of RPE. Results: A total of 950 studies cited the Foster et al. study that proposed the session RPE-method. 36 studies have examined the validity and reliability of this proposed method using the modified CR-10. Conclusion: These studies confirmed the validity and good reliability and internal consistency of session-RPE method in several sports and physical activities with men and women of different age categories (children, adolescents, and adults) among various expertise levels. This method could be used as "standing alone" method for training load (TL) monitoring purposes though some recommend to combine it with other physiological parameters as heart rate.

Depression among elite athletes is a topic of increasing interest and public awareness. Currently, empirical data on elite athletes’ depressive symptoms are rare. Recent results indicate sport-related mechanisms and effects on depression prevalence in elite athlete samples; specific factors associated with depression include overtraining, injury, and failure in competition. One such effect is that athletes competing in individual sports were found to be more prone to depressive symptoms than athletes competing in team sports. The present study examined this effect by testing three possible, psychological mediators based on theoretical and empirical assumptions: namely, cohesion in team or training groups; perception of perfectionistic expectations from others; and negative attribution after failure. In a cross-sectional study, 199 German junior elite athletes (Mage = 14.96; SD = 1.56) participated and completed questionnaires on perfectionism, cohesion, attribution after failure, and depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis using path analysis with bootstrapping was used for data analysis. As expected, athletes in individual sports showed higher scores in depression than athletes in team sports [t(197) = 2.05; p < 0.05; d = 0.30]. Furthermore, negative attribution after failure was associated with individual sports (β = 0.27; p < 0.001), as well as with the dependent variable depression (β = 0.26; p < 0.01). Mediation hypothesis was supported by a significant indirect effect (β = 0.07; p < 0.05). Negative attribution after failure mediated the relationship between individual sports and depression scores. Neither cohesion nor perfectionism met essential criteria to serve as mediators: cohesion was not elevated in either team or individual sports, and perfectionism was positively related to team sports. The results support the assumption of previous findings on sport-specific mechanisms (here the effect between individual and team sports) contributing to depressive symptoms among elite athletes. Additionally, attribution after failure seems to play an important role in this regard and could be considered in further research and practitioners in the field of sport psychology.

Depression among elite athletes is a topic of increasing interest and public awareness. Currently, empirical data on elite athletes’ depressive symptoms are rare. Recent results indicate sport-related mechanisms and effects on depression prevalence in elite athlete samples; specific factors associated with depression include overtraining, injury, and failure in competition. One such effect is that athletes competing in individual sports were found to be more prone to depressive symptoms than athletes competing in team sports. The present study examined this effect by testing three possible, psychological mediators based on theoretical and empirical assumptions: namely, cohesion in team or training groups; perception of perfectionistic expectations from others; and negative attribution after failure. In a cross-sectional study, 199 German junior elite athletes (Mage = 14.96; SD = 1.56) participated and completed questionnaires on perfectionism, cohesion, attribution after failure, and depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis using path analysis with bootstrapping was used for data analysis. As expected, athletes in individual sports showed higher scores in depression than athletes in team sports [t(197) = 2.05; p < 0.05; d = 0.30]. Furthermore, negative attribution after failure was associated with individual sports (β = 0.27; p < 0.001), as well as with the dependent variable depression (β = 0.26; p < 0.01). Mediation hypothesis was supported by a significant indirect effect (β = 0.07; p < 0.05). Negative attribution after failure mediated the relationship between individual sports and depression scores. Neither cohesion nor perfectionism met essential criteria to serve as mediators: cohesion was not elevated in either team or individual sports, and perfectionism was positively related to team sports. The results support the assumption of previous findings on sport-specific mechanisms (here the effect between individual and team sports) contributing to depressive symptoms among elite athletes. Additionally, attribution after failure seems to play an important role in this regard and could be considered in further research and practitioners in the field of sport psychology.

External and internal sport motivations of young adults Study aim: To determine and evaluate the spectrum of sport motivation of young adults. Material and methods: A group of 600 subjects, aged 17 - 19 years, participated in the study. An ad hoc questionnaire was applied to assess the 4 motivational factors: competition and success-oriented motivation, external accommodation, physical fitness and health + sportsman-like attitude, and hedonistic. Results: Competition, contest, victory and beating own benchmark were the important factors for male students. The female students preferred external adequacy and others' opinion. They believed in the importance of healthy living, physical strength and sports give them better appearance. The motivational factors had more importance amongst active than inactive youths. Young active students believed that sport performance would guide them to success. Conclusions: It is important to keep healthy lifestyle and sport motivation before teenage years since it is a guidance to preserve the health and adequate personality development.

(1) Aim: The study aimed at assessing simple-reaction, recognition and cognitive-reaction times to visual stimuli among student athletes: boxing, gymnastics, taekwondo, judo, karate and wrestling, using computer games tests. (2) Methods: Our study involved 332 students and athletes. We applied three types of computer tests to measure the dominant and non-dominant hands: the simple motor reaction time through the Human Benchmark test, the recognition time by the Hit-the-dots and the cognitive reaction time by the Trail making test part B. (3) Results: For dominant and non-dominant hands, better results of individual sports were for: simply reaction time—boxing; recognition reaction time—taekwondo; cognitive reaction—judo. (4) Conclusions: Athletes had better simple reaction with the left hand than with the right hand. Athletes had better recognition and cognitive reaction time with the right hand than with the left hand regardless of the dominant hand. The outcomes of our study indicate that the reaction times of left and right hands were influenced by the hand laterality, the type of applied stimulus, the stress complexity of tests and the type of practiced sport.

Bu araştırmada serbest ve grekoromen stil güreşçilerinin hedef yönelimi ve yaşam doyumu ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya 174 Serbest Stil (X yaş= 21,48±5,11), 143 Grekoromen stil (X yaş= 20,76±3,93) olmak üzere toplam 317 (X yaş= 21,15±4,62) güreşçi katılmıştır. Araştırmada yaşam doyumu düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla Diener, Emmons, Laresen ve Griffin (1985) tarafından geliştirilen “Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği”, Hedef Yönelimi düzeylerini belirlemek için Duda ve Whitehead (1998) tarafından geliştirilen “Sporda Görev ve Ego Yönelimi Ölçeği” ve araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, pearson korelasyon, t-Testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi(Anova) ve betimsel istatistik yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre; serbest güreşçilerde yaşam doyumu ile görev yönelimi alt boyutu arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p

Sleep is an essential component for athlete recovery due to its physiological and psychological restorative effects, yet few studies have explored the habitual sleep/wake behaviour of elite athletes. The aims of the present study were to investigate the habitual sleep/wake behaviour of elite athletes, and to compare the differences in sleep between athletes from individual and team sports. A total of 124 (104 male, 20 female) elite athletes (mean ± s: age 22.2 ± 3.0 years) from five individual sports and four team sports participated in this study. Participants' sleep/wake behaviour was assessed using self-report sleep diaries and wrist activity monitors for a minimum of seven nights (range 7-28 nights) during a typical training phase. Mixed-effects analyses of variances were conducted to compare the differences in the sleep/wake behaviour of athletes from two sport types (i.e. individual and team). Overall, this sample of athletes went to bed at 22:59 ± 1.3, woke up at 07:15 ± 1.2 and obtained 6.8 ± 1.1 h of sleep per night. Athletes from individual sports went to bed earlier, woke up earlier and obtained less sleep (individual vs team; 6.5 vs 7.0 h) than athletes from team sports. These data indicate that athletes obtain well below the recommended 8 h of sleep per night, with shorter sleep durations existing among athletes from individual sports.

Aim: The study is to compare the level of social skills scores of undergraduate students atMersin University School of Physical Education and Sports according to sport types, genderand class levels.Materialand Methods: To test the main hypothesis, a total of 112 student- athletes (47 femaleand 65 male), performing individual and team sports from the Mersin University School ofPhysical Education and Sports were involved in this study. Data were collected by ‘Social SkillsInventory” developed by Riggio (1986, 1989) and adapted to Turkish by Yüksel (1998).Results: T -test results showed that the mean scores of 6 sub-dimensions of social skills scaledoes not change with regard to types of sports. But, there were significant differences of meanscores of social control changes with respect to gender and this score was higher for femaleathletes compared to male counterparts. Moreover, the results of Kruskal Wallis Analysisindicated that there was a significant difference in all sub dimensions except emotionalawareness subscale compared to class level. First year students had the highest scores in termsof emotional expressivity, emotional control, social expressivity, social awareness, and socialcontrol.Conclusion: It could be stated that women are more successful in social skills, although thelevel of social skills of student-athletes does not differ according to sport., Amaç: Mersin Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulu (BESYO)’nda öğrenim görenöğrencilerin sosyal beceri puanlarının spor türüne, cinsiyete ve sınıf düzeylerine görekarşılaştırılmasıdır.Materyal ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya Mersin Üniversitesi BESYO’da öğrenim gören, aynızamanda bireysel ve takım sporlarında mücadele eden 47 kadın ve 65 erkek olmak üzeretoplam 112 öğrenci-sporcu katılmıştır. Veriler, Riggio (1986, 1989) tarafından geliştirilen veYüksel (1998) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanan “Sosyal Beceri Envanteri” ile toplanmıştır.Bulgular: Analizler, öğrencilerin Sosyal Beceri Envanteri alt boyut ortalama puanlarının sportürüne göre farklılaşmadığını göstermiştir. Cinsiyete ilişkin yapılan karşılaştırmalarda ise kadınsporcuların sosyal kontrol alt boyut ortalama puanlarının erkek sporculara göre daha yüksekolduğu bulunmuştur. Kruskall Wallis Analiz sonuçlarına göre; duygusal duyarlık alt ölçeğidışındaki diğer tüm alt boyutlarda sınıf düzeyine göre anlamlı bir fark olduğu (p

Takım ve bireysel sporlarda 14-18 yaş sporculara uygulanan şiddetin boyutlarının araştırılması.Bu araştırma, spor yapılan tüm mekânlarda sporcu olan veya sporcu kimliği almaya çalışan gençlerin, sportif faaliyetler sırasında karşılaştıkları şiddetin sıklığı, süresi ve etkilerinin ne boyutlarda olduğu, kimler tarafından, neden, nasıl uygulandığını belirlemeye yönelik betimsel bir çalışmadır.Verilerin değerlendirmesi, p

4th World Conference on Educational Sciences (WCES) -- FEB 02-05, 2012 -- Univ Barcelona, Barcelona, SPAIN WOS:000314465900046 The aim of this study is surveying the relationships between the goal orientations of the students sporting as team sport and individualistically and the level of their basic psychologic needs at the school of physical education and sports. 126 male and 83 femal in total 209 students sporting actively at the schools of Physical Education and Sports of Gazi University, Selcuk University, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University and Ataturk University attended the survey (average of age is 22.3971 +/- 1.75 years). Firstly, the present data concerning the aim of the study has been given systematically by reviewing the literature. Thus, a theoretical framework has been formed. Secondly, "Scale of Task and Ego Orientation of Sports" developed by Duda (1989) and adapted to Turkish athletes by Toros (2001) and Basic Psychological Needs Scale Decive Ryan (2000) adapted to Turkish by Kesici, Ure et al. (2003) have been applied to the students to achieve the objectives of the research. In the analysis and commenting the data; by using the pearson product moment correlation statistical technique, P

This paper presents aspects of motivational profile of individual practitioners of sports performance. For the present study we chose three disciplines: gymnastics, athletics and skiing. We believe that structure is a motivational factor, emotional control and complete outline individual features.Study aim was to investigate the motivation and motivational profile of practitioners performing sports mentioned above, and the main research method was survey questionnaire. Results showed an organized structure based motivational aspects of this research and motivational profile of subjects but present common points and differences resulting from each specific sport and the environment.