Search

BackgroundPivotal for adaptive behaviour is the ability to judge whether our performance is correct or not, even in the absence of external feedback. This metacognitive ability can be measured using confidence ratings. Past research suggests that overall confidence (confidence bias) is lower in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Less is known about the ability of MDD patients to discriminate correct from incorrect performance (metacognitive efficiency).MethodsThe perceptual metacognitive performance of 17 aged MDD patients (62-89 years) was tested and compared to an age matched as well as a young control group (21-28 years). The younger control group was included to disentangle the effects of age and MDD on metacognitive performance. Indeed, earlier studies found an increased confidence bias but a decreased metacognitive efficiency with age.ResultsOur results showed no difference in confidence bias nor in metacognitive efficiency between MDD patients and age-matched control participants. Importantly, aged participants, including both aged controls and MDD patients, demonstrated lower metacognitive efficiency compared to young participants. This metacognitive deficit found in aged participants was specifically driven by an overconfidence on incorrect trials.ConclusionsThe relation between MDD and confidence bias may not be as robust as previously claimed. Furthermore, our results point to the importance of age rather than MDD for metacognitive efficiency. This could have important clinical implications as the observation of lower metacognitive abilities in patients is not necessarily caused by the depression.LimitationsSample size was relatively small. Some clinical variables such as anxiety, or medication were not controlled.

The "Help and support for caregivers and patients program, (ASAPP) is a multidisciplinary project to better the interactions between unformal caregivers and patients living with a neurodegenerative disorder, by improving the disease understanding. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to understand the trajectory, expectations and motivation of the caregivers to participate in the program. METHODS 7 spousal caregivers participated in a semi-structural interview, whose results were analysed by means of a qualitative technique of phenomenological analysis. RESULTS Three main themes emerged 1) loneliness, social isolation and emotional impact of the illness, 2) lack of time for themselves, and feelings of solitude, 3) expectations of improvement by the psychoeducational program. CONCLUSION These results highlight the importance to understand the expectations of the caregivers to tailor the intervention program according to their main needs.

There is evidence that democracies are under threat around the world while the quest for strong leaders is increasing. Although the causes of these developments are complex and multifaceted, here we focus on one factor: the extent to which citizens express materialist and post-materialist concerns. We explore whether objective higher levels of democracy are differentially associated with materialist and post-materialist concerns and, in turn, whether this is related to the wish for a strong leader. Testing this hypothesis across 27 countries (N = 5,741) demonstrated a direct negative effect of democracies’ development on the wish for a strong leader. Further, multi-level mediation analysis showed that the relation between the Democracy Index and the wish for a strong leader was mediated by materialist concerns. This pattern of results suggests that lower levels of democracy are associated with enhanced concerns about basic needs and this is linked to greater support for strong leaders., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In many situations, the ability to make appropriate metacognitive judgments on our performance is essential to make decisions and adapt our behaviour. Past research suggests a strong relationship between metacognition and emotional disorders such as depression. Depressive disorders have been associated with an under-estimation bias: depressive patients report lower confidence in their performance than healthy individuals. It is currently not clear whether the induction of a negative mood in healthy participants has similar consequences. Yet, such knowledge would permit to isolate the causal influence of the negative affect on metacognition, free of all the comorbidities associated with depression. In the present study, we used a combination of films, pictures and recalls to induce negative and neutral moods during a perceptual metacognitive task. Negative mood induction had no impact on the perceptual task. Participants did report lower confidence levels in the negative condition compared to a neutral condition. The present study thus confirms a causal relationship between negative affect and metacognitive abilities., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The 'Help and Support for Caregivers and Patients' psycho-education group aims to educate and support dementia caregivers. Fourteen spousal caregivers were interviewed before (T1) and after (T2) psycho-education participation. Intrapersonal processes and the potential evolution of lived experience were explored using longitudinal interpretative phenomenological analysis. Three trajectory groups were identified at T1: proactive help-seekers, passive but hopeful caregivers and ambivalent caregivers. T2 interviews revealed that caregivers experienced growth in their role, benefitted from peer interactions, feelings of guilt were addressed and they were using out-of-home dementia-specific services. Identifying beliefs or attitudes that might prevent caregivers from getting help or support is important. Caregiver well-being remains a public health priority and furthering our knowledge about their complex and changing needs is paramount to provide well-designed and tailored resources.

It is well established that anxiety influences a range of cognitive processes such as cognitive control or decision-making. What is less known is how anxiety influences the metacognitive evaluations individuals make about their own performance. The present study explored the importance of task-relatedness in the relation between anxiety and metacognitive awareness. More specifically, we hypothesized that induced anxiety would affect metacognitive performance in opposite directions depending solely on whether the threat is perceived as related or unrelated to the performance. We conducted two experiments to test this hypothesis.In both studies, electric shocks were administered randomly, regardless of participant’s performance. In experiment 1, participants were informed that the shocks would be administered randomly, unrelated to performance. In experiment 2, participants were told that their metacognitive performance would influence the administration of the electric shocks (i.e. fewer electric shocks with better metacognitive performance). Our predictions were confirmed. Threat perceived as unrelated to metacognitive performance (Experiment 1) decreased metacognitive performance. Threat believed to be related to metacognitive performance resulted in improved performance (Experiment 2).These findings confirm that induced anxiety exerts a strong influence on metacognitive awareness while sparing first-order task performance. We furthermore demonstrate that the perceived relatedness of the anxiety determines whether metacognitive performance decreases or improves performance under threat., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

International audience; Holt-Oram syndrome (HOS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by variable radial upper limb and cardiac defects. The aim of this research was to shed light on people's subjective perceptions of their diseases, how these perceptions provide meaning, and the consequences the syndrome can have in daily life and across all life stages.Semistructured interviews with ten participants diagnosed with HOS were conducted in France and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.Participants' experiences fall under two main themes, namely, "stages of self-construction as different" and "when I am no longer the only one involved", each of which has three subthemes. From childhood onwards, symptoms monopolize the physical and psychological spheres. The feeling of being different is unavoidable until the patient can appropriate his or her condition, and by the end of adolescence, the patient generally feels that he or she has adapted to the syndrome. In adulthood, other concerns arise, such as the fear of rejection, the need to better understand the genetic issues of the condition and the desire for offspring to not experience the same life difficulties.The findings underscore the specific psychological issues associated with the syndrome at different life stages and the need for holistic genetic treatment with dedicated reference centers to improve care and further address these issues.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONHolt-Oram syndrome is a genetic disease characterized by abnormalities of the upper limbs and shoulder girdle and associated with a congenital heart defect.Specific issues arise at different stages of life: the physical consequences of the syndrome arise during childhood, the self-construction of pervasive difference during adolescence, the fear of being rejected as a young adult, and concerns about future parenthood and the transmission of the syndrome and the desire that one's child not be confronted with the same difficulties in adulthood.The complexity and entanglement of medical and existential issues related to HOS requires the development of multidisciplinary consultations that promote holistic care.The rarity of the syndrome and the lack of knowledge about HOS among health professionals and the general public make it necessary both to establish reference centers and to create patient associations to support patients.

Objective A lot of studies have shown that low Emotional Competencies (EC) is associated with depression and anxiety. However, little is known about the psychophysiological processes accounting for these relationships. As heart rate variability (HRV) is thought to be a measure of top-down self-regulatory mechanisms it could impact the link between EC and depression/anxiety. Thus, the aim of this study was to disentangle the interplay between EC and HRV on depression as well as anxiety. Method Resting HRV was collected among 97 undergraduate students that filled out EC, depression and anxiety measures. Results We observed negatives associations between EC and depression/anxiety. HRV was negatively associated with depression but not with anxiety. There was an interaction effect between EC and HRV showing that EC and depression were associated only at low levels of HRV. Conclusions Our study suggests that HRV could be a protective factor against the negative consequences of low EC such as depression.

Alexithymia has been frequently studied in the context of negative affect frequency but rarely in the context of positive affect frequency or in the context of affect intensity. However, affect intensity and frequency, even if they are independent, are generally confounded due to an overlap in items wording (tapping both dimensions). The aim of the study was to examine the incremental validity of alexithymia for predicting both affect intensity and frequency, regarding positive and negative valence. Two hundred and fifty five students fulfilled measurements for alexithymia, affect intensity and affect frequency. Results showed that the factor "Difficulty identifying feelings" is related to higher positive and negative affect intensity, as well as to negative affect frequency. Men were also more sensitive to positive affect intensity and frequency if they scored higher on alexithymia. They experienced less often positive affect, but the intensity of their affect was more intense. Conversely, alexithymia did not influence women's affect intensity or affect frequency. Thus, alexithymia factors are associated with specific patterns of affect intensity and frequency, highlighting an overall deficit in the processing of emotions with contrasting patterns regarding gender.

Emotional competence (EC; also called "emotional intelligence"), which refers to individual differences in the identification, understanding, expression, regulation, and use of one's emotions and those of others, has been found to be an important predictor of individuals' adaptation to their environment. Higher EC is associated with greater happiness, better mental health, more satisfying social and marital relationships, and greater occupational success. Whereas a considerable amount of research has documented the significance of EC, 1 domain has been crucially under investigated: the relationship between EC and physical health. We examined the relationship between EC and objective health indicators in 2 studies (N1 = 1,310; N2 = 9,616) conducted in collaboration with the largest Mutual Benefit Society in Belgium. These studies allowed us (a) to compare the predictive power of EC with other well-known predictors of health such as age, sex, Body Mass Index, education level, health behaviors (diet, physical activity, smoking and drinking habits), positive and negative affect, and social support; (b) to clarify the relative weight of the various EC dimensions in predicting health; and (c) to determine to what extent EC moderates the effect of already known predictors on health. Results show that EC is a significant predictor of health that has incremental predictive power over and above other predictors. Findings also show that high EC significantly attenuates (and sometimes compensates for) the impact of other risk factors. Therefore, we argue that EC deserves greater interest and attention from health professionals and governments. ispartof: Emotion vol:15 issue:5 pages:653-667 ispartof: location:United States status: published

International audience; Nowadays, the idea of a reciprocal influence of physiological and psychological processes seems to be widely accepted. For instance, current theories of embodied emotion suggest that knowledge about an emotion concept involves simulations of bodily experienced emotional states relevant to the concept. In line with this framework, the present study investigated whether actual levels of physiological arousal interact with the processing of emotional words. Participants performed 2 blocks of an attentional blink task, once after a cycling session (increased arousal) and once after a relaxation session (reduced arousal). Concretely, participants were instructed to detect and report 2 target words (T1 and T2) presented among a series of nonword distractors. T1 and T2 were either neutral, high arousal, or low arousal words. Results revealed that increased physiological arousal led to improved reports of high arousal T2 words, whereas reduced physiological arousal led to improved reports of low arousal T2 words. Neutral T2 remained unaffected by the arousing conditions. These findings emphasize that actual levels of physiological arousal modulate the cognitive access to arousal (in-)congruent emotional concepts and suggest a direct grounding of emotion knowledge in our bodily systems of arousal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

Fibromyalgia is associated with a premorbid hyperactivity. This study examines how contextual and personality factors contribute to premorbid hyperactivity. A total of 45 patients completed questionnaires. The results show that the number of children and the basic bodily needs neglect (and their interaction) explain nearly 50 percent of the variance of hyperactivity. The neglect toward bodily needs completely mediates the relation between self-oriented perfectionism and hyperactivity. This study suggests that hyperactivity itself would not have a pathological value, but that the neglect of basic bodily needs would represent a vulnerability factor in a hyperactive premorbid lifestyle in fibromyalgia patients.

International audience; Relative deprivation (RD) is the judgment that one or one’s ingroup is worse off compared with some relevant standard coupled with feelings of dissatisfaction, anger, and resentment. RD predicts a wide range of outcomes, but it is unclear whether this relationship is moderated by national cultural differences. Therefore, in the first study, we used national assessments of individual-collectivism and power distance to code 303 effect sizes from 31 different countries with 200,578 participants. RD predicted outcomes ranging from life satisfaction to collective action more strongly within individualistic nations. A second survey of 6,112 undergraduate university students from 28 different countries confirmed the predictive value of RD. Again, the relationship between individual RD and different outcomes was stronger for students who lived in more individualistic countries. Group-based RD also predicted political trust more strongly for students who lived in countries marked by lower power distance. RD effects, although consistent predictors, are culturally bounded. In particular, RD is more likely to motivate reactions within individualistic countries that emphasize individual agency and achievement as a source of self-worth.

Collective nostalgia for the good old days of the country thrives across the world. However, little is known about the social psychological dynamics of this collective emotion across cultures. We predicted that collective nostalgia is triggered by collective angst as it helps people to restore a sense of in-group continuity via stronger in-group belonging and out-group rejection (in the form of opposition to immigrants). Based on a sample (N = 5,956) of individuals across 27 countries, the general pattern of results revealed that collective angst predicts collective nostalgia, which subsequently relates to stronger feelings of in-group continuity via in-group belonging (but not via out-group rejection). Collective nostalgia generally predicted opposition to immigrants, but this was subsequently not related to in-group continuity., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

A great number of individuals with persistent problematic gambling behavior exhibit alexithymic tendencies, greater impulsivity, impaired working memory and poor mood. However, the relationship between these cognitive, affective and personality factors in problem gambling remains poorly understood. Our aim was to investigate multiple pathways of the alexithymia and problem gambling relationship. One hundred and six male subjects with different levels of gambling problem severity were recruited. Alexithymia, impulsivity and verbal working memory were evaluated, and their relationships to disordered gambling was examined by means of a path analysis. Results indicate that alexithymia is related to an increase in the severity of gambling indirectly, i.e., through distress severity. In addition, a rise of alexithymic tendencies was also associated with problem gambling severity through enhanced impulsivity that directly increased distress. Working memory capacity failed to significantly impact our path model. Overall, our findings contribute a new finding to the literature by highlighting the importance of alexithymia, in addition to impulsivity, in the understanding of gambling problem severity and its clinical course.

Emotional competence (EC) has been found to be an important predictor of individuals' health. While it is well known that EC predicts important outcomes in young adults, its importance is less clear in the elderly. We aimed to address this gap: Is the structure of EC the same in older as in younger adults? How do EC evolve between 50 and 80 years old? Does the predictive power of EC, regarding physical and emotional adjustment, increase or decrease with age?, JOURNAL ARTICLE, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This article introduces the development and validation of a self-report questionnaire: the Children’s Emotion Regulation scale in Mathematics (CERS-M). Results highlighted a) through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, a meaningful six-factor model (emotion expression, task utility self-persuasion, help-seeking, negative self-talk, brief attentional relaxation, and dysfunctional avoidance); b) satisfactory internal reliabilities; c) test-retest reliability scores indicative of a satisfactory stability of the measures over time; d) preliminary evidence of convergent and discriminant validity with CERS-M being very weakly linked to verbal skill and moderately to emotion regulation strategies measured through the Flemish version of the COPE-questionnaire; e) preliminary evidence of criterion validity, with CERS-M scores predicting math anxiety, and to a lesser extent, students’ performance; f) preliminary evidence of incremental validity, with the CERS-M predicting math anxiety and performance over and above emotion regulation measured by the COPE-questionnaire. Findings constitute encouraging preliminary psychometric characteristics in favor of the use of the CERS-M.

Sociologists coined the term "anomie" to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as 'a state of society' and as a 'state of mind', we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the 'state of society'. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e. disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e. deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The aim of this study was to validate the French-language version of the Type D personality scale-14 among general and clinical populations (acute coronary syndrome and breast cancer patients). The two-factor structure of the Type D personality scale-14 was confirmed by factorial and confirmatory analyses. Internal consistency for both subdimensions of Type D personality scale-14 (negative affectivity and social inhibition) was very good with α = .87 for each. Contrary to our expectations, the Type D prevalence was much higher in the breast cancer group than in the acute coronary syndrome patients. In conclusion, the French-language Type D personality scale-14 showed good psychometric properties among general and clinical populations.

Alexithymia is a multifaceted personality trait that involves difficulties in identifying and describing feelings to others, a poor fantasy life and an externally oriented cognitive style. Alexithymia has been described as a vulnerability factor for mental and physical diseases. We investigated in a group of 158 alcohol-dependent patients (103 men, 55 women) the association between depression and craving for alcohol when these patients were starting a detoxification program, and the moderating impact of gender and alexithymia on this relation. We first found an interaction between depression and gender in the prediction of craving in the sense that only for women an increase in depressive mood was related to an increase in total craving. When examining gender separately, we found that alexithymia factors acted as moderators. For women, the link between depression and craving was strengthened for the ones scoring higher on "difficulties de- scribing feelings". But for men, the link between depression and craving was reduced for the ones scoring higher on "externally-oriented thinking". These findings suggest that in some cases that need to be identified more systematically in the future, the "externally-oriented thinking" alexithymia factor can exert - at least in the short term - some protective effects.

Alexithymia generally refers to difficulties in identifying and describing emotions. In this paper, two studies explored whether the emotion deficits observed in alexithymia may be related to the use of emotion regulation strategies. Relations with various sociodemographic variables were also explored. In the first study, 255 students completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20. For the second study, 1107 participants from the general population completed the ERQ and the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire. Results demonstrated that alexithymia was related to the use of a suppression strategy and in particular to difficulties verbalizing emotions, suggesting that the capacity to communicate and name one's emotion is a central aspect in alexithymia. Concerning sociodemographic variables, alexithymia and the use of a suppression strategy were found to be related to age and to be higher in males. The results of these studies and their clinical implications for treatment are discussed.

Background:This investigation aimed to develop a screening tool based on the Cognitive Inventory of Subjective Distress (CISD). Two studies were designed in order to test the second-order factorial structure of the CISD, to shorten its length and to assess its replicability on a second large independent sample.Methods:We recruited a first sample (n = 290) living at home or in retirement centers and a second community-based sample (n = 1,429). The first sample completed the original CISD as well as cognitive, autonomy, anxiety, and depression assessments. The second sample completed the Short-CISD (S-CISD).Results:Factor analyses supported a second-order factorial structure allowing to engage in a refinement of the scale. We retained seven items corresponding to a dimension of cognitive schemas. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) demonstrated that the S-CISD exhibited satisfying psychometric properties as well as factorial replicability and structural invariance in two different samples. Further, the internal consistency of the S-CISD is acceptable.Conclusion:The S-CISD is a relevant screening tool for rapidly assessing psychological distress. It is directed towards old and very old individuals either living at home or in a retirement center, while also taking into account the fatigability and potential cognitive impairment of this population. This screening tool can be confidently used for psychopathological assessment and can serve as a baseline for following patients over time or in the course of therapy.

International audience; Prison employees are often confronted with critical incidents and chronic stressors that may lead to trauma or burnout symptoms. However, most of the research on clinical aspects of interpersonal violence in prisons (inmates-to-staff violence, specifically) focuses either on trauma or on burnout. The purpose of the present study is (a) to examine both burnout and posttraumatic stress among prison staff and (b) to examine the influences of inmates-to-staff violent relations on posttraumatic stress in terms of risk profile to develop PTSD. A random sample of French correctional employees has completed various self-reported questionnaires assessing burnout, posttraumatic stress, and stress as well as victimization and demographic characteristics. Correctional employees demonstrated high levels of PTSD symptoms, burnout, and stress. Violent interactions with inmates lead to experienced trauma of all types (PTSD, secondary, or vicarious trauma). Results have highlighted a prison worker's profile prone to PTSD: he or she expresses high levels of emotional exhaustion, intense levels of stress, high levels of depersonalization, and high levels of intrusion, avoidance, and hyperreactivity. This study contributes to an understanding of the literature by explaining the complex association between burnout and posttraumatic stress after interpersonal violence. These findings suggest a need to support prison workers and to address inmates-to-staff relational dynamics.

Machiavellianism is a personality trait characterized by interpersonal manipulation and associated with specific patterns of emotional and social cognition skills. The aim of this study was to investigate its socio-cognitive characteristics by determining its association and predictors on the basis of a multidimensional approach to Machiavellianism. We used Mach IV scale to assess "Machiavellian Intelligence" skill of participants (Christie and Geis, 1970). It includes three subscales that are (1) the use of deceit in interpersonal relationships, (2) a cynical view of human nature and (3) the lack of morality. Associations were found between Machiavellianism and low levels of empathy and affective ToM, and high levels of alexithymia, anhedonia, depression, and anxiety. These associations were observed in varying proportions depending on the three subscales of Machiavellianism. The addition of anhedonia and trait-anxiety to the concepts of empathy and alexithymia made it possible to gain a better understanding of the emotional core of Machiavellianism. These findings are discussed in the light of developmental and adaptive perspectives. © 2013 Al Aïn, Carré, Fantini-Hauwel, Baudouin and Besche-Richard., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Our objective was to explore the relationships between adult attachment and various aspects of emotional awareness, including alexithymia and level of emotional awareness. Participants were 112 university students who completed the Attachment Style Questionnaire, the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire (BVAQ), and the Level of Emotional Awareness Scale. We found that alexithymia was positively related to the avoidant attachment style and negatively with the anxious attachment style. Anxious style-but not avoidance-was also related to the level of emotional awareness. An analysis of the four attachment categories revealed subtle differences regarding the subscales of the BVAQ. Findings are discussed with reference to internal working models of self and others, highlighting the relationship between emotional awareness impairment and interpersonal behaviour. Keywords: alexithymia; emotional awareness; attachment; internal working model; BVAQ; LEAS(Published: 7 March 2012)Citation: Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology 2012, 2: 10744 - DOI: 10.3402/snp.v2i0.10744

This study explored the mediating effect of coping strategies on the relationship between emotional competence (EC) and quality of life (QOL) among children with asthma. Participants were 87 children (M age = 11.72, SD = 2.58) with controlled and partially controlled asthma, undergoing everyday treatment. They filled in questionnaires assessing EC, coping strategies and QOL. Results showed that the association between some ECs and the QOL of children with asthma was fully mediated by two maladaptive cognitive coping strategies. Among children with asthma, a greater ability to differentiate their emotions, a reduced attention to bodily signals of emotions and a reduced analysis of their current emotional state were related to decreased engagement in two coping strategies ('Ignoring Asthma' and 'Worrying about Asthma'), which in turn increased their QOL. These findings show that EC has an indirect effect on QOL through very specific coping strategies. They also emphasise the importance of screening EC in children with asthma and the importance of developing and using multidisciplinary interventions for them.

PMID: 21432729; International audience; This study assessed the impact of the results of genetic testing for hereditary cancer from a multifactorial health psychology perspective, considering that emotional expression plays a key role in psychological adjustment. Measures of dispositional and transactional coping strategies, anxiety and alexithymia were filled out by 77 participants in a longitudinal study design. Statistical analyses were performed using general linear models and partial least squares path modelling, low-constraint methods that are particularly useful in the behavioural sciences. While anxiety levels prior to the result announcement were predictive of the distress experienced by noncarriers, considerable variability was observed for mutation carriers. Some subjects who had lower anxiety levels before the test displayed greater anxiety afterwards, but others seemed to anticipate the distress they would experience with the result that they showed a decrease in anxiety. The mutation carriers behaved as though their adaptive functioning were reshaped by the test result, independent of their disposition and previous emotional state, except in the case of alexithymia. Difficulty expressing emotions prior to genetic testing contributed to a similar difficulty after receiving the result, adding to the latter's emotional impact by promoting emotion-focused coping strategies and increasing distress.

Alexithymic people are described as bodily focused, lacking of interoceptive sensibility and experiencing difficulties identifying their sensations. This should lead to focused on bodily sensations to regulate unrecognizable emotions leading on more ruminative thinking. If these hypothesize sounds interesting regarding affect identification and description, the role of externally thinking (EOT) may be puzzled. High EOT scorers are not oriented to internal cues or introspection. We hypothesize that high EOT experience a disinterest regarding bodily sensations and lower level of ruminative thinking, an opposite pattern of relations than the others alexithymia dimensions. 283 women filled alexithymia, ruminative thinking and body vigilance questionnaires. EOT was associated with lower level of body attention, less time spent to body scan, less bodily perceived change and lower level of one kind of ruminative thinking: reflexion. These results are discussed regarding the theoretical framework of alexithymia questioning the status of the alexithymia’ dimension that function differently.

Alexithymic people are described as bodily focused, lacking of interoceptive sensibility and experiencing difficulties identifying their sensations. This should lead to focused on bodily sensations to regulate unrecognizable emotions leading on more ruminative thinking. If these hypothesize sounds interesting regarding affect identification and description, the role of externally thinking (EOT) may be puzzled. High EOT scorers are not oriented to internal cues or introspection. We hypothesize that high EOT experience a disinterest regarding bodily sensations and lower level of ruminative thinking, an opposite pattern of relations than the others alexithymia dimensions. 283 women filled alexithymia, ruminative thinking and body vigilance questionnaires. EOT was associated with lower level of body attention, less time spent to body scan, less bodily perceived change and lower level of one kind of ruminative thinking: reflexion. These results are discussed regarding the theoretical framework of alexithymia questionning the status of the alexithymia’ dimension that function differently.