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Tolerance of ambiguity (TOA) is essential for veterinarians because ambiguity and uncertainty are unavoidable aspects of veterinary practice. However, TOA has been little investigated in veterinarians or veterinary students. In this article, the 27-item Tolerance of Ambiguity of Veterinary Students (TAVS) scale, including eight additional clinical pathology-specific items, is used to evaluate TOA in veterinary students at the beginning and end of a clinical pathology course. Clinical pathology is often one of the first subjects in which students encounter ambiguity because real-life cases are used in teaching. The hypotheses are that TOA will increase across the course and that TOA will correlate with the final grade in the course. Analysis of the TAVS scale revealed very good inter-item reliability (α = 0.80) and a positive correlation between the original TAVS items and the new clinical pathology items (ρ = 0.63). Students demonstrated a significant increase in TOA across the course for TAVS items and a similar trend for clinical pathology items. Four items related to affinity for complexity and novice view showed significant increases in TOA. Two items related to discomfort from uncertainty showed significant decreases. There was no correlation between TOA and final grade in the course. Students rated their personal frustration with ambiguity in the course as low and did not think ambiguity in cases was problematic for teaching. The results suggest that the increased TOA at the end of the course might relate to students being taught—and learning how to cope with—ambiguity through the real-life cases used for teaching.

Individuals high in tolerance of ambiguity (TOA) are comfortable with, desire, and strive to manage ambiguous situations. We predicted leader TOA would be associated with better follower performance outcomes, depending on the level (Study 1) and nature (Study 2) of follower role ambiguity. Data were collected from employees (Study 1, n = 423) and managerial employees (Study 2, n = 326) who rated their leader on three facets of TOA and provided self-reports of their own performance outcomes. Positive implications of leader TOA for follower learning goal orientation and job performance (Study 1) were most pronounced when followers perceived low role ambiguity and, in the prediction of situational coping (Study 2), when ambiguous work situations were categorized as challenges (unexpected events requiring problem-solving) compared to hindrances. Findings have theoretical implications for understanding when TOA in leaders is optimal and have practical relevance for leaders seeking to adapt to the situational needs of their followers.

Objectives. The purpose of the article is a theoretical substantiation and empirical study of the relationship between character traits, tolerance for ambiguity and components of personal well-being of students-psychologists.Methods. The following diagnostic tools have been used in the study: “K. Riff's scale of psychological well-being” (adaptation by T.D. Shevelonkov, T.P. Fesenko); The Big Five Inventory (BFI), authors: Oliver P. John, Christopher J. Soto, 2015, adaptation: S.A. Shchebetenko, A.Y. Kalugina, A.M. Myshkevych (2018), “The scale of general tolerance for ambiguity of McLain” (adaptation: E.G. Lukovitskaya, 1998, revalidation of E.M. Osina, 2004).Results. The article theoretically substantiates and presents the results of an empirical study of the relationship between character traits, tolerance for ambiguity and components of personal well-being of psychologists. The study has been conducted with 311 students of the University of Kyiv named after Borys Hrinchenko and Precarpathian National University named after Vasyl Stefanyk, majoring in Psychology. The relationship between personal well-being, tolerance for ambiguity and character traits has been studied. There is a significant relationship between overall well-being and tolerance for ambiguity. A cross-link between the component of well-being “Personal growth”, tolerance reactions “Attitude to ambiguity situations”, “Advantage of novelty”, “Attitude to complex tasks”, and character traits “Extraversion” (“Persistence”), “Honesty” (“Responsibility”), “Openness of experience” (“Curiosity”, “Aesthetics”, “Creative imagination”).Conclusions. The article provides a brief overview of foreign approaches to the formation of the study of the phenomena of personal well-being and tolerance for ambiguity, summarizes and formulates the definition of personal well-being and tolerance for ambiguity. The correlations between indicators of personal well-being, tolerance for ambiguity and character traits are analyzed. Characteristic correlates of tolerance for ambiguity in the system of personal well-being of students-psychologists are determined. Prospects for further research on the influence on the personal well-being of students of psychology are identified.Key words: psychological well-being, personal well-being, ambiguity, tolerance for ambiguity, tolerance of the situation, character traits. Мета. Метою статті є теоретичне обґрунтування та емпіричне дослідження взаємозв’язку між рисами характеру, толерантністю до невизначеності та компонентами особистісного благополуччя студентів-психологів. Методи. У дослідженні використано такий діагностичний інструментарій, як: «Шкала психологічного благополуччя К. Ріфф» (адаптація Т.Д. Шевеленкова, Т.П. Фесенко); П’ятифакторний опитувальник (The Big Five Inventory, BFI, автори: Олівер Джон, Крістофер Сото (Oliver P. John, Christopher J. Soto, 2015; адаптація С.А. Щебетенко, А.Ю. Калугіна, А.М. Мишкевича, 2018); «Шкала загальної толерантності до невизначеності МакЛейна» (адаптація Е.Г. Луковицької, 1998, ревалідизація Е.М. Осіна, 2004).Результати. У статті теоретично обґрунтовано та викладено результати емпіричного дослідження взаємозв’язку між рисами характеру, толерантністю до невизначеності та компонентами особистісного благополуччя студентів-психологів. Дослідження проведено зі 311 студентами Київського університету імені Бориса Грінченка за спеціальністю «Психологія». Досліджено взаємозв’язки між показниками благополуччя особистості, толерантності до невизначеності та рисами характеру. Виявлено значущий зв’язок між загальним показником благополуччя особистості та толерантності до невизначеності. Про-ведено наскрізний аналіз та виявлено значущий зв’язок між компонентною «Особистісне зростання» (психологічне благополуччя), субшкалами «Ставлення до невизначених ситуацій», «Перевага новизни», «Ставлення до складних задач» (шкала МакЛейна) та рисами характеру «Екстраверсія-Наполегливість», «Сумлінність-Відповідальність», «Відкритість досвіду» (BFI).Висновки. У статті наведено стислий огляд зарубіжних підходів до становлення дослідження феноменів благополуччя особистості та толерантності до невизначеності, узагальнено та сформульовано визначення понять «особистісне благополуччя» і «толерантність до невизначеності». Проаналізовано кореляційні зв’язки між показниками особистісного благополуччя, толерантності до невизначеності та рисами характеру. Виявлено характерологічні диспозиції толерантності до невизначеності у системі особистісного благополуччя студентів-психологів. Визначено перспективи подальших досліджень впливу на стан особистісного благополуччя студентів-психологів.Ключові слова: психологічне благополуччя, особистісне благополуччя, невизначеність, толерантність до невизначеності, толерування ситуації, риси характеру.

Under the conditions of precarious situation, caused by the global pandemic and unprecedented restrictions, aimed at countering it, productivity of specialists in various fields of work is reducing significantly. This is particularly true of activities, conducted through direct communication between concerned parties. In order to counter instability, workers have to develop creativity, readiness for changes and tolerance for ambiguity. The goal of research is to establish correlations between the type of professional activity and creativity, readiness for changes and tolerance for ambiguity. The respondents of the study were 260 people of working age –the staff of event, tourism, restaurant business, trade, IT spheres. The research procedure included organizational, target-oriented, empirical, final stages. Time limits of the study – April – July 2020. For psychodiagnostics the article uses the Torrance test of creative thinking, diagnostics of personal creativity by Tunik, the methodology “personal readiness for changes”, the scale of individual’s tolerance for ambiguity by McLain. The study found clear correlations between the indicators of creativity, readiness for changes and tolerance for ambiguity. The original model of a creative specialist (endowed with originality, adaptability, optimism and common sense) in the conditions of changes and uncertainty was formed in the research. The results of psychodiagnostics showed the highest indicators of creativity among IT workers, readiness for changes–among the staff of IT and event spheres, tolerance for ambiguity–among retail workers. In the conditions of pandemic destruction, the workers of the tourism industry were the least creative, while the workers of the event sphere turned out to be unprepared for changes and the workers of the event and tourism industries –intolerant for ambiguity. The results of the study can be used to develop correctional programs to increase the staff’s creativity, readiness for changes, tolerance for ambiguity. It is the development and implementation of effective psycho-correctional programs for the use of real communication and digital tools that are the prospect of further scientific research on the ways to solve the problem.

Infertile women often experience chronic stress that can harm their well-being. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction programmes on tolerance of...

During the Spring 2020 semester, university classes abruptly moved online in the wake of the worldwide Covid-19 pandemic. Unlike courses designed and implemented with an online environment in mind, this transition involved a massive and immediate migration involving faculty and students who had not prepared or registered for online course delivery. Many instructors and students were unfamiliar and/or unskilled for online education. The purpose of this research is to explore the role of tolerance for ambiguity, worry, perceived stress, helpful communication, and past online experience on students’ general satisfaction with the sudden transition to online classes and student satisfaction with individual performance during the transition. Our findings suggest that tolerance for ambiguity, perceived stress, and helpful communication all play a role in understanding general and individual performance satisfaction during a time of disruption. Worry also plays a role in understanding individual performance satisfaction. Identifying influential factors that contribute to student satisfaction during teaching disruptions helps marketing educators better care for and meet the educational needs of students. Ultimately, emotional awareness in the classroom should be a new normal for marketing education. © 2021 Society for Marketing Advances.

This study examined the effects of locus of control, tolerance of ambiguity, vision, persistence, and resilience on entrepreneurial competency, performance, and sustainability among micro-enterprises in Kelantan, Malaysia. Adopting a cross-sectional design, the authors collected data from 403 micro-entrepreneurs. The findings revealed that locus of control and vision significantly influenced entrepreneurial competencies. In turn, entrepreneurial competencies, locus of control, and visionary traits significantly affected micro-enterprise performance. The findings also revealed a positive effect of entrepreneurial competencies and performance on micro-enterprise sustainability. The findings also confirmed a significant mediating effect of entrepreneurial competencies on the relationship between locus of control and vision and enterprise performance. The government and developmental organizations should collaborate to enhance locus of control, vision, and resilience traits in order to facilitate micro-enterprise sustainable performance.

This study has two objectives, namely (1) to explore the level of entrepreneurial thinking among university students in malaysia and nigeria; and (2) to identify the contribution of university environmental elements in malaysia and nigeria in nurturing students entrepreneurial thinking. This study used a quantitative approach. The sample consists of 162 university students from northern state of malaysia and 92 university students from kaduna state of nigeria. The findings shown that both malaysian and nigerian university students have a moderately high level of entrepreneurial thinking, where the mean score of entrepreneurial thinking of malaysian university students was higher than the mean score of entrepreneurial thinking of nigerian students. All dimensions of entrepreneurial thinking, namely opportunity recognition, risk taking, tolerance of ambiguity and creativity and innovation for both countries were at a moderate level with the same mean ranking. Among the five predictors hypothesized to influence entrepreneurial thinking, four predictors, namely, co-curriculum, lecturers, curriculum and support resources contributed to 55.7% of variation in entrepreneurial thinking among university students in malaysia. The highest environmental elements of malaysian university that significantly contribute to student’s entrepreneurial thinking were co-curriculum, followed by lecturer curriculum and support resources. innigeria only two predictors, lecturers and co-curriculum contributed to 44.3% of variation in entrepreneurial thinking, where lecturers contributed the highest, followed by co-curriculum. Both countries showed that campus did not give a significant contribution to student’s entrepreneurial thinking. The implication of this study showed that both countries need to take entrepreneurial actions in increasing the levels of entrepreneurial thinking among university students the campus for both countries have to be more entrepreneurial to help boosted student entrepreneurial thinking.

As the COVID-19 pandemic clearly shows, we are living in an age of uncertainty and ambiguity. This study develops a Japanese version of the Multidimensional Attitude toward Ambiguity Scale (MAAS), which was originally developed by Lauriola et al. (2016) and has better psychometrics and reproducibility than previously developed personality trait scales for ambiguity. It assesses three factors: discomfort with ambiguity, moral absolutism/splitting, and need for complexity and novelty. To test our newly developed MAAS, we asked 347 participants (147 females and 200 males, =39.07, =10.58) to complete a back-translated Japanese version of the MAAS online. The Japanese version was found to have sufficient or good internal consistency, retest reliability, and construct validity. We newly found that there were correlations between attitudes toward ambiguity and several scales (e.g., subscales of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and the Minimalist Well-Being Scale), and that there are differences in the scores of our Japanese study participants and the Italian samples in the literature. We hope that our Japanese version of the MAAS will be actively used in future cross-cultural comparative research.

هدف الباحث من خلال البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على العلاقة بين القلق والأسلوب المعرفي تحمل / عدم تحمل الغموض لدى التلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم والعاديين في المرحلة الابتدائية حيث تکونت العينة من (25 صعوبات التعلم، 28 عاديين)، وتراوحت أعمارهم من 8 أعوام و10 شهور إلى 10 أعوام و9 شهور، وکانت الأدوات المستخدمة في هذا البحث اختبار رأفن للمصفوفات المتتابعة، مقياس بندر جشطلت البصري الحرکي، استمارة المسح السريع، اختبار القراءة الصامتة، مقياس القلق للأطفال واختبار تحمل وعدم الغموض للأطفال؛ حيث أظهرت النتائج أنه توجد فروق ذات دلالة بين متوسطي درجات التلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم والعاديين في تحمل الغموض لصالح العاديين، کما توجد فروق ذات دلالة بين متوسطي درجات التلاميذ ذوي صعوبات التعلم والعاديين في القلق لصالح ذوي صعوبات التعلم، کما أظهرت أنه لا توجد علاقة ذات دلالة بين مستوى القلق وتحمل الغموض لدى ذوي صعوبات التعلم. The researcher's goal through current research aims to identify the relationship between anxiety and ambiguity tolerance / intolerance for pupils with learning difficulties and average in the primary stage that the participants were 25 learning difficulties and 28 average pupils ranged in age from 8 years and 10 months to 10 years and 9 months, and the tools used in this research were Raven Sequential Matrix Test Bender Gestalt Kinetic Scale, Rapid Scanning Form, Silent Reading Test, Anxiety Scale, ambiguity tolerance scale. The results showed that there are significant differences between the mean scores of learning difficulties and average pupils in tolerating ambiguity in favor of the average. In addition, there are significant differences between the mean scores of learning difficulties and average in anxiety in favor of those with learning difficulties. In addition, it showed that there is no significant relationship between the level of anxiety and tolerance ambiguity for learning difficulties pupils.

The current study examines the effects of two forms of written corrective feedback (CF) and also learners’ ambiguity tolerance (AT) on L2 writing accuracy. To this end, 54 Iranian EFL learners enrolled in three intact classes participated in the study and served as two experimental groups as well as a control condition. The participants of the three conditions first took a writing task as pre-test. They were also asked to answer a questionnaire which was employed to measure the participants’ ambiguity tolerance (AT). During three treatment sessions, the participants of one experimental group received direct written CF from their teacher in response to their writing errors while the learners of the second experimental group were provided with indirect written CF that required them to self-correct their errors. The participants of the control group received no CF for their errors. Data analysis revealed that both types of written CF were effective for promoting the learners’ writing accuracy. Moreover, the findings indicated that the participants benefited more from direct feedback than indirect feedback although the difference was not statistically significant. These findings highlighted the value of teacher’s direct correction as well as learners’ self-correction. Finally, the results did not provide evidence for the moderating effects of learners’ AT on written CF effectiveness. Implications for language teachers and suggestions for further studies are presented in the study.

The present study aimed to test a model of relations to ascertain the determinants of distress caused by lockdown for COVID-19. It was hypothesized that the exposure to the COVID-19 increased distress directly and through the mediation of worry, health-related information seeking, and perception of the utility of the lockdown. It was also expected that higher levels of ambiguity intolerance corresponded to higher distress directly and through the mediation of worry, health information seeking behaviors, and perceived utility of the lockdown. Finally, it was expected that risk aversion positively influenced distress directly and through the increasing of worry, health-related information seeking behavior, and more positive perception of the utility of the lockdown The study was conducted in Italy during the mandatory lockdown for COVID-19 pandemic on 240 individuals (age range 18–76). Data recruitment was conducted via snowball sampling. COVID-19 exposure was positively associated with worry and health-related information seeking. Risk-aversion was positively associated with health-related information seeking and perceived utility of the lockdown to contain the spread of the virus. Worry and health-related information seeking were positively associated with distress, whereas the perceived utility of the lockdown was negatively associated with distress. Intolerance for the ambiguity was directly linked to distress with a positive sign. Findings suggest that risk aversion represents both a risk factor and a protective factor, based on what kind of variable mediates the relationship with distress, and that the intolerance to the ambiguity is a risk factor that busters distress.

Feeling like a different person when speaking different languages has been investigated before and attributed to several linguistic as well as psychological factors. Language proficiency, the conte...

This research aims to investigate the EFL students' perspective on ambiguity tolerance. The researcher used a descriptive qualitative approach for this research. To collect the data, the researcher used the Second Language Tolerance of Ambiguity Scale (SLTAS) as the instrument. This research involved 30 students of the 5th semester of Tidar University Magelang as the participant. The result shows that the participants have low ambiguity tolerance in the term reading and listening and more tolerance in speaking and writing.

This study investigates whether and how different decision logics (i.e., effectuation and causation) are linked to venture performance (i.e., annual average growth in revenue and profit as well as subjective assessments of venture performance and funding status). We also examine how dispositional characteristics of an entrepreneur (i.e., learning and performance goal orientations, ambiguity tolerance, desire for change, and locus of control) influence the use of different decision logics. The results indicate that causation has a significantly positive effect on revenue growth as well as subjective assessments of venture performance and funding status, while effectuation has a significantly negative effect on profit growth. We find that learning-goal orientation leads to a greater reliance on effectuation, while performance-goal orientation increases the use of causation. An internal locus of control positively affects the reliance on both effectuation and causation, while the desire for change increases the use of effectuation.

The process of career adaptation is counted as a very significant topic, especially regarding career counseling. The aim of that article was to analyze the dependence between type of vocational personality, ambiguity tolerance level and styles of coping with career indecision making. There have been 227 students examined. Each of the examined individuals has got a vocational type of personality referring to gained outcomes from WOPZ questionnaire based on J.L. Holland’s model of vocational personality. Types of vocational personality have been being analyzed according to ambiguity tolerance in career decisions making (by using The Career Decision Ambiguity Tolerance Scale, CDAT) and strategies of coping with career indecision (with usage of Coping with Career Decision-making Difficulties, CCDD). The study has revealed that gender is not associated with personal dispositions as those mentioned above. Individuals characterized by Social type of vocational personality tend to seek help more often than those characterized by other types of vocational personality. Artistic type turned out to be linked to unproductive style of coping with career indecision more than any other type of vocational personality while individuals described as Enterprising type tend to have reversed tendency. Moreover, the present study has indicated that dependence between ambiguity tolerance and productive style of coping with career decisions making does occur.

This study investigated the determinants of entrepreneurial intention, namely entrepreneurial self-efficacy, risk propensity, innovativeness, tolerance to ambiguity, individualism, collectivism and...

Aim. The research undertaken by the author is aimed at explaining how people whobelieve in the justice of the world deal with situations of ambiguity and related uncertainty.It was also assumed that the manifested aversion to ambiguity in the subjects correlatedwith the need for cognitive closure and that people who believe in a just world judge theirown effectiveness better, and that people used different strategies to reduce discomfort(stress) related to uncertainty and ambiguity.Methods. The method by which it was possible to answer the research problem posedwas a correlation analysis. Five questionnaires were used: the M. Kossowska cognitive closurescale (2003), the E. F. Mcquarri and D. G. Mick ambiguity tolerance scale, the C. DalbertJust World scale (in-house translation), the COPE inventory and the GSES scale.Results and conclusions. The analyses show that all three hypotheses put forward bythe author are confi rmed. Along with increasing tolerance of ambiguity, the preference fororder and predictability decreases. In turn, as faith in the just world increases, it increasesstrongly (as a component of the need for cognitive closure). It has also been confi rmed thatpeople apply equal strategies for coping with stress in diffi cult situations to reduce discomfort.Most people surveyed believe in world justice, the more often they use active coping,planning, seeking instrumental support, avoiding competitive activities, turning to religion,positive re-evaluation and development, refraining from action and acceptance as a copingstrategy, less often they reach for alcohol and other psychoactive substances. Finally, theauthor presents the limitations of the research carried out and proposes directions for furtheranalysis to fi nally indicate the possibilities of applying the results in practice.

The Dialogue-Awareness-*Tolerance (DA*T) Model stresses dialogue, intrapersonal and interpersonal, to (a) raise personal and community awareness, (b) reengage positive moral self-sanctioning mechan...

The present study examined the effects of workplace mood states on employee creativity. Workplace mood was classified into four categories based on valence and activation to address a recent debate...

BackgroundPhysicians have to deal with uncertainty on a daily basis, which requires high tolerance for ambiguity. When medical decisions have to be made in ambiguous situations, low levels of need for cognitive closure and high levels of adaptive perfectionism are beneficial. It might be useful to measure such personality traits during medical school selection processes. In our study, we explored the expression of need for cognitive closure, tolerance for ambiguity, and perfectionism in medical school applicants who participated in a multiple mini-interview selection process with respect to the final decision of admission or rejection.MethodsAfter participating in the multiple mini-interview procedure (HAM-Int) at Hamburg Medical School in August 2019, 189 medical school applicants filled out a questionnaire including the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale by Hewitt and Flett (MPS-H), the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale by Frost (MPS-F), the Tolerance for Ambiguity Scale (TAS), the 16-Need for Cognitive Closure Scale (16-NCCS), and sociodemographic data. After the final admission decision, the scores of need for cognitive closure, tolerance for ambiguity, and perfectionism of admitted and rejected applicants were compared. We also assessed the predictive power of need for cognitive closure and age for the admission decision in a binary logistic regression model.ResultsCompared to the admitted applicants, the rejected applicants showed a significantly higher need for cognitive closure (p = .009). A high need for cognitive closure correlated significantly positively with maladaptive perfectionism (p p ConclusionsRegarding the personality traits need for cognitive closure, tolerance for ambiguity, and perfectionism we identified interesting differences and correlations of relevance for physicians’ daily work in medical school applicants who were admitted or rejected after participating in a multiple mini-interview selection procedure. Further studies are needed to investigate these characteristics and their development longitudinally in medical students and to correlate them with students’ medical performance.

Aim of research is to study personal predictors of readiness for innovations of law-enforcement services future employees. Methods. The diagnostics of readiness for innovations was carried out on the basis of the Personal Change Readiness Survey. The diagnostics of difficult situations overcoming resources was carried out on the basis Hardiness Survey of S. Maddi , Strategic Approach to Coping Scale of S. Hobfoll and Tolerance for Ambiguity Questionnaire of S. Badner. In order to find out the difficult situations overcoming resources, which are personal predictors of readiness for innovations, multiple regression analysis (direct step by step method) was realized. Results. Seven regressive equalizations were created. These equalizations contain the difficult situations overcoming personal resources with pointing of meaningfulness of their influence on the innovations readiness components. The analysis of the regressive equalizations helps to make the research results. Most influential predictor of innovations readiness contains tendency to elect active prosocial coping strategies «assertive action» and «social contacts». «Complication» and «novelty» (tolerance for ambiguity components), «commitment» (hardiness survey component) are also most influential innovations readiness predictors. «Challenge» (hardiness survey component), tendency to coping strategy «impulsive action», «unsolveness» (tolerance for ambiguity component) make a moderate contribution to innovations readiness development. «Control» (hardiness survey component), tendency to avoid coping strategies «avoidance», «inderect action», «ansocial action», «aggressive action» make a small contribution to innovations readiness development. Tendency to coping strategy «caution action» contribute to «adaptability» (innovations readiness component) and impedes development «tolerance for ambiguity» (as innovations readiness component). Conclusions. The results of regressive analysis proved that personal resources of difficult situations overcoming (hardiness survey components, tolerance for ambiguity components and coping strategies) are important personal predictors of readiness for innovations of law-enforcement services future employees. Keywords : readiness for innovations, law-enforcement services future employees, hardiness survey, tolerance for ambiguity, coping strategies.