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This meta-analysis explores the longstanding and heavily debated question of whether religiosity is associated with prosocial and antisocial behavior. In an analysis of 179 effects across 89 samples, encompassing 167,508 participants, a significant relationship of r = .10 was found between religiosity and prosociality. However, substantial heterogeneity of methods was identified, and several potential moderators of this relationship were explored. The effect was most powerfully moderated by the type of measurement used to assess prosocial or antisocial behavior. Religiosity significantly correlated with self-report measures of prosociality at r = .15, but among samples using a behavioral measure of prosociality, the effect was only a marginally significant r = .04. Three possible explanations of this moderation are discussed, namely that 1) lab-based methods do not accurately capture religious prosociality; 2) the self-report effect is explained by religious self-enhancement; or 3) both religiosity and self-reported prosociality are explained by self-enhancement. Recommendations for future research are discussed that may help resolve these possible explanations. Other potential moderators are analyzed, including whether religiosity is differently related to prosocial and antisocial behavior.

Prior research on ostracism has shown that people may cope in an antisocial way, prosocial way, or by withdrawal towards those that are responsible for them being ostracized. These responses are typically assessed in isolation, making it difficult to asses 1) what the most frequent responses are, and 2) what the magnitude of such responses are when studied in combination. Our research question is: Do the number and/or type of response options for victims of ostracism influence the frequency and magnitude of different responses towards ostracizers? We will conduct a series of studies to address this research question.

Purpose of this study: There is evidence that creative individuals are good at transcending their own minds and imagining alternative realities, such as others’ perspectives (Meyer et al., 2019; Mildner & Tamir, in preparation). Some go as far to say that because of this, creative people are better at understanding others, better at thinking of ways to help others, and more prosocial (Mouchiroud & Bernoussi, 2007; Mouchiroud & Lubart, 2002; Suddendorf & Fletcher-Flinn, 1997). However, a domain-general view of creativity would suggest that creative people cannot be assumed to be inherently more prosocial, since they should also be expected to be antisocially creative. In this study, we investigate the possibility that creative people are both more prosocial than less creative people and more antisocial than less creative people. How is this being tested? Participants complete 3 tasks to measure non-social creativity, prosociality, and antisociality, respectively. We will then test the extent to which creativity is related to prosociality and antisociality, and if either type of behavior is better predicted by creativity. This will give us insight into the relationships between non-social creativity and pro/anti-sociality.

Purpose of this study: There is evidence that creative individuals are good at transcending their own minds and imagining alternative realities, such as others’ perspectives (Meyer et al., 2019; Mildner & Tamir, in preparation). Some go as far to say that because of this, creative people are better at understanding others, better at thinking of ways to help others, and more prosocial (Mouchiroud & Bernoussi, 2007; Mouchiroud & Lubart, 2002; Suddendorf & Fletcher-Flinn, 1997). However, a domain-general view of creativity would suggest that creative people cannot be assumed to be inherently more prosocial, since they should also be expected to be antisocially creative. In this study, we investigate the possibility that creative people are both more prosocial than less creative people and more antisocial than less creative people. How is this being tested? Participants complete two tasks to measure creativity, one task to measure prosociality, and one task to measure antisociality. We will then test the extent to which creativity is related to prosociality and antisociality, and if either type of behavior is better predicted by creativity. This will give us insight into the relationships between non-social creativity and pro/anti-sociality.

The project described here encompasses two major studies assessing the association between individual differences using self-report questionnaires and self-other distinction indexed by the Imitation-Inhibition Task. The goals, hypothesis, and analysis plan for each study will be separately described, although data collection procedures were shared by both studies. More information about this project can be found at https://osf.io/mu8vr/. Study 1. The role of interoception in self-other distinction: What can it teach us about empathy and alexithymia? Palmer & Tsakiris (2018) proposed an explanatory model addressing the complex interaction between interoceptive accuracy, self-other distinction, and social cognitive performance. These authors argued that in social tasks requiring high levels of self-other distinction, subjects with high levels of interoceptive accuracy should display better performance as they are able to keep a more stable representation of their own bodily self. Conversely, in tasks where less self-other distinction is required (e.g., emotional contagion), subjects with low interoceptive accuracy may display enhanced performance. This model provides a valuable framework to test the associations between self-other distinction and individual differences in interoception, empathy, and alexithymia, constructs that have been widely associated with each other within the field. First, within this model, it would be expected that self-other distinction would be enhanced in subjects with high interoceptive accuracy. Secondly, we argue that the cognitive empathy domain requires higher self-other distinction, as this empathy domain often requires that people effectively represent mental states of others that are incongruent with their own mental states. Consequently, cognitive empathy would be positively associated with interoceptive accuracy, as observed in a previous sample collected by our research group (Campos, Barbosa, et al., 2020). Conversely, affective empathy may imply lower levels of self-other distinction, as we are required to effectively share an isomorphic affective state which is being experienced by others. Thus, it will be expected that affective empathy is negatively associated with interoceptive accuracy or unrelated to it, as observed in our previous work (Campos, Barbosa, et al., 2020). Finally, this model could also provide a valuable framework to examine the association between self-other distinction and alexithymia. Alexithymia has been consistently negatively associated with interoceptive (Trevisan et al., 2019). Hence, it would be expected a similar negative association between self-other distinction and alexithymia. Regardless of these hypotheses, several other questions and inconsistencies in the field also remain to be answered. For instance, Palmer & Tsakiris (2018) described the association between interoceptive accuracy and self-other distinction, but the recent 2 x 2 factorial framework to categorize individual differences in interoception argues that this construct can be clearly divided into two unrelated domains: interoceptive attention, the degree to which interoceptive signals are the object of attention; and interoceptive accuracy, the ability to accurately perceive interoceptive signals (Campos, Barbosa, et al., 2020; Campos, Murphy, et al., 2020; Gabriele et al., 2020; J. Murphy et al., 2019, 2020). Thus, it would be valuable to examine whether interoceptive attention and accuracy are differentially associated with self-other distinction. Another important issue is that we will be operationalizing self-other distinction using the Inhibitory-Imitation Task (Hogeveen et al., 2015). In this task, subjects are required to inhibit the motor representation of the other person’s movements and to enhance their self-generated motor representation to perform the task successfully. Previous data examining the association of imitation-inhibition (indexing self-other distinction) with empathy, interoception, and alexithymia does not seem to adequately fit the model proposed by Palmer & Tsakiris (2018), although there are some limitations to existing evidence. For instance, there is meta-analytical evidence suggesting that self-other distinction (index by imitation-inhibition) is not associated with either cognitive or affective empathy (Cracco et al., 2018). However, almost all studies included in this review used the Interpersonal Reactivity Index to measure empathy, a measure that has faced some criticism due to its poor psychometric proprieties (Chrysikou & Thompson, 2016; B. A. Murphy et al., 2020; B. A. Murphy & Lilienfeld, 2019; Wang et al., 2020). Thus, there is a need to further test the association of the Inhibitory-Imitation Task with cognitive and affective empathy, using a questionnaire that more adequately operationalizes these empathy domains. There is also evidence suggesting that self-other distinction (indexed by imitation-inhibition) is negatively associated with interoceptive accuracy (Ainley et al., 2014) and positively associated with alexithymia (Sowden et al., 2016), which would not be consistent with the premises proposed by Palmer & Tsakiris (2018). However, both these studies operationalized interoceptive accuracy using performance-based cardiac tasks which only provide information about one interoceptive modality. Thus, using a self-report interoceptive accuracy scale that assesses several interoceptive signals may provide valuable insights into the association between self-other distinction and interoception. In sum, Study 1 has the following main goals: - Examine the associations between self-other distinction (indexed by imitation-inhibition) and individual differences in interoceptive attention and accuracy, cognitive and affective empathy, and alexithymia. - Investigate whether the associations between self-other distinction and individual differences in interoception, empathy, and alexithymia are independent of broader inhibitory control abilities (indexed by non-imitative inhibitory control. - Explore the complex interplay between interoception, empathy, and alexithymia. Study 2. Self-other distinction across psychopathy dimensions: evidence from the Imitation-Inhibition Task Psychopathy is a multidimensional personality construct encompassing affective (e.g., callousness, lack of empathy) and interpersonal traits (e.g., deceitfulness, social dominance), as well as maladaptive manifestations closely related to antisocial behavior (e.g., disinhibition, impulsivity; (Hare & Neumann, 2008; Patrick et al., 2009). Currently, there are two major frameworks to measure psychopathy traits: (1) the classical 2-factors model, encompassing interpersonal-affective (Factor 1) and impulsive-antisocial features (Factor 2; Hare et al., 1990; Hare & Neumann, 2008). These broader factors can be further decomposed into four more specific facets (facet 1: interpersonal traits, facet 2: affective traits, facet 3: impulsive lifestyle, facet 4: antisocial behavior) without losing model fit (Hare & Neumann, 2008); (2) the more contemporary 3-dimensional models that cover both adaptive and maladaptive expressions of psychopath (Patrick et al., 2009). This model includes boldness-fearlessness traits, a dimension which maps positive adjustment indicators (e.g., low reactivity to stress, resilience, persuasion), meanness/cold-heartedness traits, encompassing attributes related to cruelty, insensitivity, deficient empathy, and contempt for close attachments with others, and disinhibition, referring to behavioral deficits in impulse control. Empathy is a fundamental process underpinning human interactions and is widely regarded as a hallmark of psychopathy. A recent meta-analysis by our research team found differential associations between empathy domains (cognitive and affective empathy) and the psychopathy dimensions preconized by the main theoretical models of psychopathy (Campos et al., 2021). However, there is still a need to understand which mechanisms may underlie the different empathic profiles observed across psychopathy dimensions. Recent social cognition models have highlighted the important role of self-other distinction in social behavior (Bird & Viding, 2014; Happé et al., 2017; Lamm et al., 2016; Palmer & Tsakiris, 2018), which can be an interesting candidate to explain the complex interaction between empathy and psychopathy dimensions. Individuals with high psychopathy traits display abnormal brain activation when instructed to take the “other perspective” on empathy for pain tasks (Decety et al., 2013). Conversely, these individuals display typical empathy-related brain activations when they are explicitly asked to empathize with others (Meffert et al., 2013), suggesting that psychopathy may be associated with a top-down self-other distinction mechanism that compensates for the absence of automatic emotional responses (Lamm et al., 2016) . However, there is still a need to refine the association between self-other distinction and psychopathy by contemplating the multidimensional nature of this personality construct. We argue that using the self-other distinction framework proposed by Palmer & Tsakiris (2018) it is feasible to hypothesize and test how psychopathy dimensions are related to self-other distinction, especially when considering their previously observed empathic profiles (Campos, Barbosa, et al., 2020; Campos et al., 2021). To accomplish this, we will operationalize self-other distinction using the Imitation-Inhibition task (Hogeveen et al., 2015). To our knowledge, there is only one study assessing the association between psychopathy traits and self-other distinction assessed by the Imitation-Inhibition task, that only presented results regarding the classical 2-factor structure (Genschow, Bardi, et al., 2019). Also, the Imitation-Inhibition task version that we will be using includes a non-imitative inhibitory control manipulation. There have been several studies assessing the association between inhibitory control and psychopathy traits, although findings are somewhat inconsistent for some psychopathy dimensions (Derefinko, 2015; Feilhauer et al., 2012; Pasion et al., 2018; Weidacker et al., 2017; Williams, 2020). However, examining the association of psychopathy with both imitation-inhibition (indexing self-other distinction) and non-imitative inhibitory control conditions will allow us to understand whether each psychopathy dimension is specifically associated with impaired or enhanced self-other distinction, or if these postulated deficits are likely related to general inhibitory control abilities. Thus, Study 2 has the following goals: - Examine the associations between self-other distinction (indexed by imitation-inhibition) and psychopathy traits operationalized using different conceptual frameworks (triarchic model, classical 2-factor models, 4 facets model). - Investigate whether the associations between self-other distinction and psychopathy are independent or not from broader inhibitory control abilities (indexed by non-imitative inhibitory control). - Explore the complex interplay between psychopathy, empathy, interoception, and alexithymia.

Previous research has shown an association between cognitive control deficits and problematic behavior such as antisocial behavior and substance use, but little is known about the predictive value of cognitive control for treatment outcome. The current study tests whether selected markers of baseline cognitive control predict (1) treatment completion of a day treatment program involving a combination of approaches for multiproblem young adults and (2) daytime activities a year after the start of treatment, over and above psychological, social, and criminal characteristics. We assessed individual, neurobiological, and neurobehavioral measures, including functional brain activity during an inhibition task and two electroencephalographic measures of error processing in 127 male multiproblem young adults (age 18–27 years). We performed two hierarchical regression models to test the predictive power of cognitive control for treatment completion and daytime activities at follow-up. The overall models did not significantly predict treatment completion or daytime activities at follow-up. However, activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during response inhibition, years of regular alcohol use, internalizing problems, and ethnicity were all significant individual predictors of daytime activity at follow-up. In conclusion, cognitive control could not predict treatment completion or daytime activities a year after the start of treatment over and above individual characteristics. However, results indicate a direct association between brain activity during response inhibition and participation in daytime activities, such as work or school, after treatment. As adequate baseline inhibitory control is associated with a positive outcome at follow-up, this suggests interventions targeting cognitive control might result in better outcomes at follow-up.

BackgroundAntisociality across adolescence and young adulthood puts individuals at high risk of developing a variety of problems. Prior research has linked antisociality to autonomic nervous system and endocrinological functioning. However, there is large heterogeneity in antisocial behaviors, and these neurobiological measures are rarely studied conjointly, limited to small specific studies with narrow age ranges, and yield mixed findings due to the type of behavior examined.MethodsWe harmonized data from 1489 participants (9–27 years, 67% male), from six heterogeneous samples. In the resulting dataset, we tested relations between distinct dimensions of antisociality and heart rate, pre-ejection period (PEP), respiratory sinus arrhythmia, respiration rate, skin conductance levels, testosterone, basal cortisol, and the cortisol awakening response (CAR), and test the role of age throughout adolescence and young adulthood.ResultsThree dimensions of antisociality were uncovered: ‘callous-unemotional (CU)/manipulative traits’, ‘intentional aggression/conduct’, and ‘reactivity/impulsivity/irritability’. Shorter PEPs and higher testosterone were related to CU/manipulative traits, and a higher CAR is related to both CU/manipulative traits and intentional aggression/conduct. These effects were stable across age.ConclusionsAcross a heterogeneous sample and consistent across development, the CAR may be a valuable measure to link to CU/manipulative traits and intentional aggression, while sympathetic arousal and testosterone are additionally valuable to understand CU/manipulative traits. Together, these findings deepen our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underlying different components of antisociality. Finally, we illustrate the potential of using current statistical techniques for combining multiple datasets to draw robust conclusions about biobehavioral associations.

Cognitive empathy allows individuals to recognize and infer how others think and feel in social situations and provides a foundation for the formation and maintenance of mutually constructive relationships. It may seem intuitive to assume that individuals who engage in antisocial behavior, who disregard the rights of others, might have problems with cognitive empathy. However, careful examination of the literature suggests that any dysfunction in cognitive empathy associated with antisociality varies by subtype of antisocial individual and is specific to subcomponents of cognitive empathy. In this review, we (1) briefly define subtypes of antisocial individuals (“psychopathic” vs. “antisocial-only”), (2) summarize specific components of cognitive empathy; (3) review existing literature examining cognitive empathy through questionnaires, behavioral tasks, and neuroimaging within different antisocial subtypes; and (4) discuss the limitations of the current research and potential future directions. Individuals in the psychopathic subtype fail to implicitly engage in cognitive empathy, and potentially lack insight into this issue reflected in no self-reported problems with cognitive empathy, but show an ability to engage in cognitive empathy when explicitly required. Individuals in the antisocial-only subtype appear able to engage in cognitive empathy, showing no differences on questionnaire or behavioral tasks that tap explicit cognitive empathy, but may display subtle difficulties accurately inferring (affective theory of mind) the emotions of others. We end the review by noting areas for future research, including the need to: (1) document the patterns of equifinality that exist across levels of analysis for these antisocial subtypes; (2) examine the temporality of empathy and antisociality development; (3) carefully consider and label subcomponents of cognitive empathy in research on antisocial behavior; and (4) investigate the intersection among environmental experiences, cognitive empathy, and antisocial behavior.

Este trabajo utiliza un enfoque integrador para examinar los compor­tamientos violentos, dominantes y manipuladores, así como sus motivaciones. Tras exponer estudios guiados por paradigmas de investigación distintos, pero complementarios sobre los rasgos de personalidad malevolentes, demuestra que es erróneo basarse en el criterio de la adaptación social para establecer la normalidad y salud mental de los individuos. Esto, porque muchos persona­jes perfectamente adaptados y hasta con posiciones de liderazgo en múltiples esferas de la vida en sociedad incurren en comportamientos profundamente nocivos y antisociales, lo cual hace necesario modificar nuestros referentes científicos de la normalidad o salud del comportamiento humano. This work uses an integrative approach to examine violent, dominant, and manipulative behaviors, as well as their motivations. After exposing stud­ies guided by different, but complementary research paradigms on malevolent personality traits, he shows that it is wrong to base oneself on the criterion of social adaptation to establish the normality and mental health of individuals. This, because many perfectly adapted characters and even with leadership positions in multiple spheres of life in society, engage in deeply harmful and antisocial behavior, what makes it necessary to modify our scientific references of the normality or health of human behavior.

Introduction: Fair Play behaviours are moral and social behaviours that can be acquire from students throughout PE class. The main aim of this study was to translate and validate into Albanian language the questionnaire that measures and evaluate pro-social and antisocial behaviours in PE class. Material and methods: The process of validity was based in three steps: 1) Translation and Back Translation - the questionnaire was translated from experts of the field who were proficient in English language, and the process of back translation was done from experts of Albanian and English language. 2) Factor Analysis - 597 middle school students from Tirana, Albania, were involved, from which a simple size of 280 students (mean age=13.22±1.22 yr) was used to perform the EFA, and reliability, reporting the CA coefficient. For the CFA a sample size of 317 students (mean age=14.32±7.3 yr) was used. 3) Test-Retest Validity- the questionnaire was submitted to the same students as EFA in two times with an interval of 3 weeks between them. Results: Regarding Factor Analysis the KMO> than 0.5 and Bartlett's Test < 0.01 (KMO-0.820, χ2=1153.330; p=0.000), have indicated that the EFA could be performed. EFA has revealed that there were four factors, two for pro-social and two for antisocial. The CA coefficient for the four factors was: respect conventions (α=0.683), respect towards teammates (α= 0.616), cheating (α=0.765) and gamesmanship (α=0.742). The CFA has indicated a good model fit (χ2=196.68, df=84, p=0.000, RMSEA = 0.065, SRMR = 0.056 and CFI=0.92). Regarding test-retest validity there were no significant differences between test and retest measures, when test (M=44.26±5.13) and retest (M=44.09±5.76) conditions; t(279)=0.52 (p=0.600). Conclusions: According to the resultsof our study, the questionnaire has shown reliability on measuring pro-social and anti-social behaviours in PE class. Therefore, the questionnaire can be used as an effective tool to help Albanian PE teachers and sports educators to understand the social and educational values dealing with sport in Albanian schools

Background As a prominent issue worldwide, juveniles’ aggressive and violent crimes have attracted much interest in recent years. Based on the social information processing model, the present study aimed to evaluate the Chinese male juvenile delinquents’ attention bias towards hostile stimuli from both static and dynamic perspectives. Additionally, the predictive effect of attention bias on aggressive behavior and the moderating effect of group (juvenile delinquents and the controls with no criminal history) were also investigated. Methods The hostile attention bias and aggressive behavior of 76 juvenile delinquents (Mage = 17.5 years, SD = 0.59 years) and 67 controls (Mage = 18.3 years, SD = 0.73 years) were measured with the emotional dot-probe task, emotional Stroop task, and the Chinese version of the Buss & Perry aggression questionnaire, respectively. Results The results showed that compared with controls, juvenile delinquents showed more attention biases towards hostile faces and words, and demonstrated higher levels of physical aggression and anger. Furthermore, the type of participants moderated the relationship between hostile attention bias and aggressive behavior. For juvenile delinquents, attention bias away from hostile stimuli and attention variability negatively predicted anger, while for controls, attention variability positively predicted self-directed aggression. Conclusion Attentional variability and avoidance of hostile stimuli are expected to reduce the aggressive level of Chinese male juvenile delinquents. The relationship between attention bias and aggression should be further considered and applied in the clinical practice.

Introduction: Social problems that occur in adolescent students lead to anti-social behavior. Antisocial behavior is a disorder of adjustment to the social environment caused by weak self-control. The purpose of this community service is to provide knowledge and abilities to junior high school students as peer counselors so that they can develop adolescent prosocial behavior and can prevent antisocial behavior.Methods: The method used in this community service activity is training with the method of lectures and discussions on peer counseling, prosocial behavior in adolescents, and skills as a peer counselor. A total of 40 people consisting of selected students, counseling teachers, and person in charge of students participated in this activity and also carried out an evaluation of adolescent prosocial behavior through the pretest and posttest.Results: The results obtained through this activity are that there is an increase in the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents in developing prosocial behavior. This is because the method of lectures, discussions, through training modules can provide a clear technical picture so that participants know and can practice their abilities as peer counselors in improving prosocial behavior of junior high school adolescents.Conclusion: It is hoped that the next community service activity can achieve a wider target and a diverse community.

BackgroundAberrant functioning of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an important factor in the occurrence of antisocial behavior. Baseline autonomic functioning and the responsivity of the ANS have been related to psychopathic traits and aggression. Here we investigated whether a naturalistic sample of male multi-problem young adults (age 18–27) present with similar autonomic deficits in relation to their psychopathy and aggression as previous studies observed in clinical samples.MethodsIn a sample of 112 multi-problem young adults, baseline autonomic functioning and autonomic responsivity to emotional stimuli were assessed through four physiological measures: heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, pre-ejection period, and skin conductance. 27 control participants were included primarily to assess whether the task worked appropriately. Participants watched a neutral 5 min video to assess baseline autonomic functioning and watched two sad clips to assess autonomic reactivity to sadness. We investigated the association between autonomic functioning and self-reported psychopathic traits and aggression within the multi-problem group.ResultsWe found no significant associations between autonomic functioning and psychopathy and aggression.ConclusionThese null-findings highlight the importance of research in naturalistic samples in addition to research in clinical and general populations samples and underscore the complexity of translating research findings into practical and clinical implications.

Introduction Adolescents are particularly susceptible to social influence and previous studies have shown that this susceptibility decreases with age. The current study used a cross-sectional experimental paradigm to investigate the effect of age and puberty on susceptibility to both prosocial and antisocial influence. Methods Participants (N = 520) aged 11–18 from London and Cambridge (United Kingdom) rated how likely they would be to engage in a prosocial (e.g. “help a classmate with their work”) or antisocial (e.g. “make fun of a classmate”) act. They were then shown the average rating (in fact fictitious) that other adolescents had given to the same question, and were then asked to rate the same behaviour again. Results Both prosocial and antisocial influence decreased linearly with age, with younger adolescents being more socially influenced when other adolescents’ ratings were more prosocial and less antisocial than their own initial rating. Both antisocial and prosocial influence significantly decreased across puberty for boys but not girls (independent of age). Conclusions These findings suggest that social influence declines with increasing maturity across adolescence. However, the exact relationship between social influence and maturity is dependent on the nature of the social influence and gender. Understanding when adolescents are most susceptible to different types of social influence, and how this might influence their social behaviour, has important implications for understanding adolescent social development.

Introduction Core psychopathy is characterized by grandiosity, callousness, manipulativeness, and lack of remorse, empathy, and guilt. It is often comorbid with conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Psychopathy is present in forensic as well as prison and general populations. In recent years, an increasing amount of neuroimaging studies has been conducted in order to elucidate the obscure neurobiological etiology of psychopathy. The studies have yielded heterogenous results, and no consensus has been reached. Aims This study systematically reviewed and qualitatively summarized functional and structural neuroimaging studies conducted on individuals with psychopathic traits. Furthermore, this study aimed to evaluate whether the findings from different MRI modalities could be reconciled from a neuroanatomical perspective. Materials and methods After the search and auditing processes, 118 neuroimaging studies were included in this systematic literature review. The studies consisted of structural, functional, and diffusion tensor MRI studies. Results Psychopathy was associated with numerous neuroanatomical abnormalities. Structurally, gray matter anomalies were seen in frontotemporal, cerebellar, limbic, and paralimbic regions. Associated gray matter volume (GMV) reductions were most pronounced particularly in most of the prefrontal cortex, and temporal gyri including the fusiform gyrus. Also decreased GMV of the amygdalae and hippocampi as well the cingulate and insular cortices were associated with psychopathy, as well as abnormal morphology of the hippocampi, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens. Functionally, psychopathy was associated with dysfunction of the default mode network, which was also linked to poor moral judgment as well as deficient metacognitive and introspective abilities. Second, reduced white matter integrity in the uncinate fasciculus and dorsal cingulum were associated with core psychopathy. Third, emotional detachment was associated with dysfunction of the posterior cerebellum, the human mirror neuron system and the Theory of Mind denoting lack of empathy and persistent failure in integrating affective information into cognition. Conclusions Structural and functional aberrancies involving the limbic and paralimbic systems including reduced integrity of the uncinate fasciculus appear to be associated with core psychopathic features. Furthermore, this review points towards the idea that ASPD and psychopathy might stem from divergent biological processes.

Transdiagnostic causal variables have been identified that have allowed understanding the origin and maintenance of psychopathologies in parsimonious explanatory models of antisocial disorders. However, it is necessary to systematize the information published in the last decade. The aim of the study was to identify through a systematic review, the structural, emotional and cognitive transdiagnostic variables in antisocial disorders of adolescence and youth. Recommendations for systematic reviews and meta-extraction and analysis of information according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), the Cochrane Collaboration and Campbell were followed. We found 19 articles from 110 reviewed documents. The results indicated that at a structural level there is a general psychopathological factor (psychopathy or externalizing), non-emotional callousness and impulsivity from behavioral inhibition and activation systems, and negative affect traits as base structures. In the emotional level, the study found a risk component from emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance. In the cognitive level, a key role of anger-rumination and violent ideation as explanatory variables of antisocial disorders. We concluded that the interaction of these identified variables makes it possible to generate an evidence-based transdiagnostic model.

Background Understanding individual food preferences is critical for creating tailored strategies that promote healthy individual eating behaviors. Individual sensory liking appears to be an essential determinant of dietary intake. Taste preferences influence satisfaction and satiety, and may consequently influence weight status and psychological adjustment. The purpose of this study was to identify the association between taste preferences (sweet, salty, sweet & fatty, salty & fatty) and personality features. Methods The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) was used for the assessment of personality traits and PrefQuest (PQ) was used for measuring recalled food preferences. A total of 137 participants were included in the study. The relationship between compulsive and antisocial features and taste preferences was assessed by hierarchical multiple linear regression, while controlling for age, gender, BMI, marital status, and educational level. Results The antisocial personality traits were a negative explanatory variable for sweet & fatty taste preference, R2 = .15, t(132) = − 2.40, p = .018, 95% [−.57, −.06] and salty & fatty taste preference, R2 = .16, t(133) = − 2.38, p = .019, 95% [−.07, −.01], while controlling for anthropological factors. In addition, men showed a higher preference than women for sweet & fatty food, such as chocolate or desserts, rsp = .19, p = .021, and for the salty & fatty food, rsp = .30, p Conclusions The findings can bring a much better understanding of the relationship between the compulsive or antisocial personality and taste preferences. In addition, it may help build psychotherapeutic and nutritional strategies that promote healthy eating behaviors, tailored to a particular personality style.

The aims of this study were to assess the longitudinal trajectories of externalizing problem behavior during middle childhood among typically developing children and to examine subgroup differences in the effectiveness of the School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) model, called N-PALS in Norway. Participants were approximately 3000 students, and behavioral assessments were performed by class head teachers at four time points from the 4th or 5th grade through the 7th grade. Using a combination of latent class growth analyses (LCGA) and growth mixture modeling (GMM), four distinct trajectory classes were identified, i.e., persistent low (84.4%), persistent high (2.5%), decreasing (7.9%), and increasing (5.3%). An indication of a significant positive effect of the N-PALS model was found for students with a persistently high-risk trajectory. The current study adds to the evidence that this school-wide prevention model can moderate the development of externalizing behavior problems among children and youth. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11121-018-0938-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Pathological aggression, frequently observed in psychiatric patients and criminal subjects, poses a major burden on the health care and criminal justice system, necessitating better aetiological models to inform targets for prevention and intervention. Emerging evidence suggests that adverse experiences during development can cause long-lasting brain alterations associated with maladaptive behaviors, such as aggression. The present review discusses, mainly based on studies in rodents, whether disruption of the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system through chronic stress-exposure during adolescence predisposes to adult aggression. Our findings suggest that chronic stress in adolescence induces prefrontal cortex (PFC) hyperdopaminergia and ultimately leads to blunted prefrontal dopamine transmission in adulthood. This, in turn, disrupts the ability of the PFC to guide adaptive, long-term focused action selection by regulating mesolimbic dopamine signaling. We propose that, especially during the dynamic and transitional period of adolescence, exposure to chronic stress could lead to excessive adaptive change, which may result in an increased vulnerability to maladaptive aggression in adulthood. We discuss how these findings in rodents may translate to humans.

Age is one of the best predictors of antisocial behavior. Risk models of recidivism often combine chronological age with demographic, social and psychological features to aid in judicial decision-making. Here we use independent component analyses (ICA) and machine learning techniques to demonstrate the utility of using brain-based measures of cerebral aging to predict recidivism. First, we developed a brain-age model that predicts chronological age based on structural MRI data from incarcerated males (n = 1332). We then test the model's ability to predict recidivism in a new sample of offenders with longitudinal outcome data (n = 93). Consistent with hypotheses, inclusion of brain-age measures of the inferior frontal cortex and anterior-medial temporal lobes (i.e., amygdala) improved prediction models when compared with models using chronological age; and models that combined psychological, behavioral, and neuroimaging measures provided the most robust prediction of recidivism. These results verify the utility of brain measures in predicting future behavior, and suggest that brain-based data may more precisely account for important variation when compared with traditional proxy measures such as chronological age. This work also identifies new brain systems that contribute to recidivism which has clinical implications for treatment development., Highlights • A brain-age model is developed on a large sample of MRI data collected from incarcerated males (n = 1332). • The model is tested in a new sample to predict recidivism using brain vs. chronological age. • Brain-age measures outperformed chronological age in prediction of recidivism.

According to social reward theories, automatic imitation can be understood as a means to obtain positive social consequences. In line with this view, it has been shown that automatic imitation is modulated by contextual variables that constrain the positive outcomes of imitation. However, this work has largely neglected that many gestures have an inherent pro- or antisocial meaning. As a result of their meaning, antisocial gestures are considered taboo and should not be used in public. In three experiments, we show that automatic imitation of symbolic gestures is modulated by the social intent of these gestures. Experiment 1 (N = 37) revealed reduced automatic imitation of antisocial compared with prosocial gestures. Experiment 2 (N = 118) and Experiment 3 (N = 118) used a social priming procedure to show that this effect was stronger in a prosocial context than in an antisocial context. These findings were supported in a within-study meta-analysis using both frequentist and Bayesian statistics. Together, our results indicate that automatic imitation is regulated by internalized social norms that act as a stop signal when inappropriate actions are triggered.

The study describes the development and validation of two scales which can be used in evaluating schizoid and antisocial personality disorders. Both scales were developed relying on descriptions from DSM 5 and ICD 10. For validation, the scales have been tested on 125 subjects, together with two well-known psychometric instruments, DA12profile Personality Inventory, and SCL-90. Internal consistency is calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Schizoid Scale contains 20 items and shows a good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .77) and Antisocial Scale contains 22 items and has excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .91). The correlations between the scores of the two scales and the scores of DA12profile Personality Inventory and SCL-90 are statistically significant. The factorial analysis reveals that the two scales and DA12profile Personality Inventory sub-scales are clustered in four factors, explaining 68.31 % of the variance. Based on these results, we discussed the importance the scales have for psychological research and for psycho-diagnostic, their limitations and our future directions of research.