41 results on '"David P. Mccabe"'
Search Results
2. Rapid communication: The fate of being forgotten: Information that is initially forgotten is judged as less important
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David P. McCabe, Matthew G. Rhodes, Nicholas C. Soderstrom, Vanessa M. Loaiza, and Alan D. Castel
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Cued recall ,Value (ethics) ,Forgetting ,Recall ,Physiology ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,General Medicine ,Test (assessment) ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Physiology (medical) ,Metamemory ,Significant other ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Is forgotten information deemed less important than remembered information? The present study examined potential biases regarding the importance of information that was initially forgotten. In Experiment 1 participants studied words paired with varying point values that denoted their importance and were encouraged to recall higher value words. Participants recalled more high-value words on an initial test. However, on a later cued recall test for the values, initially forgotten words were rated as less valuable than remembered words. Experiment 2 used a similar procedure with the exception that participants rated the importance of traits when evaluating a significant other (e.g., honest, intelligent). Participants were more likely to recall highly valued traits but regarded forgotten traits as less valuable than remembered traits. These results suggest that a forgetting bias exists: If information is initially forgotten, it is later deemed as less important.
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- 2012
3. Working Memory
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Vanessa M. Loaiza and David P. McCabe and
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Working memory ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Published
- 2012
4. Older adults predict more recollective experiences than younger adults
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David P. McCabe, Matthew G. Rhodes, and Nicholas C. Soderstrom
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Male ,Aging ,Adolescent ,Social Psychology ,Recall ,Age differences ,Age Factors ,Metacognition ,Anticipation, Psychological ,Test (assessment) ,Developmental psychology ,Judgment ,Cognition ,Younger adults ,Mental Recall ,Metamemory ,Humans ,Female ,Test performance ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,Psychology ,Episodic memory ,Aged - Abstract
We investigated whether older adults could successfully monitor age-related declines in recollection that are typically found on episodic memory tests. In two experiments, we elicited prospective metamemory judgments based on the remember-know procedure, called Judgments of Remembering and Knowing (JORKs). That is, participants predicted whether word pairs would be remembered (i.e., accompanied by recollective details), known (i.e., have a sense of familiarity devoid of recollective details), or forgotten, on a later test. Compared with actual test performance, older adults were highly overconfident in predicting remembering, whereas younger adults' predictions more closely corresponded with actual remembering. These data suggest that older adults have difficulties monitoring age-related declines in recollection.
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- 2012
5. On the validity of remember–know judgments: Evidence from think aloud protocols
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Lisa Geraci, Matthew G. Rhodes, Amanda E. Sensenig, David P. McCabe, and Jeffrey K. Boman
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Signal Detection, Psychological ,Adolescent ,Recall ,InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL ,Reproducibility of Results ,Recognition, Psychology ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Context (language use) ,Test (assessment) ,Thinking ,Judgment ,Young Adult ,InformationSystems_MODELSANDPRINCIPLES ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Memory ,Mental Recall ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Speech ,Psychology ,Think aloud protocol ,Social psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The use of remember-know judgments to assess subjective experience associated with memory retrieval, or as measures of recollection and familiarity processes, has been controversial. In the current study we had participants think aloud during study and provide verbal reports at test for remember-know and confidence (i.e., sure-probably) judgments. Results indicated that the vast majority of remember judgments for studied items were associated with recollection from study (87%), but this correspondence was less likely for high-confidence judgments (72%). Instead, high-confidence judgments were more likely than remember judgments to be associated with incorrect recollection and a lack of recollection. Know judgments were typically associated with a lack of recollection (62%), but still included recollection from the study context (33%). Thus, although remember judgments provided fairly accurate assessments of retrieval including contextual details, know judgments did not provide accurate assessments of retrieval lacking contextual details.
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- 2011
6. Executive functions and extraversion
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David P. McCabe, Alana Campbell, Lucy J. Troup, and Deana B. Davalos
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Extraversion and introversion ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Cognitive flexibility ,Personality ,Executive functions ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive psychology ,media_common ,Developmental psychology - Abstract
Executive functions and extraversion have been linked to similar neurological substrates. Participants were tested on a variety of tasks that assessed performance on three components of executive functioning (i.e., shifting, updating, and inhibition) and two measures of extraversion (Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised and Carver and White’s BIS/BAS scales). More extraverted participants showed different patterns of executive function performance than the more introverted participants. Extraverts performed best on more difficult tasks and on updating tasks. Conversely, introverts performed best on set shifting tasks. These results suggest that executive functioning strengths differ based on degree of extraversion.
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- 2011
7. The Influence of fMRI Lie Detection Evidence on Juror Decision-Making
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Matthew G. Rhodes, David P. McCabe, and Alan D. Castel
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Evidence-based practice ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Criminal trial ,Polygraph ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Clinical Psychology ,Lie detection ,Neuroimaging ,Vignette ,medicine ,Functional magnetic resonance imaging ,Psychology ,Law ,Social psychology ,Lying - Abstract
In the current study, we report on an experiment examining whether functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) lie detection evidence would influence potential jurors' assessment of guilt in a criminal trial. Potential jurors (N = 330) read a vignette summarizing a trial, with some versions of the vignette including lie detection evidence indicating that the defendant was lying about having committed the crime. Lie detector evidence was based on evidence from the polygraph, fMRI (functional brain imaging), or thermal facial imaging. Results showed that fMRI lie detection evidence led to more guilty verdicts than lie detection evidence based on polygraph evidence, thermal facial imaging, or a control condition that did not include lie detection evidence. However, when the validity of the fMRI lie detection evidence was called into question on cross-examination, guilty verdicts were reduced to the level of the control condition. These results provide important information about the influence of lie detection evidence in legal settings.
- Published
- 2011
8. The interplay between value and relatedness as bases for metacognitive monitoring and control: Evidence for agenda-based monitoring
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Nicholas C. Soderstrom and David P. McCabe
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Male ,Linguistics and Language ,Vocabulary ,Time Factors ,Universities ,Experimental psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Time allocation ,Metacognition ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Semantics ,Language and Linguistics ,Memorization ,Judgment ,Cognition ,Humans ,Students ,media_common ,Analysis of Variance ,Paired-Associate Learning ,Mental Recall ,Female ,Cues ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Value (mathematics) ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Two experiments are reported examining how value and relatedness interact to influence metacognitive monitoring and control processes. Participants studied unrelated and related word pairs, each accompanied by point values denoting how important the items were to remember. These values were presented either before or after each pair in a between-subjects design, and participants made item-by-item judgments of learning (JOLs) predicting the likelihood that each item would be remembered later. Results from Experiment 1 showed that participants used value and relatedness as cues to inform their JOLs. Interestingly, JOLs increased as a function of value even in the after condition in which value had no impact on cued recall. Participants in Experiment 2 were permitted to control study time for each item. Results showed that value and relatedness were simultaneously considered when allocating study time. These results support a cue-weighting process in which JOLs and study time allocation are based on multiple cues, which may or may not be predictive of future memory performance, and complements the agenda-based regulation model of study time (Ariel, Dunlosky, & Bailey, 2009) by providing evidence for agenda-based monitoring.
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- 2011
9. Automatic processing influences free recall: converging evidence from the process dissociation procedure and remember-know judgments
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David P. McCabe, Jeffrey D. Karpicke, and Henry L. Roediger
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Recall ,Recall test ,Association Learning ,Retention, Psychology ,Automaticity ,Recognition, Psychology ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Awareness ,Verbal Learning ,Verbal learning ,Serial position effect ,Judgment ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Free recall ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Mental Recall ,Speech Perception ,Humans ,Attention ,Implicit memory ,Psychology ,Levels-of-processing effect ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Dual-process theories of retrieval suggest that controlled and automatic processing contribute to memory performance. Free recall tests are often considered pure measures of recollection, assessing only the controlled process. We report two experiments demonstrating that automatic processes also influence free recall. Experiment 1 used inclusion and exclusion tasks to estimate recollection and automaticity in free recall, adopting a new variant of the process dissociation procedure. Dividing attention during study selectively reduced the recollection estimate but did not affect the automatic component. In Experiment 2, we replicated the results of Experiment 1, and subjects additionally reported remember-know-guess judgments during recall in the inclusion condition. In the latter task, dividing attention during study reduced remember judgments for studied items, but know responses were unaffected. Results from both methods indicated that free recall is partly driven by automatic processes. Thus, we conclude that retrieval in free recall tests is not driven solely by conscious recollection (or remembering) but also by automatic influences of the same sort believed to drive priming on implicit memory tests. Sometimes items come to mind without volition in free recall.
- Published
- 2010
10. The influence of complex working memory span task administration methods on prediction of higher level cognition and metacognitive control of response times
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David P. McCabe
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Metacognition ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Developmental psychology ,Task (project management) ,Young Adult ,Cognition ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Task Performance and Analysis ,Reaction Time ,Memory span ,Humans ,Episodic memory ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Recall ,Working memory ,Middle Aged ,Memory, Short-Term ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Stroop Test ,Female ,Psychology ,Stroop effect ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Participants between the ages of 18 and 80 were tested on a complex working memory span task that was administered either using a typical experimenter-paced method or using a method in which the processing component was presented at a fixed, limited-pace presentation rate. Path analyses revealed that even after controlling for individual differences in general processing speed, the limited-pace task predicted unique variance in episodic memory, executive functioning, and fluid intelligence, whereas the experimenter-paced task did not. For the experimenter-paced task, slower responses on the processing component of the task were associated with better recall, but only when individual differences in processing speed were controlled. These findings suggest that metacognitive control of response times affects recall from working memory span tasks, as well as the relationship between span task recall and high-level cognition. These results support resource-sharing explanations of working memory and suggest that limiting processing times using computer pacing of complex span tasks can be an effective way to efficiently measure working memory capacity.
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- 2010
11. Odor recognition without identification
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David P. McCabe, Jason S. Nomi, Anne M. Cleary, and Kristen E. Konkel
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medicine.medical_specialty ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Olfaction ,Audiology ,Developmental psychology ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Perception ,medicine ,Humans ,Mixed model anova ,media_common ,musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology ,Association Learning ,Recognition, Psychology ,Awareness ,Semantics ,Smell ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Odor ,Odor recognition ,Mental Recall ,Odorants ,Identification (biology) ,Psychology ,psychological phenomena and processes - Abstract
Odors are notoriously difficult to identify, yet an odor can often lead to a sense of recognition, despite an inability to identify it. In the present study, we examined this phenomenon using the recognition-without-identification paradigm. Participants studied either odor names alone or odor names that were accompanied by scratch-and-sniff stickers containing their corresponding scents. At test, the participants were presented with blank scratch-and-sniff stickers, half of which corresponded to items that were studied and half of which did not. The participants attempted to identify each test odor, as well as to rate the likelihood that it corresponded to a studied item. In addition, the participants indicated whether they were in a tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state for a given odor's name. Odor recognition without identification was found, but only when the participants had actually smelled the test odor at study; it was not found when the participants only studied odor names and were then tested with odors, suggesting that this effect is an episode-specific, perceptually driven phenomenon. Despite this difference, an overall TOT-attribution effect, whereby recognition ratings were higher during TOT states than during non-TOT states, was shown across conditions.
- Published
- 2010
12. Effects of healthy aging and early stage dementia of the Alzheimer's type on components of response time distributions in three attention tasks
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David A. Balota, David P. McCabe, Janet M. Duchek, Chi-Shing Tse, and Melvin J. Yap
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Male ,Personality Tests ,Aging ,Psychometrics ,Individuality ,Normal Distribution ,Short-term memory ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Executive Function ,Alzheimer Disease ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Semantic memory ,Attention ,Big Five personality traits ,Aged ,Models, Statistical ,Working memory ,Attentional control ,Conscientiousness ,Neuroticism ,Memory, Short-Term ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Disease Progression ,Female ,Psychology ,Algorithms ,Color Perception ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The characteristics of response time (RT) distributions beyond measures of central tendency were explored in 3 attention tasks across groups of young adults, healthy older adults, and individuals with very mild dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT).Participants were administered computerized Stroop, Simon, and switching tasks, along with psychometric tasks that tap various cognitive abilities and a standard personality inventory (NEO-FFI). Ex-Gaussian (and Vincentile) analyses were used to capture the characteristics of the RT distributions for each participant across the 3 tasks, which afforded 3 components: mu and sigma (mean and standard deviation of the modal portion of the distribution) and tau (the positive tail of the distribution).The results indicated that across all 3 attention tasks, healthy aging produced large changes in the central tendency mu parameter of the distribution along with some change in sigma and tau (mean etap(2) = .17, .08, and .04, respectively). In contrast, early stage DAT primarily produced an increase in the tau component (mean etap(2) = .06). tau was also correlated with the psychometric measures of episodic/semantic memory, working memory, and processing speed, and with the personality traits of neuroticism and conscientiousness. Structural equation modeling indicated a unique relation between a latent tau construct (-.90), as opposed to sigma (-.09) and mu constructs (.24), with working memory measures.The results suggest a critical role of attentional control systems in discriminating healthy aging from early stage DAT and the utility of RT distribution analyses to better specify the nature of such change.
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- 2010
13. The Influence of Distinctive Processing Manipulations on Older Adults' False Memory
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Mark A. McDaniel, Courtney C. Dornburg, Karin M. Butler, and David P. McCabe
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Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,False memory ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Developmental psychology ,Memory ,Encoding (memory) ,Humans ,Young adult ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Analysis of Variance ,Memory errors ,Memoria ,Neuropsychology ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Recognition, Psychology ,Modality effect ,Frontal Lobe ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Reading ,Frontal lobe ,Mental Recall ,Speech Perception ,Visual Perception ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Covertly generating item-specific characteristics for each studied word from DRM (Deese-Roediger-McDermott) lists decreases false memory in young adults. The typical interpretation of this finding is that item-specific characteristics act as additional unique source information bound to each studied item at encoding, and at retrieval young adults can use the absence of this type of information to reject non-presented associated words that might otherwise be falsely remembered. In two experiments, we examined whether healthy older adults could use this strategy to reduce their false memories in the DRM paradigm. In Experiment 1, low frontal lobe functioning was associated with increased false memory in the item-specific strategy condition. Experiment 2 found more memory intrusions under item-specific encoding and the same amount of false memory in auditory and visual presentation conditions, i.e., no modality effect, even with 8 s of encoding time. Both findings are consistent with impaired distinctive processing by older adults.
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- 2010
14. The relationship between working memory capacity and executive functioning: Evidence for a common executive attention construct
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Mark A. McDaniel, David P. McCabe, Henry L. Roediger, David Z. Hambrick, and David A. Balota
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Statistics as Topic ,Short-term memory ,Models, Psychological ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Vocabulary ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Executive Function ,Young Adult ,Reaction Time ,Executive attention ,Humans ,Attention ,Episodic memory ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Models, Statistical ,Working memory ,Age Factors ,Attentional control ,Cognition ,Middle Aged ,Memory, Short-Term ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Hot cognition ,Female ,Psychology ,Construct (philosophy) ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Attentional control has been conceptualized as executive functioning by neuropsychologists and as working memory capacity by experimental psychologists. We examined the relationship between these constructs using a factor analytic approach in an adult life span sample. Several tests of working memory capacity and executive function were administered to more than 200 subjects between 18 and 90 years of age, along with tests of processing speed and episodic memory. The correlation between working memory capacity and executive functioning constructs was very strong (r = .97), but correlations between these constructs and processing speed were considerably weaker (rs approximately .79). Controlling for working memory capacity and executive function eliminated age effects on episodic memory, and working memory capacity and executive function accounted for variance in episodic memory beyond that accounted for by processing speed. We conclude that tests of working memory capacity and executive function share a common underlying executive attention component that is strongly predictive of higher level cognition.
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- 2010
15. Sequential learning models for the Wisconsin card sort task: Assessing processes in substance dependent individuals
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Antoine Bechara, David P. McCabe, Jerome R. Busemeyer, Julie C. Stout, John K. Kruschke, and Anthony J. Bishara
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Predictive validity ,Cognitive model ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Substance dependence ,Applied Mathematics ,Neuropsychological test ,medicine.disease ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Task (project management) ,Card sorting ,medicine ,Content validity ,Sequence learning ,Psychology ,General Psychology - Abstract
The Wisconsin Card Sort Task (WCST) is a commonly used neuropsychological test of executive or frontal lobe functioning. Traditional behavioral measures from the task (e.g., perseverative errors) distinguish healthy controls from clinical populations, but such measures can be difficult to interpret. In an attempt to supplement traditional measures, we developed and tested a family of sequential learning models that allowed for estimation of processes at the individual subject level in the WCST. Testing the model with substance dependent individuals and healthy controls, the model parameters significantly predicted group membership even when controlling for traditional behavioral measures from the task. Substance dependence was associated with a) slower attention shifting following punished trials and b) reduced decision consistency. Results suggest that model parameters may offer both incremental content validity and incremental predictive validity.
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- 2010
16. On interpreting the relationship between remember–know judgments and confidence: The role of instructions
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Jimmeka J. Guillory, David P. McCabe, and Lisa Geraci
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Memoria ,Culture ,Retention, Psychology ,Contrast (statistics) ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognition ,Awareness ,Verbal Learning ,Semantics ,Test (assessment) ,Judgment ,Variable (computer science) ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Mental Recall ,Metamemory ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Psychology ,Set (psychology) ,Social psychology ,Recognition memory ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Two experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the nature of the remember-know instructions given to participants influences whether these responses reflect different memory states or different degrees of memory confidence. Participants studied words and nonwords, a variable that has been shown to dissociate confidence from remember-know judgments and were given a set of published remember-know instructions that either emphasized know judgments as highly confident (Experiment 1) or as less confident (Experiment 2) states of recognition. Experiment 1 replicated the standard finding showing that remembering and knowing were differently influenced by the word-nonword variable, whereas confidence responses were not. By contrast, Experiment 2 showed a similar pattern of data for remember-know and sure-unsure responses, thus demonstrating the importance of the instructions for interpreting the relationship between remembering and knowing and confidence.
- Published
- 2009
17. The role of extralist associations in false
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David P. McCabe and Lisa Geraci
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Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Recall ,Memoria ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Misattribution of memory ,Context (language use) ,False memory ,Semantics ,Verbal learning ,Psychology ,Attribution ,Social psychology - Abstract
The finding that new items are judged as remembered in the remember-know paradigm presents a challenge to traditional process and systems accounts of memory. In three experiments, we demonstrated that false remember responses can be caused by misattributing recollection to a context other than the study list. In Experiments 1 and 2, false remember responses to distractors that were unrelated to studied words increased if they were encountered in a "preexposure" phase a few minutes or even a few days prior to the studied list. A third experiment demonstrated that remember responses to preexposed distractors increased when they were encoded in a manner similar to studied items, despite the more similar items being of weaker overall memory strength. We propose a source misattribution account of false remembering to explain these data, suggesting that all remember judgments reflect conscious recollection of contextual details, but false remember judgments are partly the result of recollection of details from an extralist context (i.e., from a source other than the study list).
- Published
- 2009
18. Memory efficiency and the strategic control of attention at encoding: Impairments of value-directed remembering in Alzheimer’s disease
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David P. McCabe, Alan D. Castel, and David A. Balota
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Male ,Aging ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Verbal learning ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Alzheimer Disease ,Memory ,Encoding (memory) ,Task Performance and Analysis ,Strategic control ,Humans ,Attention ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Memory Disorders ,Recall ,Working memory ,Memoria ,Association Learning ,Cognition ,Middle Aged ,Verbal Learning ,Serial position effect ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Mental Recall ,Female ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Selecting what is important to remember, attending to this information, and then later recalling it can be thought of in terms of the strategic control of attention and the efficient use of memory. In order to examine whether aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD) influenced this ability, the present study used a selectivity task, where studied items were worth various point values and participants were asked to maximize the value of the items they recalled. Relative to younger adults (N=35) and healthy older adults (N=109), individuals with very mild AD (N=41) and mild AD (N=13) showed impairments in the strategic and efficient encoding and recall of high value items. Although individuals with AD recalled more high value items than low value items, they did not efficiently maximize memory performance (as measured by a selectivity index) relative to healthy older adults. Performance on complex working memory span tasks was related to the recall of the high value items but not low value items. This pattern suggests that relative to healthy aging, AD leads to impairments in strategic control at encoding and value-directed remembering.
- Published
- 2009
19. False memories are not surprising: The subjective experience of an associative memory illusion
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Henry L. Roediger, Jeffrey D. Karpicke, and David P. McCabe
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Linguistics and Language ,Vocabulary ,Experimental psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Illusion ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognition ,False memory ,Language and Linguistics ,Associative learning ,Surprise ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Artificial Intelligence ,Metamemory ,Psychology ,media_common ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Four experiments examined subjective experience during retrieval in the DRM false memory paradigm [Deese, J. (1959). On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58 , 17–22; Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21 , 803–814]. Subjects studied lists of related words that were associated with critical non-presented words and then took a recognition test in which they made judgments about their experience of each test item. We tested the prediction from [Whittlesea, B. W. A. (2002). False memory and the discrepancy–attribution hypothesis: The prototype-familiarity illusion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131 , 96–115] discrepancy–attribution hypothesis that subjects experience critical lures as surprising, and that the experience of surprise leads them to call the lures old. We found that subjects were not surprised when they encountered critical lures on a recognition test and, in fact, they reported that they expected to see critical lures more than they expected to see words that they had actually studied. When subjects did experience words as surprising, they called the words new, not old. The results support the idea that false memories in the DRM paradigm occur when critical lures are activated in memory and fluently processed on a test, leading subjects to experience critical lures in much the same way that they experience words they actually studied. The results do not support the idea that false memories are surprising, as stated by the discrepancy–attribution hypothesis.
- Published
- 2008
20. The role of covert retrieval in working memory span tasks: Evidence from delayed recall tests
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David P. McCabe
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Linguistics and Language ,Recall ,Working memory ,Long-term memory ,InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSTORAGEANDRETRIEVAL ,Recall test ,Short-term memory ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Article ,Language and Linguistics ,Serial position effect ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Free recall ,Artificial Intelligence ,Memory span ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The current study examined delayed recall of items that had been processed during simple and complex span tasks. Three experiments were reported showing that despite more items being recalled initially from a simple span task (i.e., word span) than a complex span task (i.e., operation span), on a delayed recall test more items were recalled that had initially been processed during the complex span task. This delayed recall advantage for items processed during complex span tasks persisted when subjects were encouraged to process the items deeply during the initial span task (Experiment 2), and when initial recall during the span task was precluded (Experiment 3). The covert retrieval model explains these data as being the result of subjects maintaining items in working memory during complex span tasks by covertly retrieving them during the processing phases of the tasks. These covert retrieval attempts provide distributed practice retrieving items from long-term memory, creating effective retrieval cues for later delayed recall that are not created during simple span tasks. The covert retrieval model was supported by data showing that words presented in earlier serial positions during operation span, which had the greatest likelihood of being covertly retrieved, were most likely to be recalled on the delayed recall test. These data support the notion that complex working memory span tasks share considerable processing overlap with episodic memory tasks.
- Published
- 2008
21. Illusions of competence and overestimation of associative memory for identical items: Evidence from judgments of learning
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Henry L. Roediger, Alan D. Castel, and David P. McCabe
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Recall ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Memoria ,Illusion ,Aptitude ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognition ,Content-addressable memory ,Illusions ,Paired-Associate Learning ,Semantics ,Developmental psychology ,Judgment ,Fluency ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Practice, Psychological ,Mental Recall ,Metamemory ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Psychology ,Overconfidence effect ,media_common ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The relation between subjects' predicted and actual memory performance is a central issue in the domain of metacognition. In the present study, we examined the influence of item similarity and associative strength on judgments of learning (JOLs) in a cued recall task. We hypothesized that encoding fluency would cause a foresight bias, so that subjects would overestimate recall of identical pairs (scale-scale), as compared with strong associates (weight-scale) or unrelated pairs (mask-scale). In Experiment 1, JOLs for identical word pairs were higher than those for related and unrelated pairs, but later recall of identical pairs was lower than recall of related pairs. In Experiment 2, the effect of encoding fluency (inferred from self-paced study time) was examined, and a similar pattern of results was obtained, with subjects spending the least amount of time studying identical pairs. We conclude that overconfidence for identical pairs reflects an assessment of item similarity when JOLs are made, despite associative strength being a better predictor of later retrieval.
- Published
- 2007
22. The distinctiveness heuristic in false recognition and false recall
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David P. McCabe and Anderson D. Smith
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Psychological Tests ,Language Tests ,Recall ,Heuristic ,Speech recognition ,Recognition, Psychology ,False memory ,Models, Psychological ,Verbal Learning ,Anagrams ,Cognition ,False recognition ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Mental Recall ,Humans ,Optimal distinctiveness theory ,Psychology ,Control (linguistics) ,Social psychology ,General Psychology - Abstract
The effects of generative processing on false recognition and recall were examined in four experiments using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott false memory paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). In each experiment, a Generate condition in which subjects generated studied words from audio anagrams was compared to a Control condition in which subjects simply listened to studied words presented normally. Rates of false recognition and false recall were lower for critical lures associated with generated lists, than for critical lures associated with control lists, but only in between-subjects designs. False recall and recognition did not differ when generate and control conditions were manipulated within-subjects. This pattern of results is consistent with the distinctiveness heuristic (Schacter, Israel, & Racine, 1999), a metamemorial decision-based strategy whereby global changes in decision criteria lead to reductions of false memories. This retrieval-based monitoring mechanism appears to operate in a similar fashion in reducing false recognition and false recall.
- Published
- 2006
23. Item-specific processing reduces false memories
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Alison G. Presmanes, Anderson D. Smith, Chuck L. Robertson, and David P. Mccabe
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Recall ,Heuristic ,Repression, Psychology ,Recognition, Psychology ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,False memory ,Multiple-criteria decision analysis ,Constant false alarm rate ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Encoding (memory) ,Similarity (psychology) ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Optimal distinctiveness theory ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
We examined the effect of item-specific and relational encoding instructions on false recognition in two experiments in which the DRM paradigm was used (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). Type of encoding (item-specific or relational) was manipulated between subjects in Experiment 1 and within subjects in Experiment 2. Decision-based explanations (e.g., the distinctiveness heuristic) predict reductions in false recognition in between-subjects designs, but not in within-subjects designs, because they are conceptualized as global shifts in decision criteria. Memory-based explanations predict reductions in false recognition in both designs, resulting from enhanced recollection of item-specific details. False recognition was reduced following item-specific encoding instructions in both experiments, favoring a memory-based explanation. These results suggest that providing unique cues for the retrieval of individual studied items results in enhanced discrimination between those studied items and critical lures. Conversely, enhancing the similarity of studied items results in poor discrimination among items within a particular list theme. These results are discussed in terms of the item-specific/ relational framework (Hunt & McDaniel, 1993).
- Published
- 2004
24. The effect of warnings on false memories in young and older adults
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David P. Mccabe and Anderson D. Smith
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Repression, Psychology ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,False memory ,Audiology ,Vocabulary ,Adult age ,Developmental psychology ,Discrimination, Psychological ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Memory ,Memory span ,medicine ,Humans ,Young adult ,Aged ,Recognition memory ,Aged, 80 and over ,Working memory ,Age Factors ,Cognition ,Middle Aged ,Affect ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,False recognition ,Female ,Psychology - Abstract
In the present experiments , we examined adult age differences in the ability to suppress false memories, using the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). Participants studied lists of words (e.g.,bed, rest, awake, etc.), each related to a nonpresented critical lure word (e.g.,sleep). Typically, recognition tests reveal false alarms to critical lures at rates comparable to those for hits for studied words. In two experiments, separate groups of young and older adults were unwarned about the false memory effect, warned before studying the lists, or warned after study and before test. Lists were presented at either a slow rate (4 sec/word) or a faster rate (2 sec/word). Young adults were better able to discriminate between studied words and critical lures when warned about the DRM effect either before study or after study but before retrieval, and their performance improved with a slower presentation rate. Older adults were able to discriminate between studied words and critical lures when given warnings before study, but not when given warnings after study but before retrieval. Performance on a working memory capacity measure predicted false recognition following study and retrieval warnings. The results suggest that effective use of warnings to reduce false memories is contingent on the quality and type of encoded information, as well as on whether that information is accessed at retrieval. Furthermore, discriminating between similar sources of activation is dependent on working memory capacity, which declines with advancing age.
- Published
- 2002
25. Long-term semantic representations moderate the effect of attentional refreshing on episodic memory
- Author
-
David P. McCabe, Vanessa M. Loaiza, Kayla A. Duperreault, and Matthew G. Rhodes
- Subjects
Adult ,Memory, Long-Term ,Recall ,Adolescent ,Working memory ,Long-term memory ,Autobiographical memory ,Memory, Episodic ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Recognition, Psychology ,Semantics ,Young Adult ,Memory, Short-Term ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Mental Recall ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Explicit memory ,Memory span ,Semantic memory ,Humans ,Attention ,Psychology ,Episodic memory ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
The McCabe effect (McCabe, Journal of Memory and Language 58:480-494, 2008) refers to an advantage in episodic memory (EM) retrieval for memoranda studied in complex span versus simple span tasks, particularly for memoranda presented in earlier serial positions. This finding has been attributed to the necessity to refresh memoranda during complex span tasks that, in turn, promotes content-context binding in working memory (WM). Several frameworks have conceptualized WM as being embedded in long-term memory. Thus, refreshing may be less efficient when memoranda are not well-established in long-term semantic memory (SM). To investigate this, we presented words and nonwords in simple and complex span trials in order to manipulate the long-term semantic representations of the memoranda with the requirement to refresh the memoranda during WM. A recognition test was administered that required participants to make a remember-know decision for each memorandum recognized as old. The results replicated the McCabe effect, but only for words, and the beneficial effect of refreshing opportunities was exclusive to recollection. These results extend previous research by indicating that the predictive relationship between WM refreshing and long-term EM is specific to recollection and, furthermore, moderated by representations in long-term SM. This supports the predictions of WM frameworks that espouse the importance of refreshing in content-context binding, but also those that view WM as being an activated subset of and, therefore, constrained by the contents of long-term memory.
- Published
- 2014
26. Temporal-contextual processing in working memory: evidence from delayed cued recall and delayed free recall tests
- Author
-
Vanessa M. Loaiza and David P. McCabe
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Time Factors ,Memory, Episodic ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Serial Learning ,Young Adult ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Memory span ,Humans ,Attention ,Episodic memory ,Psychological Tests ,Spacing effect ,Working memory ,Recall test ,Modality effect ,Serial position effect ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Free recall ,Memory, Short-Term ,Mental Recall ,Female ,Cues ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Three experiments are reported that addressed the nature of processing in working memory by investigating patterns of delayed cued recall and free recall of items initially studied during complex and simple span tasks. In Experiment 1, items initially studied during a complex span task (i.e., operation span) were more likely to be recalled after a delay in response to temporal-contextual cues, relative to items from subspan and supraspan list lengths in a simple span task (i.e., word span). In Experiment 2, items initially studied during operation span were more likely to be recalled from neighboring serial positions during delayed free recall than were items studied during word span trials. Experiment 3 demonstrated that the number of attentional refreshing opportunities strongly predicts episodic memory performance, regardless of whether the information is presented in a spaced or massed format in a modified operation span task. The results indicate that the content-context bindings created during complex span trials reflect attentional refreshing opportunities that are used to maintain items in working memory.
- Published
- 2011
27. The Development of Memory Efficiency and Value-Directed Remembering Across the Lifespan: A Cross-Sectional Study of Memory and Selectivity
- Author
-
Adriana Galván, Steve S. Lee, Kathryn L. Humphreys, Alan D. Castel, David A. Balota, and David P. McCabe
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Aging ,Adolescent ,Longevity ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Verbal learning ,Choice Behavior ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Young Adult ,Life Expectancy ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Memory span ,Cognitive development ,Humans ,Attention ,Life-span and Life-course Studies ,Child ,Demography ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Recall ,Attentional control ,Age Factors ,Middle Aged ,Verbal Learning ,Serial position effect ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Child, Preschool ,Mental Recall ,Task analysis ,Life expectancy ,Female ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Although attentional control and memory change considerably across the life span, no research has examined how the ability to strategically remember important information (i.e., value-directed remembering) changes from childhood to old age. The present study examined this in different age groups across the life span (N = 320, 5-96 years old). A selectivity task was used in which participants were asked to study and recall items worth different point values in order to maximize their point score. This procedure allowed for measures of memory quantity/capacity (number of words recalled) and memory efficiency/selectivity (the recall of high-value items relative to low-value items). Age-related differences were found for memory capacity, as young adults recalled more words than the other groups. However, in terms of selectivity, younger and older adults were more selective than adolescents and children. The dissociation between these measures across the life span illustrates important age-related differences in terms of memory capacity and the ability to selectively remember high-value information.
- Published
- 2011
28. Recollection-based prospective metamemory judgments are more accurate than those based on confidence: judgments of remembering and knowing (JORKS)
- Author
-
David P. McCabe and Nicholas C. Soderstrom
- Subjects
Cued recall ,Adult ,Psychological Tests ,Recall ,Memory, Episodic ,Outcome measures ,Metacognition ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Paired-Associate Learning ,Test (assessment) ,Developmental psychology ,Judgment ,Young Adult ,Developmental Neuroscience ,Metamemory ,Mental Recall ,Humans ,Learning ,Psychological testing ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Five experiments were conducted to examine whether the nature of the information that is monitored during prospective metamemory judgments affected the relative accuracy of those judgments. We compared item-by-item judgments of learning (JOLs), which involved participants determining how confident they were that they would remember studied items, with judgments of remembering and knowing (JORKs), which involved participants determining whether studied items would later be accompanied by contextual details (i.e., remembering) or would not (i.e., knowing). JORKs were more accurate than JOLs when remember-know or confidence judgments were made at test and when cued recall was the outcome measure, but not for yes-no recognition. We conclude that the accuracy of metamemory judgments depends on the nature of the information monitored during study and test and that metamemory monitoring can be improved if participants are asked to base their judgments on contextual details rather than on confidence. These data support the contention that metamemory decisions can be based on qualitatively distinct cues, rather than an overall memory strength signal.
- Published
- 2011
29. Are survival processing memory advantages based on ancestral priorities?
- Author
-
Nicholas C. Soderstrom and David P. McCabe
- Subjects
Male ,Creatures ,Recall ,Survival ,Memoria ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Memory systems ,Evolutionary psychology ,Biological Evolution ,Arousal ,Young Adult ,Free recall ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Memory ,Mental Recall ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Female ,Valence (psychology) ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Recent research has suggested that our memory systems are especially tuned to process information according to its survival relevance, and that inducing problems of "ancestral priorities" faced by our ancestors should lead to optimal recall performance (Nairne & Pandeirada, Cognitive Psychology, 2010). The present study investigated the specificity of this idea by comparing an ancestor-consistent scenario and a modern survival scenario that involved threats that were encountered by human ancestors (e.g., predators) or threats from fictitious creatures (i.e., zombies). Participants read one of four survival scenarios in which the environment and the explicit threat were either consistent or inconsistent with ancestrally based problems (i.e., grasslands-predators, grasslands-zombies, city-attackers, city-zombies), or they rated words for pleasantness. After rating words based on their survival relevance (or pleasantness), the participants performed a free recall task. All survival scenarios led to better recall than did pleasantness ratings, but recall was greater when zombies were the threat, as compared to predators or attackers. Recall did not differ for the modern (i.e., city) and ancestral (i.e., grasslands) scenarios. These recall differences persisted when valence and arousal ratings for the scenarios were statistically controlled as well. These data challenge the specificity of ancestral priorities in survival-processing advantages in memory.
- Published
- 2011
30. Proactive interference and practice effects in visuospatial working memory span task performance
- Author
-
David P. McCabe and Lisa Durrance Blalock
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Recall ,Adolescent ,Working memory ,Interference theory ,Intelligence ,Cognition ,Task (project management) ,Random Allocation ,Memory, Short-Term ,Proactive Inhibition ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Visual memory ,Practice, Psychological ,Space Perception ,Mental Recall ,Memory span ,Humans ,Female ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,Psychomotor Performance ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
In the current study the influence of proactive interference (PI) and practice on recall from a visuospatial working memory (WM) task was examined. Participants completed a visuospatial WM span task under either high-PI conditions (a traditional span task) or low-PI conditions (a span task with breaks between trials). Trials of each length (i.e., two to five to-be-remembered items) were equally distributed across three blocks in order to examine practice effects. Recall increased across blocks to a greater extent in the low-PI condition than in the high-PI condition, indicating that reducing PI increased recall from WM. Additionally, in the final block the correlation between fluid intelligence and WM recall was stronger for the high-PI condition than the low-PI condition, indicating that practice reduced the strength of the correlation between span task recall and fluid intelligence, but only in the low-PI condition. These results support current theories that propose that one source of variability in recall from WM span task is the build-up of PI, and that PI build-up is an important contributing factor to the relation between visuospatial WM span task recall and higher-level cognition.
- Published
- 2011
31. A Unique Overview of Important Issues in Cognitive Aging
- Author
-
David P. McCabe and Vanessa M. Loaiza
- Subjects
Cognitive aging ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Psychology ,General Environmental Science ,Cognitive psychology - Published
- 2010
32. Expertise makes the world slow down: judgements of duration are influenced by domain knowledge
- Author
-
David P. McCabe and Matthew G. Rhodes
- Subjects
Male ,Physiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Football ,American football ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Vocabulary ,Fluency ,Judgment ,Professional Competence ,Duration (philosophy) ,Physiology (medical) ,Perception ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,General Psychology ,media_common ,Recognition, Psychology ,General Medicine ,Subject-matter expert ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Knowledge ,Time Perception ,Domain knowledge ,Female ,Attribution ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Photic Stimulation - Abstract
Experts often appear to perceive time differently from novices. The current study thus examined perceptions of time as a function of domain expertise. Specifically, individuals with high or low levels of knowledge of American football made judgements of duration for briefly presented words that were unrelated to football (e.g., rooster), football specific (e.g., touchdown), or ambiguous (e.g., huddle). Results showed that high-knowledge individuals judged football-specific words as having been presented for a longer duration than unrelated or ambiguous words. In contrast, low-knowledge participants exhibited no systematic differences in judgements of duration based on the type of word presented. These findings are discussed within a fluency attribution framework, which suggests that experts’ fluent perception of domain-relevant stimuli leads to the subjective impression that time slows down in one's domain of expertise.
- Published
- 2009
33. Aging reduces veridical remembering but increases false remembering: Neuropsychological test correlates of remember–know judgments
- Author
-
Henry L. Roediger, David A. Balota, Mark A. McDaniel, and David P. McCabe
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Aging ,Psychometrics ,Adolescent ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,Feedback, Psychological ,Statistics as Topic ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,False memory ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Article ,Developmental psychology ,Behavioral Neuroscience ,Judgment ,Young Adult ,Meta-Analysis as Topic ,medicine ,Humans ,Episodic memory ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Analysis of Variance ,Memory Disorders ,Recall ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,Neuropsychology ,Age Factors ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,Cognition ,Recognition, Psychology ,Neuropsychological test ,Middle Aged ,Cognitive test ,nervous system diseases ,Mental Recall ,Female ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
In 1985 Tulving introduced the remember–know procedure, whereby subjects are asked to distinguish between memories that involve retrieval of contextual details (remembering) and memories that do not (knowing). Several studies have been reported showing age-related declines in remember hits, which has typically been interpreted as supporting dual-process theories of cognitive aging that align remembering with a recollection process and knowing with a familiarity process. Less attention has been paid to remember false alarms, or their relation to age. We reviewed the literature examining aging and remember/know judgments and show that age-related increases in remember false alarms, i.e., false remembering, are as reliable as age-related decreases in remember hits, i.e., veridical remembering. Moreover, a meta-analysis showed that the age effect size for remember hits and false alarms are similar, and larger than age effects on know hits and false alarms. We also show that the neuropsychological correlates of remember hits and false alarms differ. Neuropsychological tests of medial-temporal lobe functioning were related to remember hits, but tests of frontal-lobe functioning and age were not. By contrast, age and frontal-lobe functioning predicted unique variance in remember false alarms, but MTL functioning did not. We discuss various explanations for these findings and conclude that any comprehensive explanation of recollective experience will need to account for the processes underlying both remember hits and false alarms.
- Published
- 2008
34. Handedness is related to memory via hemispheric interaction: evidence from paired associate recall and source memory tasks
- Author
-
Henry L. Roediger, Keith B. Lyle, and David P. McCabe
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Aging ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Memory performance ,Functional Laterality ,Developmental psychology ,Paired associate ,Memory span ,Humans ,Dominance, Cerebral ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Recall ,Extramural ,Verbal Behavior ,Memoria ,Association Learning ,Middle Aged ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Mental Recall ,Female ,Psychology ,Mathematics ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Strongly right (SR)-handedness is associated with poorer memory performance than nonstrongly right (nSR)-handedness (e.g., Propper, Christman, & Phaneuf, 2005). The hemispheric interaction theory states that the nSR memory advantage occurs because nSR handedness, compared with SR, is a behavioral marker for greater interaction of the cerebral hemispheres. The hemispheric interaction theory predicts that the nSR advantage should be observed exclusively on memory tasks that require hemispheric interaction. The authors tested that prediction by comparing middle-aged and older adults on two memory tasks thought to depend on hemispheric interaction (paired associate recall, source memory) and two thought not to (face recognition, forward digit span). An nSR advantage was more robust for middle-aged than older subjects and, consistent with the hemispheric interaction theory, was found only on the tasks that depend on hemispheric interaction.
- Published
- 2008
35. Inadvertent plagiarism in young and older adults: the role of working memory capacity in reducing memory errors
- Author
-
David P. McCabe, Anderson D. Smith, and Colleen M. Parks
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Volition ,Recall ,Memory errors ,Working memory ,Memoria ,education ,Multilevel model ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognition ,False memory ,Plagiarism ,Developmental psychology ,Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology ,Memory, Short-Term ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Memory ,Mental Recall ,Humans ,Female ,Young adult ,Psychology ,Aged - Abstract
Two experiments examined inadvertent plagiarism in young and older adults. Young and older adults took turns generating category exemplars in small groups, and after a short retention interval recall was tested and subjects were asked to generate new exemplars (i.e., exemplars not initially generated). When asked to generate new exemplars, older adults were more likely to repeat exemplars that had been generated earlier by others (i.e., generate-new plagiarism). When asked to recall the exemplars they had generated earlier, older adults were more likely to claim that they had generated exemplars that had been generated by others (i.e., recall-own plagiarism), and were also more likely to falsely recall exemplars that had not been generated at all. There were no age differences in confidence for items that were plagiarized on the generate-new task. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that age differences in generate-new plagiarism and false recall were entirely mediated by measures of episodic recall and working memory capacity. We conclude that inadvertent plagiarism errors result from the failure of systematic decision processes, and that controlled attention is important for avoiding memory errors.
- Published
- 2007
36. Context effects on remembering and knowing: the expectancy heuristic
- Author
-
David A. Balota and David P. McCabe
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Linguistics and Language ,Signal Detection, Psychological ,Adolescent ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Language and Linguistics ,Judgment ,Humans ,Attention ,Expectancy theory ,Recall ,Context effect ,Retention, Psychology ,Cognition ,Awareness ,Verbal Learning ,Associative learning ,Semantics ,Word lists by frequency ,Word recognition ,Mental Recall ,Set, Psychology ,Female ,Heuristics ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Three experiments are reported examining the effect of context on remember-know judgments. In Experiments 1 and 2, medium-frequency words were intermixed with high-frequency or low-frequency words at study or at test, respectively. Remember responses were greater for medium-frequency targets when they were studied or tested among high-frequency, as compared with low-frequency, words. The authors proposed a decision-based mechanism called "the expectancy heuristic" to explain why remember responses were more likely when items were studied or tested in the context of words that were relatively less distinct. According to the expectancy heuristic, when items on a recognition test exceed an expected level of memorability they will be given a remember judgment but when they do not, but are still more familiar than new words, they will be given a know judgment. Experiment 3, which varied expectancies about the strength of tested targets, demonstrated the use of the expectancy heuristic, indicating that it operates by selectively influencing the remember criterion rather than by influencing recollection of studied items.
- Published
- 2007
37. The dark side of expertise: domain-specific memory errors
- Author
-
Henry L. Roediger, Jeffrey L. Heitman, David P. McCabe, and Alan D. Castel
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Memory errors ,Adolescent ,05 social sciences ,Football ,050109 social psychology ,050105 experimental psychology ,Domain (software engineering) ,Free recall ,Professional Competence ,Great Rift ,Memory ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Female ,Psychology ,General Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Published
- 2007
38. Seeing is believing: the effect of brain images on judgments of scientific reasoning
- Author
-
David P. McCabe and Alan D. Castel
- Subjects
Adult ,Linguistics and Language ,Persuasion ,Visual perception ,Adolescent ,Cognitive Neuroscience ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,Culture ,Decision Making ,Persuasive Communication ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognitive neuroscience ,Language and Linguistics ,Judgment ,Perception ,Credibility ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Humans ,Cognitive neuropsychology ,media_common ,Cognitive science ,Neuropsychology ,Brain ,Cognition ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging ,ComputingMilieux_GENERAL ,Visual Perception ,Psychology ,Cognitive psychology - Abstract
Brain images are believed to have a particularly persuasive influence on the public perception of research on cognition. Three experiments are reported showing that presenting brain images with articles summarizing cognitive neuroscience research resulted in higher ratings of scientific reasoning for arguments made in those articles, as compared to articles accompanied by bar graphs, a topographical map of brain activation, or no image. These data lend support to the notion that part of the fascination, and the credibility, of brain imaging research lies in the persuasive power of the actual brain images themselves. We argue that brain images are influential because they provide a physical basis for abstract cognitive processes, appealing to people's affinity for reductionistic explanations of cognitive phenomena.
- Published
- 2006
39. Examining the basis for illusory recollection: the role of remember/know instructions
- Author
-
Lisa Geraci and David P. McCabe
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Point (typography) ,Recall ,Memoria ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Illusion ,Experimental and Cognitive Psychology ,Cognition ,Context (language use) ,False memory ,Affect (psychology) ,Illusions ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,Mental Recall ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,Reaction Time ,Humans ,Psychology ,Social psychology ,media_common - Abstract
Curiously, studies using the remember/know paradigm to measure recollective experience show that people often vividly remember events that never occurred, a phenomenon referred to as illusory recollection. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that false remember responses in the converging associates, or Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, reflect accurate memory for the study episode, rather than false recollection of critical lures. To test this hypothesis, we used standard remember instructions that emphasized recollection of the study context by allowing participants to use memory of surrounding list items as evidence for recollection, or we used modified instructions that did not include memory for surrounding list items as a basis for recollection. Results showed that, as compared with the standard instruction condition, the modified instructions selectively reduced reports of false remember responses to critical lures, but did not affect remember responses to studied items. By contrast, remember responses to critical lures were unaffected by an instruction condition that excluded the use of voice information as evidence for remembering. These results suggest that remember responses to falsely recognized items are driven partly by retrieval of studied items, rather than illusory recollection of the critical lures themselves. They further point to the importance of instructions in influencing subjective reports.
- Published
- 2006
40. Evaluating Experimental Research
- Author
-
David P. McCabe and Henry L. Roediger
- Subjects
Generality ,Cultural invention ,Experimental psychology ,Watson ,Psychological research ,Context (language use) ,Ancient Greek ,Biology ,language.human_language ,Epistemology ,language ,Western culture ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
[T]he application of the experimental method to the problem of mind is the great outstanding event in the study of the mind, an event to which no other is comparable. The author of this quote is Edwin G. Boring (1886–1968), one of the great psychologists of the 20th century and author of A History of Experimental Psychology (1929; the quote comes from p. 659). Contemporary psychologists take “the psychology experiment” as a given, but it is actually a relatively recent cultural invention. Although fascination with human behavior is doubtless as old as the emergence of Homo sapiens , the application of experimental methods to the study of the human mind and behavior is only 150 or so years old. Scientific methods, with heavy reliance on experimental technique, arose in Western civilization during the time of the Renaissance, when great insights and modes of thoughts from the ancient Greek, Roman, and Arab civilizations were rediscovered. The 17th century witnessed the great discoveries of Kepler, Galileo, and Newton in the physical world. Interest in chemistry and biology arose after the early development of physics. Experimental physiology arose as a discipline in the late 1700s and early 1800s. Still, despite great advances in these fields and despite the fact that scientists of the day usually conducted research in many different fields, no one at that time performed experiments studying humans or their mental life. The first physiologists and anatomists mostly contented themselves with the study of corpses.
- Published
- 2006
41. Age differences in stroop interference in working memory
- Author
-
Anderson D. Smith, David P. Mccabe, and Chuck L. Robertson
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Aging ,Individuality ,Short-term memory ,Neuropsychological Tests ,Task (project management) ,Developmental psychology ,Memory span ,Humans ,Attention ,Aged ,Aged, 80 and over ,Recall ,Working memory ,Neuropsychology ,Age Factors ,Reactive Inhibition ,Cognition ,Middle Aged ,Clinical Psychology ,Memory, Short-Term ,Neurology ,Pattern Recognition, Visual ,Regression Analysis ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,Psychology ,Color Perception ,Cognitive psychology ,Stroop effect - Abstract
Working memory capacity can be conceptualized as the ability to use controlled attention in short term memory (Engle, Tuholski, Laughlin, & Conway, 1999). We tested this idea in young and older adults by combining the task demands of two neuropsychological tests, word span, and Stroop color-naming. Young and older adults were asked to name the colors of a series of congruent and incongruent color-words (between 2 and 6 words/trial). After all the color-words were presented participants attempted to recall the colors in their serial order. This task required inhibition of the prepotent word reading response (i.e., color naming), with a concurrent memory load (caused by the need to maintain already named colors in short-term memory). Older adults showed greater interference effects, and these interference effects increased as a function of memory load. Regression analyses showed that measures of working memory capacity and executive function accounted for unique variance in incongruent color-word errors for older adults. Defining working memory capacity as the ability to use controlled attention in short-term memory may be a fruitful way to think about this concept in studies of executive function.
- Published
- 2005
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