Search

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a unit of basketball based on Teaching Games for Understanding model combined with a program of unstructured practice based on small-sided games (experimental group), in comparison to the only application of the unit (control group), on the decision-making and execution in Physical Education students. Participants were 31 students with ages between 12 and 14. The intervention was conducted over four weeks, developing eight PE lessons and eight school recess to unstructured practice. The decision-making and the execution of the pass action were measured by systematic observation, using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool instrument. Results showed in the experimental group, significantly higher values in post-test with respect to pre-test, in both variables (decison-making, p = .001; execution, p = .024). Regarding to the control group, these differences were found only in the decision-making (p = .021). Findings demonstrated that the joined application of a unit with unstructured practise is more effective to improve decision-making and skill execution that if students are expose only in the Physical Education lessons. Therefore, we recommend teachers promote opportunities to students to have experiences in school recess. Resumen: El propósito de este estudio fue analizar el efecto de una Unidad Didáctica de baloncesto basada en el modelo Enseñanza de los Juegos a través de la Comprensión, combinada con un programa de práctica no estructurada basado en juegos modificados (grupo experimental), en comparación con la aplicación únicamente de la Unidad Didáctica (grupo control), en la toma de decisiones y la ejecución en alumnos de Educación Física. Participaron 31 alumnos con edades entre 12 y 14 años. La intervención se realizó durante cuatro semanas, desarrollándose ocho clases de Educación Física y ocho recreos para la práctica no estructurada. La toma de decisiones y la ejecución fueron medidas a través de observación sistemática, usando el Instrumento de Evaluación del Rendimiento en el Juego. Los resultados mostraron en el grupo experimental, valores significativamente más altos en la evaluación final con respecto a la inicial, en ambas variables (toma de decisiones, p = .001; ejecución, p = .024).. Con respecto al grupo control, estas diferencias se encontraron solo en la toma de decisiones (p = .021). Los resultados demostraron que la aplicación conjunta de una Unidad Didáctica con práctica no estructurada es más efectiva para mejorar tanto la toma de decisiones como la ejecución de las habilidades, en vez de exponer a los alumnos solo a las clases de Educación Física. Por tanto, se recomienda que los profesores promuevan oportunidades de práctica en los recreos para los alumnos.

As an alternative to the direct instructional model, Metzler proposed a range of pedagogical models that include second generation models such as teaching games for understanding (TGfU) and sport education (SE). These pedagogical models have key design features that can promote high levels of autonomous motivation for both boys and girls. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the motivational outcomes of elementary boys and girls as they participated in an invasion game unit through two pedagogical models: a hybrid TGfU/SE unit or a direct instruction unit. Participants were 292 elementary school students (mean age = 10.41, standard deviation age = 0.49), who were taught through a hybrid TGfU/SE unit or a more traditional teacher-centred format within a pre-intervention/post-intervention quasi-experimental design. The hybrid unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE, while learning tasks were designed to integrate the pedagogical principles of TGfU. A 2 (pedagogical model) × 2 (test-time) × 2 (gender) multivariate analysis of variance was performed to detect between-groups and within-group differences. Significant differences in student motivation were observed for both boys and girls who participated in the hybrid TGfU/SE unit in both analyses across all motivational outcomes. Despite the existence of social stereotypes in terms of physical activity, teachers’ use of hybrid TGfU/SE units promotes an autonomy-supportive, inclusive, and equitable learning environment where all students, regardless of their gender and/or content focus of the unit and have opportunities to increase their engagement, enjoyment, and social interactions within physical education lessons.

The purpose of this study was to implement a comprehensive teaching program based on the principles of Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) model and questioning, and to assess its consequences for students’ satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivation, perceptions of ability and intention to be physically active during Physical Education lessons in primary education. A quasi-experimental design was utilized. Participants were 111 students from two different groups of fifth and sixth graders, all enrolled in one primary school. Participants were divided into experimental and control group. Experimental group experienced a TGfU unit, according to small side games and the questioning. Control group experienced a small side games unit, without questioning. Within-group results showed that experimental group students reported significantly higher mean scores in all dependents variables of the study, in both genders. Results showed that control group only reported significantly higher mean scores in intention to be physically active variable, also in both genders. The results demonstrate the need to implement didactic units under comprehensive pedagogical approaches to improve motivation and the intention to develop healthy lifestyle habits in female and male students. More researches are needed to support this evidence.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of a hybrid teaching games for understanding (TGfU) and sport education (SE) physical education unit on autonomy support, perceived motivational climate, enjoyment and perceived competence, in comparison to a unit delivered via a traditional direct instruction model. A crossover design was utilized. Participants were 55 students divided into two groups. One group experienced a hybrid TGfU/SE unit first, followed by a unit of direct instruction. A second group experienced the units in the opposite order. The hybrid unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE (e.g. formal competition, seasons, team identity, roles, etc.) and learning tasks were designed to integrate the pedagogical principles of TGfU. Dependent variables were measured using validated questionnaires. Results showed that regardless of the order of intervention, students in the two groups reported significantly higher mean scores in interest in athletes’ input, praise for autonomous behavior, perceived competence, and enjoyment when they were taught using the hybrid TGfU/SE unit. The results demonstrate some initial evidence that a teacher’s employment of a hybrid TGfU/SE unit can encourage students to assume responsibilities and make independent decisions, which leads to them reporting greater enjoyment and perceived competence when compared to physical education lessons delivered via a traditional direct instruction model.

The main objective of the study was to determine the game models used by different volleyball teams in formative stages. The study sample was comprised of the 66 teams in the Under-14 and Under-16 Spanish Championship and the 21 teams in the Under-19 male Spanish Championship. The study variables were: attack system, reception system, incorporation of the libero player and defensive system. The results showed that the more employed systems in formative stages were: 5-1 offensive system; four-player in semicircle reception, in Under-14 category, and three-player V reception, in Under-16 and Under-19 categories; incorporation of the libero, except in U-14 and U-16 in both male and female; in defense, the most habitual starting position was 3-2-1, and the most habitual final positions in zones four and two were 2-0-4, in male, and 2-1-3, in female. In addition, a very slight association between gender and final positions of defense in zones four and two in U-14 and U-16 categories was obtained. Finally, the most usual central defense final position were 1-2-3, in Under-14 and Under-16 categories, and 2-1-3, in Under-19. These results can be considered by volleyball coaches in formative stages in order to choice and analysis their own game model El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer los modelos de juego empleados por diferentes equipos de voleibol de etapas de formación. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 66 equipos participantes en el Campeonato de España de Selecciones Autonómicas infantil (13-14 años) y cadete (15-16 años) y por 21 equipos participantes en el Campeonato de España Juvenil Masculino (17-19 años). Las variables fueron: sistema de ataque, sistema de recepción, incorporación del líbero y sistema de defensa. Los resultados mostraron que los sistemas más empleados en etapas de formación fueron: sistema de ataque 5-1; sistema de recepción de cuatro jugadores en semicírculo, en categoría infantil y de tres jugadores en V, en categoría cadete y juvenil; incorporación del líbero, excepto en categoría infantil en ambos géneros; en defensa, la posición inicial habitual fue 3-2-1 y las posiciones finales más habituales por los laterales fueron 2-0-4, en el género masculino, y 2-1-3, en el género femenino. Además de ello, se obtuvo una asociación muy leve entre el género y las posiciones finales de defensa por los laterales en categoría infantil y cadete. Finalmente, por la zona central de la red las posiciones más comunes fueron 1-2-3, en categoría infantil y cadete, y 2-1-3 en categoría juvenil. Estos resultados pueden ser considerados por los entrenadores de equipos de etapas de formación para la elección o análisis de modelos de juego en voleibol Actividad Física y Deporte

Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), this study aims to examine whether the effects of a hybrid Sport Education (SE)/Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) a volleyball teaching unit were equally effective on a set of SDT-related variables according to students&rsquo, initial motivations. A pre-experimental pre-/post-test design without a control group was conducted in a volleyball teaching unit in Physical Education. A final sample of 49 students (M = 15.50, SD = 0.57), in their fourth year of secondary education, participated in a hybrid SE/TGfU volleyball teaching unit composed of 10 lessons. The structure of this unit was designed according to the characteristics of an SE model, while learning tasks were designed using the TGfU model. Different validated questionnaires on basic psychological need (BPN) support and satisfaction, novelty and variety satisfaction, motivation, and intention to be physically active were completed by students. Three different profiles with different Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) levels (i.e., &ldquo, high&rdquo, &ldquo, moderate&rdquo, and &ldquo, low&rdquo, ) were identified through cluster analysis before starting the intervention. Although the SE/TGfU of a volleyball teaching unit were effective in improving SDT-related variables in the three profiles identified, a large effect size was observed in profiles with a &ldquo, or &ldquo, RAI. The hybridization of these two pedagogical models could be a tool for improving motivational outcomes in students who are less motivated in Physical Education lessons.

Background This study has analyzed the impact of applying a decision training program, in which video-feedback and questioning were used, on the development of decision-making, skill execution and procedural knowledge in basketball players. Methods Participants were eleven male players aged between 12 and 13 years old (Mage = 12.75, SDage = .65), who were assigned to an experimental or control group within a pre-test/intervention test/retention test quasi-experimental design. The decision training program was applied over 11 weeks. Throughout this intervention, players had to analyze the causes and reasons for the decision made, using video feedback and questioning to this end. Decision-making and skill execution variables were analyzed using the French & Thomas (1987) observation instrument, while a validated questionnaire was used to assess procedural knowledge in basketball. Results The results reported that sport expertise improved in players from the experimental group, who had significantly higher intervention test scores for successful decisions and skill executions when compared to players in the control group. In the intra-group analysis, the experimental group significantly improved in the intervention test compared to the pre-test, in terms of some of the variables of decision-making, skill execution and procedural knowledge. Discussion These results reinforce the idea of including cognitive tools in training, such as video-feedback and questioning, to improve sport expertise in players’ formative stages, and presumably to improve their performance whilst maintaining decision training throughout time.

The aim of the study was to compare the procedural knowledge of expert and novice volleyball players, considering that the expert cognitive profile can be used as a reference in the tactical training process of players. The participants in this study included 8 experts and 11 novices. McPherson and Thomas’ verbal protocol instrument was used to access the players’ tactical knowledge. The results showed significant differences, with higher mean values in experts, in the condition and regulatory concepts, and in the hierarchies of goals related to themselves and opponents. Coaches must pay attention on increasing the amount of elements to analyse related to the environment, in order to improve players’ tactical training process in the service action. Athletes need to be taught on prioritize the most relevant elements of the environment. When training the serve, the areas of responsibility, strengths and weaknesses of each receiver must be assessed, as well as the influence of the serve on the construction of the opponent’s attack.

Grounded in self-determination theory, this pre-experimental study analyzed the effects of a hybrid teaching games for understanding/sport education (TGfU/SE) volleyball teaching unit on students&rsquo, motivational outcomes, using a mixed-method approach. It also examined whether the intervention was equally effective for boys and girls. Participants were 53 secondary school students (Mage = 15.50, SDage = 0.57) who were taught through a hybrid TGfU/SE unit. The structure of this unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE model, while learning tasks were designed by using the pedagogical principles of TGfU model. Both self-reported validated questionnaires and focus groups were used before and after intervention to assess students&rsquo, motivational responses. After the hybrid TGfU/SE unit, both quantitative and qualitative findings showed improvements in students&rsquo, perceptions of need-support from the physical education (PE) teacher, basic psychological needs satisfaction, novelty, and variety satisfaction, as well as intrinsic motivation compared to baseline values. Although the hybrid TGfU/SE unit was effective in both genders, a large effect size was found for girls. Despite the existence of social and cultural stereotypes in team sports such as volleyball in favor of boys, results highlight the importance of developing hybrid TGfU/SE units to improve students&rsquo, motivational outcomes, especially in girls.

Purpose: This study analysed the effects of a training intervention programme using principles of Non-Linear Pedagogy (NLP) on the decision making (DM) and performance behaviours (P) of youth footballers.\ud \ud Method: 19 footballers (U12 yrs) participated in 14 training sessions, spread over three phases: Pre-intervention, Intervention, Retention. The intervention was based on Small-Sided and Conditioned Games. We assessed progress during the intervention phase at two different points: intermediate and final. The GPET instrument was used to analyse the DM and P during the completion of 3208 passes in the intervention.\ud \ud Results: Results shown significant improvements in the DM and P after the intermediate and final points of the acquisition phase. Moreover, significantly higher values were also obtained in both variables in the retention, compared to the pre-intervention phase.\ud \ud Conclusion: Results indicated that the NLP intervention programme was effective in improving both aspects of team games performance in youth players, with effects consolidated over time.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar el efecto de manipulación de diferentes condicionantes de la tarea sobre la toma de decisiones y la eficacia de la acción de ataque en voleibol. Se planteó un diseño pre-experimental en el que participaron 22 alumnos de Educación Física con una edad comprendida entre los 12 y 13 años. La variable independiente fue un programa de intervención aplicado durante las 9 sesiones de una Unidad Didáctica, la cual fue diseñada en base a los principios metodológicos de la pedagogía no lineal, centrándose fundamentalmente en manipular condicionantes de la tarea, tales como, espacio de juego, altura de la red y número de participantes. Las variables dependientes fueron la toma de decisiones y la eficacia en la acción de ataque. Ambas variables fueron evaluadas a partir de la observación sistemática, utilizando el “Game Performance Assesment Instrument” (GPAI) (Oslin, Mitchell, & Griffin, 1998) para la toma de decisiones y el “Team Sports Assesment Procedure” (TSAP) (Gréhaigne et al., 1997) para la eficacia de la acción de ataque. Los resultados del estudio determinaron que todos los participantes manifestaron una mejora significativa, tanto en la toma de decisiones como en la eficacia entre la medida pre-test y pos-test. Respecto a estos resultados, el profesor de Educación Física, con el propósito de hacer progresar a los alumnos en su competencia táctica, debe diseñar tareas motrices que sean representativas del juego real y cuya complejidad táctica sea adaptada al nivel de aprendizaje de los discentes.Abstract. The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of manipulating different task constraints, such as play space, net height and number of participants on decision-making and efficacy in the attack action in volleyball. A pre-experimental design, in which 22 students aged between 12 and 13 years participated, was implemented. The independent variable was an intervention program applied during the 9 sessions of a teaching unit, which was designed based on the methodological principles of nonlinear pedagogy, focusing primarily on manipulating the different task constraints referred to above. The dependent variables were the decision-making and the efficacy in the attack action. Both variables were evaluated through the systematic observation of the game action, using the Game Performance Assessment Instrument (GPAI; Oslin, Mitchell, & Griffin, 1998) for decision-making and the Team Sports Assessment Procedure (TSAP; Gréhaigne et al., 1997) for the efficacy of the attack action. The results of the study showed that all participants improved both decision making and efficacy between the pre-test and post-test measures. Regarding these results, Physical Education teachers, with the purpose of advancing students in the tactical competence, should design tasks representative of the game and with a tactical complexity adapted to the learning level of the students.

The main objective of this study was to identify differences in self-confidence, perception of ability and perceived need of competence between winner and loser teams of young volleyball players. The study sample was composed of 173 Under-16 (M: 14.63, SD: 1.05) participants (74 males, 99 females). The T-test for independent samples showed statistically significant differences in self-confidence (F 1,171 = 3.95; p=.048; np 2 =.023), incremental perception of ability (F 1,171 = 10.28; p=.002; np 2 =.890) and perceived competence (F 1,171 = 5.451; p 2 =.954) between players from winner and loser teams. Our results are supported by previous studies that showed highest values in winner teams than in loser teams.

In recent years, a number of quantitative methods have been identified and developed with the specific intent of assisting the objective analysis of athletic performance (Nelson & Groom, 2012). The main aim of this research was to clarify the importance of performance in game actions as determinant of match result in a sample of young volleyball male players. The study sample was composed of 74 male participants belonging to the Under-16 teams (M: 14.61; SD: .88) from the Extremadura Volleyball League in the 2010/2011 season. The studied variables were: performance in game actions (serve, defense, setting and spike) and match result (win/lost). FIVB Observational System (Coleman, 1975) has been the instrument for data recollection, it has been applied previously in numerous studies and is accepted as a valid tool for research community. The T-test for independent samples results showed statistically significant differences in performance of game actions: serve (F1,72= 3.86; p=.048; np2=.492), defense (F1,72=14.07; p

ResumenEl propósito del estudio fue analizar la influencia de la experiencia en práctica federada sobre el desarrollo del conocimiento declarativo y procedimental en jugadores de voleibol en categorías de formación. Se ha planteado un estudio descriptivo correlacional en el que han participado un total de 450 jugadores de voleibol. La variable independiente fue la experiencia en práctica federada, y las variables dependientes fueron el conocimiento declarativo y el conocimiento procedimental que fueron medidas mediante la cumplimentación de dos cuestionarios. De los resultados del estudio podemos destacar que se encontraron diferencias significativas en función de la experiencia en práctica federada, tanto en el conocimiento declarativo como en el conocimiento procedimental, produciéndose un salto en el conocimiento a partir del cuarto año de experiencia. Estos resultados son similares a los obtenidos en diversos estudios basados en la pericia deportiva en voleibol, confirmándose la importancia de la experiencia vivida por el deportista para el desarrollo del conocimiento y con ello de la pericia deportiva.AbstractThe intention of the study was to analyze the influence of the experience in practice federated on the development of the declarative and procedural knowledge in players of volleyball in categories of formation. It has presented a descriptive correlational study that enrolled a total of 450 volleyball players. The independent variable was the experience in federated practice, and the dependent variables were the declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge that were measured by completing two questionnaires. From the results of the study we can distinguish that they found significant differences depending on the experience in federated practice, both in the declarative knowledge and in the procedural knowledge, producing a in the knowledge from the fourth year of experience. These results are similar to the obtained in diverse studies based on the expertise in volleyball, being confirmed the importance of the experience lived by the player for the development of the knowledge.

To optimize players' tactical abilities, coaches need to design training sessions with representative learning tasks, such as, small-sided games. Moreover, it is necessary to adapt the complexity of the tasks to the skill level of the athletes to maximally improve their perceptual, visual and attentive abilities. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of two teaching programs, each utilizing modified games with varied levels of opposition, on decision-making and action execution in young players with different levels of sports expertise. 19 football players (U12), separated into two ability groups (Average versus Low skill-level), participated in a series of training sessions that were spread over 4 phases: Pre-intervention 1, Intervention 1 (teaching program based on modified games with numerical superiority in attack), Pre-intervention 2 and Intervention 2 (teaching program based on modified games with numerical equality). Each intervention phase lasted 14 sessions. Decision-making and the execution of pass action during league matches over the same period were evaluated using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). The Average skill-level group showed significant differences after the first intervention in decision-making and execution of the pass action (decision-making, p = .015; execution, p = .031), but not after the second intervention (decision-making, p = 1.000; execution, p = 1.000). For the Low skill-level group, significant differences were only observed in the execution of passing between the first and last phases (p = .014). These findings seem to indicate that for groups with an average level of expertise, training with numerical superiority in attack provides players with more time to make better decisions and to better execute actions. However, for lower-level groups programs may take longer to facilitate improvement. Nevertheless, numerical equality did not result in improvement for either group.

The Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and Sport Education (SE) pedagogical models share several objectives and pedagogical processes. Despite this seemingly uncanny relationship, few studies have examined the efficacy of a hybrid TGfU/SE pedagogical model, particularly how a teacher's utilization of such a model impacts on student motivation. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect a hybrid TGfU/SE unit, in comparison to direct instruction, on students' perceptions of various aspects of their motivation to engage in physical education (autonomous motivation, basic psychological needs, enjoyment and intention to be physically active). A crossover design was utilized, using the technique of counterbalancing. One group experienced a hybrid SE/TGfU unit first, followed by a unit of direct instruction. A second group experienced the units in the opposite order. Participants were 55 students. The intervention was conducted over a total of 16 lessons. The hybrid unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE by using seasons, roles, persistent teams, etc. Learning tasks set by the teacher during individual lessons, however, were designed according to the pedagogical principles of TGfU. Student motivation data was generated using validated questionnaires. Results showed that regardless of the order of intervention, the two groups showed significant improvements in autonomy, competence and enjoyment when they were taught using the hybrid model. Instead, in the variables autonomous motivation, relatedness and intention to be physically active there were no significant improvements in one group. These results demonstrate that it is possible to design varied learning situations in which affiliation, leadership and trust are fostered, while tasks are adapted to the characteristics of the students. All this can cause greater autonomous motivation, and consequently, perceived competence in the student, a positive image of the sport to practice, and therefore greater enjoyment and to be physically active.