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Psychological reactions to pandemics and their constraints depend heavily on personality. Although perfectionism is consistently associated to depression, anxiety and stress, its role in the pandemics' psychological impact has not been yet empirically studied. Our aim was to analyze the role of perfectionism in psychological distress during the pandemic of COVID-19, testing whether it is mediated by fear of COVID-19 and repetitive negative thinking/RNT. Participants (N = 413 adults; 269.2% women) were recruited from September until December 2020, via social networks. They completed self-report validated questionnaires to evaluate perfectionism dimensions (self-critical, rigid and narcissistic perfectionism), fear of COVID-19, RNT and psychological distress (sum of anxiety, depression and stress symptoms). As women had significantly higher levels of self-critical perfectionism, RNT, fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress, gender was controlled in mediation analysis. The three perfectionism dimensions correlated with RNT, fear of COVID-19 and psychological distress. The effect of self-critical perfectionism on psychological distress was partially mediated by fear of COVID-19 and RNT whereas the effect of rigid and narcissistic perfectionism was fully mediated. Perfectionism influences emotional and cognitive responses to the COVID-19 and therefore should be considered both in the prevention and psychological consequences of the pandemic.

IntroductionSleep represents an important process in the stable behavioural and emotional functioning of the individual and is an important health indicator. Personality is related with academic and occupational achievement, quality of interpersonal relationships, but also with sleep. Concerning personality, individuals with lower emotional stability have greater sensitivity to stress and maladaptive sleep-related behaviour.ObjectivesThe main goal of this study is to analyze the relation between sleep quality and personality in college students.MethodsThis study employed a correlational design. A sample of 220 Portuguese students (84.9% females), with mean age of 19.5 years (sd=3.4), from different health courses, filled in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire and HEXACO-60, during a single individual session. A descriptive statistical analysis, a Pearson correlation analyses and the t Student test, for independent samples, were performed.ResultsThe results showed a predominance of poor sleep quality among students (96.3%). The more prevalent HEXACO dimensions are: Conscientiousness (X=32.6; sd=4.2) and Emotionality (X=31.2; sd=5.2). When exploring personality differences between sleep groups (GSG=Good Sleep Group; PSG=Poor Sleep Group) a significant difference was found in mean scores of the dimension Emotionality. It was observed that the PSG revealed higher levels of Emotionality than the GSG (PSG=31.5; sd=5.1; PSG=26.3; sd=4.0; pConclusionsCollege students self-report a poor sleep and the prevalent personality dimensions are Conscientiousness and Emotionality. Students with higher levels of Emotionality (fearfulness, anxiety, dependence and sentimentality) presented a poor sleep. To conclude, mediation studies are needed in order to better understanding the link between personality and sleep.

Recent studies proposed that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation (CER) is associated with negative dimensions of perfectionism and mediates the relationship between this trait and negative affect dimensions. In the present longitudinal study, our aim was to examine whether and which perfectionism cognitions and CER strategies would mediate the relationship between perfectionism traits and psychological distress, controlling for perceived stress, social support and outcome measure at one year before. At T0 and after approximately one year (T1), 258 college students (79.8% female) filled in the Portuguese validated versions of self-report questionnaires to evaluate perfectionism trait dimensions (perfectionistic concerns and perfectionistic strivings), perfectionism cognitions, CER dimensions, perceived stress, social support and psychological distress (depression, hostility-anxiety, and amiability-vigor). We found that higher perfectionistic concerns at T0 contribute significantly, after one year, to maladaptive perfectionism cognitions, which in turn are associated with higher levels of catastrophizing and rumination, and altogether will ultimately contribute to greater anxiety/hostility (total indirect effect: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.07) and depression (total indirect effect: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.13). In this cognitive setting, perfectionist individuals may benefit from psychological interventions to reduce their tendency to use maladaptive CER strategies.

IntroductionWith the huge increase of life expectancy in developed countries, new needs for long-term care arise in order to guarantee an active ageing for an increasing older adult population. One way to promote emotional well-being and quality of life in elderly is through socio-educational interventions.ObjectivesTo test the effects of a socio-educational intervention in quality of life and mental health of institutionalized elderly.MethodsThis study employed a pretest-posttest design. Measures: Portuguese version of Mental Health Inventory (Ribeiro, 2001) and WHOQOL-OLD (Vilar, Sousa & Simões, 2009). Qualitative assessment was made using a logbook. Participants: 15 institutionalized elderly, 60% females, with mean age of 82.5 years (sd=8.5). The intervention ran for 2 months, with 12 group sessions, 60 minutes each, held twice a week. A nonparametric paired samples tests was conducted to evaluate the impact of the intervention.ResultsAfter the intervention, results showed a significant increase of total value of mental health (p=.021). Concerning dimensions: significant increase of positive psychological well-being (p=.014), emotional ties (p=.050), positive affect (p=.004), behavioural emotional control (p=.018), and a significant decrease of depression (p=.043). Concerning quality of live, the results showed a significant increase of the mean values of the facets: social participation and intimacy (p=.005; p=.027, respectively).ConclusionsOverall, the intervention implemented with institutionalized elderly had good results, with significant increase of positive psychological well-being and decrease of depression. Although there was no control group, the results suggest that the socio-educational intervention implemented can contribute to promote mental health in elderly.

Our objective was to analyze the relationships between Repetitive negative thinking (RNT), perfectionism and psychological distress. Specifically we wanted to test if RNT mediates the relationship between perfectionism and psychological distress. 788 college students completed self-report questionnaires to evaluate perfectionism trait dimensions [Evaluative concerns (EC) and Positive strivings (PS)], RNT dimensions [Repetitive thinking (RT) and Cognitive interference and unproductivity (CIU)], perceived stress, and perceived support. Psychological distress was measured with the Profile of Mood States subscales: Depression (D), Tension–anxiety (TA), Anger–hostility (AH), Fatigue–inertia (FI) and Vigor–anxiety (VA). After controlling for perceived stress and support, perfectionism dimensions and RNT (particularly CIU) remained a significant predictors of psychological distress. CIU was a partial mediator of the relationship between EC and D, TA, AH, FI and VA and a full mediator of the relationship of PS with D and FI. Whereas the effect of negative perfectionism on emotional disturbances was potentiated by RNT, PS was only associated to it when high levels of RNT were also present. Showing that Positive striving effects on psychological distress may be a function of specific mediators, these results contribute to a better understanding of the nature of positive perfectionism.

Previous research indicates that sleep difficulties and stress are prevalent in college students. The main aim of the current study was to investigate the role of repetitive negative thinking (RNT), cognitive emotion regulation, and negative affect as mediators of the relationship between stress and sleep difficulties. We also intended to analyse the associations between all these variables and the gender differences. A sample of 549 college students completed self-report measures assessing the mentioned variables. Descriptive and correlational analyses showed significant differences between genders. In total sample, sleep difficulties were positively associated with perceived stress, negative affect, RNT and cognitive emotional strategies (rumination, self-blaming, catastrophizing, and acceptance). Mediation analyses suggested that in addition to the direct effect of stress on sleep difficulties, rumination and negative affect were important mediators in this relationship (after controlling gender). RNT did not mediate this association; however it was significantly associated to rumination and/or negative affect. These findings suggest that the effect of stress on sleep difficulties is strengthened by rumination and/or negative affect. The negative impact of RNT (content free) only occurs if associated to rumination and/or negative affect.

IntroductionThe Maudsley obsessional-compulsive inventory (MOCI) is a widely used self-report measure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in clinical and non-clinical populations, both in research and clinical settings. Nogueira et al. confirmed in 2011 that the MOCI Portuguese version has good psychometric properties, having a factorial structure that is in accordance with those reported by other groups.AimsBased on the previous results of exploratory factor analysis with a Portuguese students sample, the present study aimed to perform a confirmatory factor analyses (using Mplus software) to verify if the three dimensions’ structure fitted the data.MethodsThe sample comprised 234 students on their first three years of college education (78.2% female), between 18–26 years old (M = 20.55; SD = 1.66). Participants filled the Portuguese version of the MOCI.ResultsOur results showed that the MOCI Portuguese version with original 3-factor structure has a good fit (χ2(227) = 386.987, P < .05; RMSEA = 0.053, 90%CI = 0.044–0.062; CFI = 0.928; TLI = 0.920; WRMR = 1.089). Good reliability was found for all subscales (Cronbach alpha < .80).ConclusionsThe MOCI Portuguese version reliably and validly assesses three OC symptom dimensions in young adults. Further research is needed to confirm this structure in Portuguese clinical samples.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

IntroductionPerseverative Negative Thinking (PNT) is a transdiagnostic cognitive process [1] characterized by repetitiveness, intrusiveness and difficulties to disengage (Ehring, 2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ-15; [2]) is a self-reported instrument, developed to evaluate these characteristics. The Portuguese version assess two meaningful dimensions – Repetitive thoughts (RT); and Cognitive interference and unproductiveness (CIU) [3].AimTo confirm the bi-dimensional structure of the PTQ-15 using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, in two distinct samples.MethodA sample composed of 256 students (Mean age = 20.58 ± 1.870; 78.1% girls) and a sample composed of 480 adults from the community (parents of the students; mean age = 50.84 ± 5.310; 53.1% women) filled the PTQ-15. We used software AMOS.ResultsThe second-order model of PTQ-15 with two dimensions presented good fit, in both students (CMIN = 2.449; RMSEA = 0.075; CFI = 0.958, TLI = 0.949, PGFI = 0.776; P < 0.001) and their parents (CMIN = 3.46; RMSEA = 0.072, CFI = 0.955, TLI = 0.942, PGFI = 0.632; P < 0.001). Internal consistency of the total scale, measured though Cronbach's alpha was α = 0.95/0.94; both factors presented good/excellent reliability: repetitive thoughts (a = 0.93/0.92); cognitive interference and unproductiveness (a = 0.88/0.92).ConclusionTaken together, both CFAs provided additional evidence that PTQ-15 is an adequate measure for perseverative thinking.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

IntroductionSeveral epidemiological studies have been conducted to document the prevalence and correlates of insomnia. Most of them confirm their high prevalence in the general population, and a gender difference in the risk for insomnia.AimsTo study the role of gender in the relationship between personality (perfectionism and neuroticism) and insomnia ([IG] insomnia group, [ISG] insomnia symptoms group, and [GSG] good sleepers group).MethodsA total of 549 college students (80.1% females) filled in the MPS (Frost et al., 1990; Hewitt and Flett, 1991), EPI (Barton et al., 1992, 1995), and a self-reported questionnaire to assess insomnia symptoms.ResultsNo differences were found between female and male samples, concerning the dimension of perfectionism – doubts about actions. The IG and the ISG showed higher levels of doubts about actions than the GSG. However, only in female sample the IG and the ISG showed higher levels of concern over mistakes in comparison with the GSG. In males, no significant differences between the sleep groups were found, in which respects concern over mistakes. The level of extroversion was higher in the GSG, but only in male sample. In females, there were no significant differences between the sleep groups in relation to extroversion.ConclusionsNo gender differences were found for the role of doubts about actions in insomnia. Only in females, the dimension – concern over mistakes is important in insomnia, and only in males the dimension – extroversion is important to have a good sleep. These results warrant further research.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

IntroductionThe cognitive emotions regulation questionnaire (CERQ) is a 36-item questionnaire to measures specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies used in response to the experience of threatening or stressful life events. The Portuguese version of CERQ proved to be a reliable and valid measure to evaluate eight dimensions: Positive reappraisal and planning, positive refocusing, rumination, blaming others, putting into perspective and self-blame.ObjectiveTo confirm the dimensional structure of a Portuguese short version of the CERQ using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).MethodItems selection was based on the previous results of the exploratory factor analysis of the 36-items version. Items presenting the highest loading (≥ 70) in their respective factor were selected. A preliminary short version composed of 22 items were answered by a sample of 480 university students (81.9% females), with a mean age of 19.49 years (SD = 2.047; range = 17–30). CFA (using Mplus software) was used to test if the eight dimensions’ model suggested by prior exploratory factor analyses fitted the data.ResultsThe eight dimensions’ model has a good fit (χ2 = 424.015, P < .01; RMSEA = 0.056, 90%CI = 0.049–0.063; CFI = 0.930; TLI = 0.910; SRMR = 0.051). Although composed of fewer numbers of items, all subscales presented good reliability (Cronbach alpha< 70).ConclusionsThe CERQ-22 is a reliable and valid measure to evaluate cognitive emotion regulation strategies in young adults. Being a shorter version it is particularly useful for multivariate and prospective studies. In the near future we will test this structure in a clinical sample.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

BACKGROUND: The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale is one of the most world widely used measures of perfectionism. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. METHODS: Two hundred and seventeen (178 females) students from two Portuguese Universities filled in the scale, and a subgroup (n = 166) completed a retest with a four weeks interval. RESULTS: The scale reliability was good (Cronbach alpha = .857). Corrected item-total correlations ranged from .019 to .548. The scale test-retest reliability suggested a good temporal stability with a test-retest correlation of .765. A principal component analysis with Varimax rotation was performed and based on the Scree plot, two robust factorial structures were found (four and six factors). The principal component analyses, using Monte Carlo PCA for parallel analyses confirmed the six factor solution. The concurrent validity with Hewitt and Flett MPS was high, as well as the discriminant validity of positive and negative affect (Profile of Mood Stats-POMS). DISCUSSION: The two factorial structures (of four and six dimensions) of the Portuguese version of Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale replicate the results from different authors, with different samples and cultures. This suggests this scale is a robust instrument to assess perfectionism, in several clinical and research settings as well as in transcultural studies. CONTEXTO: A Escala Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo de Frost (FMPS) é uma das escalas mais usadas em todo o mundo para avaliar o perfeccionismo. OBJETIVO: Analisar as características psicométricas da versão portuguesa da FMPS. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi constituída por 217 estudantes do ensino superior (178 mulheres). Um subgrupo (n = 166) completou o reteste após quatro semanas. RESULTADOS: A consistência interna da escala mostrou ser elevada (alfa de Cronbach = ,857). As correlações item-total corrigido variaram entre ,019 e ,548. Os resultados também sugeriram uma boa estabilidade temporal da escala, sendo a correlação teste-reteste de ,765. Foi realizada a análise das componentes principais com rotação Varimax e com base no Scree plot foram extraídas duas soluções fatoriais robustas (quatro e seis fatores). A análise paralela (Monte Carlo PCA) confirmou a solução de seis fatores. A validade concorrente com a escala MPS de Hewitt e Flett foi elevada, assim como a sua capacidade discriminante dos afetos positivos e negativos (Perfil de Estados de Humor - POMS). CONCLUSÃO: As duas estruturas fatoriais (quatro e seis fatores) encontradas na versão portuguesa da Escala Multidimensional de Perfeccionismo de Frost replicam os resultados obtidos por diferentes autores, em diferentes amostras e culturas. Esse fato sugere que essa escala é um instrumento robusto para a avaliação do perfeccionismo em vários contextos, clínicos e de investigação, bem como em estudos transculturais.

IntroductionSleep disturbance is one of the most common health complaints among late adolescents and young adults. Women report more sleep-related complaints than men (Krishnan and Collop, 2006) and more anxiety or depressive symptoms (Voderholzer et al., 2003). Higher levels of repetitive negative thinking appear to be causally involved in the initiation/maintenance of emotional problems (Ehring and Watkins, 2008).AimsTo analyze the sleep difficulties differences by gender and its associations with stress, cognitive emotion regulation, perseverative thinking and negative affect.MethodsFive hundred and forty-nine students (80.1% females) from two Universities filled in the PSS-10 (Cohen et al., 1983; Amaral et al., 2014), CERQ (Garnefski et al., 2001; Castro et al., 2013), PTQ (Ehring et al., 2011; Chaves et al., 2013) and POMS-58 (McNair et al., 1971; Azevedo et al., 1991; Amaral et al., 2013). Three questions were used to access difficulties of initiating sleep (DIS), maintaining sleep (DMS) and early morning wakening (EMA).ResultsFemales reported more sleep difficulties (excluding DIS), stress, perseverative thinking than males. Males reported higher levels in self-blame and blaming-others dimensions. In female sample we found significant correlations between all sleep difficulties and stress, perseverative thinking, emotional regulation (rumination, self-blame, catastrophizing) and negative affect. In male sample only the difficulties of initiating sleep are correlated with stress, perseverative thinking, self-blame and negative affect.ConclusionsThere are no gender differences in frequency and most of correlates of DIS. DMS and EMA were higher in females and were related to perseverative thinking and emotional regulation mechanisms in this sample.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

IntroductionThe FMPS is a 35-item self-report questionnaire to measure perfectionism. It evaluates: concern over mistakes/CM, doubts about actions/DA, parental criticism/PC and expectations/PE, personal standards/PS and organization/O.ObjectivesTo develop a shortened version of FMPS and study its internal consistency, the construct, concurrent and divergent validity.MethodsOne hundred and ninety-two university students (78.1% females), aged 19.74 years (sd = 2.10) completed the Portuguese versions of the: FMPS, Hewitt and Flett MPS/H&FMPS, Life Orientation Test Revised/LOT-R, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory/STAI, and Profile of Mood States/POMS.ResultsCorrelations between each item and corrected FMPS total scores/corrected total subscales scores were ≥ 0.20 for the items 13, 15, 25, 31, 35 and 10, 2, 25, and 26, respectively. The internal consistency of FMPS was high (α: .857) with 32 items contributing for this consistency (exceptions: 13, 25 and 31). The principal component analysis of the 35 items with factors varimax rotation was performed. The three items with higher loading in each factor that also contributed to the FMPS reliability were selected for the FMPS shortened version (FMPS-18). The principal component analysis of the 18 items with factors varimax rotation showed that six factors explained 74.6% of FMPS-18 total variance. These factors revealed adequate internal consistency (α: O = 0.740; PC = 0.859; PE = 0.847; PS = 0.726; CM = 0.740; DA = 0.832; total = 0.768). Convergent correlations between FMPS and the matched FMPS-18 scores were 0.839 to 0.971 (all P < .01). Correlations of the FMPS-18 and FMPS with H&F-MPS, STAI, LOT-R and NA/PA scores were of similar significance and valence.ConclusionFMPS-18 is a brief, reliable and valid instrument to measure perfectionism.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

IntroductionWe have recently found that Perfectionism and Perseverative Negative are both correlates of psychological distress/PD and that PNT mediates the relationship between perfectionism and PD (Macedo et al., 2015).ObjectivesTo investigate if perfectionism and PNT are prospectively associated to PD and if PNT is a longitudinal mediator between perfectionism and PD, controlling for perceived stress and gender.MethodsA total of 227 university students (80.1% girls) filled in the Portuguese validated versions of Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), Multidimensional Perfectionism Cognitions Inventory (MPCI), Profile of Mood States and Perceived Stress Scale, with an additional item to evaluate perceived social support/PSS at T0 and after approximately one year (T1) (Mean months = 12.77 ± 1.137). Only variables significantly correlated with the outcomes (Tension/Anxiety at T1 and Depression at T1) were entered in the conditional process analysis. The moderating role of perceived support on the link between Concern over Mistakes (MPCI) and psychological distress and between PTQ total score and psychological distress (anxiety and depression separately) was examined via conditional process analyses.ResultsThe estimated models were significant (F = 4.257, P = .002; F = 6.476, P < .001) explaining 15.9% of tension-anxiety and 25.5% of depression variance. A significant conditional indirect effect of PTQ total score on psychological distress at average and higher levels of perceived support was found, in both models (anxiety and depression). On the contrary, the two models showed a non-significant conditional direct effect of Concern over Mistakes on psychological distress only at any level of perceived support.ConclusionPNT prospectively mediates the relationship between negative perfectionism and PD.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Introduction Validation studies between subjective reports of sleep and objective actigraphy parameters in infants are limited (Sadeh et al., 2011). The aim of this study is to investigate the agreement between mothers’ subjective reports of infants sleeping problems and objective sleep parameters obtained with actigraphy. Materials and methods Mothers filled out a questionnaire about infants sleep and strapped on their infant’s ankle an actigraph for a period of 7 days. Data were obtained for 29 infants (57.1% girls) twice, i.e., when babies were 3 and 6 months old. Results 3-month-old infants described by their mothers has having sleeping problems, who gave bad nights and who had difficulties falling asleep (items added as a Sleep factor) showed less sleep efficiency (r = −.379; p = .021), less actual sleep time percentage (r = −.418, p = .012), more actual wake time percentage asleep (r = .426, p = .011), less immobile percentage asleep (r = -.329; p = .041) and more moving time percentage asleep (r = .342; p = .035). These infants also revealed higher total activity score (r = .448; p = .007), mean activity score (r = .462, p = .006) and mean score in active asleep (r = .451; p = .007) as measured by actigraphy. These consistent associations were not observed in 6-month-old babies. The vast majority of 6-month-old infants slept in parents room (own crib; n = 14; 51.9%) or own room (n = 11; 40.7%) while nearly all 3-month-old infants slept in parents room (own crib; n = 26, 89.7%). Conclusion Agreement between subjective and objective estimations of sleep was particularly observed in 3-month-old babies. A possible explanation for this result is that mothers are more aware of their infants sleeping problems when their babies sleep in parents room. Acknowledgements AstraZeneca Foundation for financial support. The collaboration of Mothers and Health Staff is deeply acknowledged.

Introduction Immigration involves significant changes in the psychosocial context, due to losses, relationship breakdowns, lack of social support, not feeling at home, novelty, discrimination, resettlement demands (occupation, language). These life stressors might lead to psychological distress, including depression. Objectives/Aims To explore if there are differences in the prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms in immigrant and Portuguese women during the perinatal period. Methods The sample comprises 397 women. 348 (87.7%) of them were Portuguese and the remaining 49 (12.4%) were born in other Countries (5.8% Other/European, 3.8% African, 2.8% South America). They were both interviewed at the last trimester of pregnancy (T0) and at 3 months postpartum (T1), using the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies , which allows CID-10 and DSM-IV diagnoses of depression. Both at T0 and T1, they also completed the Postpartum Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) to evaluate depressive symptoms. Results Immigrants compared with Portuguese women did not differ in respect to a CID-10/DSM-IV depression diagnosis and in respect to PDSS total scores at T0 and T1. Being immigrant is associated with higher levels of passive suicidal ideation ( death seem the only way out of this nightmare ) (rs=.116, p Conclusions Being immigrant might contribute to higher levels of depressive symptoms during the perinatal period, including suicidal ideation. These findings have clinical implications, while working with immigrants.

Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is relatively specific to schizophrenia (SZ) and its negative symptoms (Schecklmann et al., 2013). Similarly to what is known for Alzheimer Disease, OD identification may predict transition to clinical disorder in high-risk individuals for SZ, being potentially one of the most viable risk biomarkers identified (Turetsky et al, 2012). Research suggests that abnormalities in SZ extend to more peripheral olfactory structures including neuroepithelial dysfunctional processes (Rupp, 2010). Olfactory bulb mitral cells synapses with neuroepithelium, retrieving information throughout the olfactory tract to primary olfactory areas and other regions involved in crucial functions impaired in SZ, such as emotion regulation and executive planning, namely amygdala, hippocampus or orbitofrontal cortex. Olfactory bulb and olfactory tract lay bellow the basal forebrain, modeling the olfactory sulcus. MRI findings revealed significant decreasing in olfactory bulb volume and shallower olfactory sulcus in SZ patients. These structural changes are stable over time and are correlated with worst olfactory performances (Takahashi et al., 2013). Interestingly, Turetsky et al (2009) observed that those patients had normal orbital sulci. Shallower olfactory sulcus is often a result of an early embryogenesis disturbance. The orbital sulcus, which does not develop until the third trimester, is relatively immune to early insults. These differences reinforce the heuristic value of the neurodevelopmental hypothesis for SZ: at least for olfactory structures, disruption might begin in a defined temporal window – the first half of gestation. This revision highlights the potentialities of investigating OD in SZ as an useful insight for clinicians and researchers.

Introduction According to a recent review data related to sleep patterns among the toddler/preschool age group are lacking (Galland et al., 2012). The objective of the present study is to describe sleep patterns in a sample of Portuguese preschool children (3, 4 and 5-year-old children). Materials and methods A sleep questionnaire was completed by parents (mostly mothers, 88.7%) of preschool aged children who attended 5 schools located at 4 different cities in the central region of Portugal. These schools were selected as they shared similar daytime activities and routines. Data of 168 children were collected (Mean age=4.17years; SD=.838; 53% boys). Results In school days 3-year-old children showed later bedtimes ( M =21:51, SD=0:35) than 4-year old ( M =21:34, SD=0:35, p =.026) or 5-year-old children ( M =21:30, SD=0:32, p =.007); sleep duration was also shorter in 3-year-old children ( M =09:43; SD=0:48) than in 4-year-old ( M =10:03; SD=0:39, p =.031) and 5-year-old children ( M =10:11, SD=0:41, p =.003). Wake up time was not significantly different between age groups (3years: M =7:57, SD=0:30; 4years: M =7:48, SD=0:27; 5years: M =07:51, SD=0:32, p > .05). Results by gender revealed that in school days 3-year-old girls had later bedtimes ( M =21:50, SD=0:26) and slept less ( M =9:40; SD=0:50) than 5-year-old girls (Bedtime: M =21:22, SD=0:32, p =.009; Sleep duration: M =10:21; SD=0:40, p =.005). Younger girls also experienced more night awakenings (3-year-old: 61%) than older girls (5-year-old: 22.2%, p =.004). Boys with 3years required more often an object to fall asleep (76.7%) than boys with 4years (32.4%, p .001) or 5years old (24.0%, p .001). In comparison to children who never/occasionally needed parents to fall asleep in school days, children who always/frequently needed their help, slept less ( M =10:05, SD=0:42 vs. M =9:51, SD=0:46, p =.038) experienced more night awakenings (37.6% vs. 54.1%, p =.034), had more difficulties getting back to sleep alone after night awakenings (14.3% vs. 43.7%, .001) were more afraid of the dark (20.4%, vs. 34.2%, p =.034) but showed less bedtime resistance (83.9% vs. 71.6%, p =.043). Conclusion Throughout early child development night sleep becomes more consolidated. Parents help to sleep is associated with more disturbed sleep in preschool aged children but less bedtime resistance. Acknowledgements The collaboration of Parents (particularly Mothers), School Directors and Teachers is deeply acknowledged.

Introduction Perfectionism has been a topic of increased interest in recent years. Findings from the literature have shown that perfectionism is associated in the development and maintenance of a wide range of psychopathological conditions. Objectives/aims 1) to analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS); 2) to explore the associations between perfectionism dimensions and positive/negative affectivity. Methods 217 students from two Portuguese Universities filled in the FMPS and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). A subgroup (n=166) completed a retest of the FMPS with a four weeks interval. Results Scale reliability was good (Cronbach alpha = .857). Corrected item-total correlations ranged from .019 and .548, and were higher than .2 for most of the items. Test-retest reliability suggested a good temporal stability for FMPS total score (r=.765). A principal component analysis with Varimax rotation was performed and based on Scree plot, two robust factorial structures were suggested (four and six factors). The more maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism were significantly and positively associated with negative affect and negatively associated with positive affect. Depression and anxiety/hostility dimensions are both positively associated with concern over mistakes (respectively, r=.338, r=.360, p Conclusions The Portuguese version of FMPS showed good reliability and internal consistency. The perfectionism personality trait is associated with mood states.

Introduction A perceived difficult infant temperament has been associated to mothers depressive mood (Beck, 1996; McGrath et al., 2008). Objective To identify infant difficult temperament dimensions associated to mothers psychological distress. Methods 103 mothers (M= 31.9 years, SD=4.10; 68% married, 71.7% primiparae ) filled in the difficult infant temperament questionnaire (DITQ; Macedo et al., 2011), two items of the Brief infant sleep questionnaire (number of infant night wakings, duration of infants wakefulness during the night; Sadeh, 2004), the Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck et al., 1996; Coelho et al., 2002) and the Postpartum depression screening scale (PDSS; Beck and Gable, 2000; Pereira et al., 2010) when their babies were 3 months of age. DITQ factor analysis with varimax rotation and reliability analyses suggested 2 temperament dimensions: emotional difficulties (irritable baby, cries excessively, difficult to calm down), F1; sleeping problems (baby who has sleeping problems, gives bad nights, has difficulties falling asleep), F2. Results DITQ-F1, DITQ-F2 and infants number of night wakings were positively and significantly associated with BDIII/ PDSS total scores. Infants eating problems were not associated with BDI-II or PDSS values. Controlling for mothers severe depressive mood, regression analysis revealed that DITQ F2 was the variable that explained BDI-II total score ( R 2 =.081; p =.011). PDSS total score was predicted by DITQ F2 ( R 2 =.050; p =.030) and number of infant night wakings ( R 2 =.074; p=.010). Conclusion Infants sleeping problems and infants number of night wakings contribute to mothers psychological distress in postpartum. Financial support AstraZeneca Foundation.

Introduction Perfectionism trait is commonly viewed as a personality style characterized by striving for flawlessness and setting of excessively high standards for performance which is accompanied by a tendency to be overly critical of one's behavior. Perfectionists are more likely than non-perfectionists to experience several kinds of stress in a variety of forms. Thus, the link between perfectionism and stress in influencing emotional distress /psychopathology can be quit complex. Objectives/aims 1) to analyze the association between perfectionism dimension and stress vulnerability; 2) to explore the relation between perfectionism dimension and other stress related mechanisms (for example, coping and social support). Methods 217 students filled in the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Questionnaire of Stress Vulnerability, and four items to evaluate stress related mechanisms. Results We found positive associations between maladaptive dimensions of perfectionism and stress vulnerability (from r=.181, p Conclusions Only the maladaptive perfectionists are more vulnerable to stress, find life events as more stressful and obtain less social support from others. Maladaptive perfectionism dimensions, in particular self-critical perfectionism might have an important role in stress generation.

Introduction The knowledge about the specificity of perfectionism domains is scarce. Objectives To explore the extent to which perfectionism is a general personality trait influencing multiple functioning areas rather than a context-specific trait and to investigate the relation between domains of perfectionism and perfectionism dimensions and affect. Methods 217 University students answered to the Portuguese versions of the Domains of Perfectionism Scale (DP; Rheaume et al., 1995), Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (Hewitt and Flett, 1991; MPS-HF MPS-F) and Profile of Mood States (McNair et al., 1971). Results On average participants were perfectionists in approximately 15 domains. All the 22 individual domains and the 4 DP factorial scores presented moderate (≥.30) to high (≥.50) coefficients with the Number of Domains (NrD). Self Oriented Perfectionism (SOP/MPS-HF Social Prescribed Perfectionism (MPS-HF perfectionism expressing in a greater number of life domains seems to be internally motivated and to be associated with positive psychological variables.

Aims:This study examines the cumulative effect of life events in physical and mental symptoms. We have two main goals:1.Investigating the cumulative effect of life events in the health of the individual;2.Examining the relationship between the nature of adverse events and type of symptoms presented in terms of physical and mental health.Method:Data collection was performed in the general population, in 2 different moments: time 1 (T1) and time 2 (T2) spaced of nine months. The sample consisted initially by 552 individuals, and by 328 individuals at T2. A correlational design was used.Results:The number of life events, with impact on the individual, accumulated throughout the 9 months shows significant relationships with the physical and mental health in last evaluation. The hassles with impact for the individual are the events most relevant in terms of health. Certain circumstances of life are more closely related to mental health (changing the frequency of familiar meetings, the non-recognition of tasks, the workload increased). Others are more related to physical health (have been robbed or stolen, infidelity).Conclusion:Findings suggest the importance of hassles in the heath and some specificity in the relation with the life events and the physical and mental symptoms.

Aims:The objectives of the study were:1.Investigating the impact of early traumatic experiences in adult physical and mental health;2.Analysing the relationship between early traumatic experiences and adult vulnerability to stress.Method:The sample consisted of 552 adults of the general population. Individuals filled out a series of questionnaires inquired about physical and mental symptoms and early traumatic experiences. A correlational design was used.Results:In relation to mental health, observed that the higher the impact of the situation of rape, aggressive family and alcoholism in parents, during childhood, more psychopathological symptoms have in adulthood. When we regard to physical health, sexual abuse and aggressive family are the early experiences most relevant, they are related with the perceived state of health at present, 1 year ago and 5 years ago, and with the existence of chronic disease. We must also add that, greater the impact of living in an aggressive family, in childhood, greater the vulnerability to stress in adulthood.Conclusion:Given the results obtained, the main conclusion can be drawn from this study are: The higher the degree of impact of traumatic experiences in childhood, worse physical and mental health, and greater vulnerability to stress in adulthood.

Aims:The purpose of this study was to examine whether vulnerability to stress is associated with physical and mental illness. We have two main goals:1.Studying the importance of vulnerability to stress in the state of health of the individual;2.Examining the effects of interactions between the life events, vulnerability to stress and social support in physical and mental symptoms.Method:Multivariate analyses were used in a sample of 255 subjects of general population, evaluated in four different moments, spaced of three months. Regression analysis was used to identify the factors explaining the state of health, at every moment.Results:The results suggest that vulnerability to stress emerge as the larger predictor of changes in health status of individuals in each moment of assessment. Its role is strongest regarding mental health. The longitudinal study suggest two interactions:1.The interaction between life events and factor 1 of vulnerability to stress (perfectionism and low tolerance to frustration), which might explain the changes that occur in mental health.2.The interaction between life events, the factor 7 of vulnerability to stress (deprivation of affection and rejection) and social support explains the changes that occur in physical health, along the study.Conclusion:Findings suggest the importance of vulnerability to stress in physical and mental health.

Introduction In Portugal there are no national epidemiologic registers on the prevalence/incidence of suicidal ideation and attempts. Although there is no evidence that suicide is higher in University students than in other people of the same age, it is a cause of premature death. Aims To analyze the prevalence and characteristics of suicidality in university students Methods 549 University students (80.1% females) filled in a booklet of questionnaires that included the Suicidal Behaviour Section of the Diagnostic Interview of Genetic Studies (Azevedo et al, 1993; Nurnberger et al., 1994), which was slight modified. Results 0.4% reported lifetime poor psychological health and 1.3% reported lifetime hospitalizations due to emotional/behavioural problems. Lifetime thoughts of death, lifetime active suicidal ideation, and lifetime suicidal attempts were described by 20.4%, 11.9% and by 2.3% of the students, respectively. Regarding the more severe lifetime suicide attempt (N=15) the method used was predominantly self-poisoning (medication) (9/13), 40% (6/15) were hospitalized after this attempt, 53.3% (8/15) reported death wishes when the act was performed, and 60% (9/15) considered that death could be the consequence of the act. During last month suicidal ideation occurred in 1.9% of the students. During the last two weeks suicidal ideation without planning was found in 2.2% and 0.2% refereed they are going to attempt suicide if they will have an opportunity. Conclusions In university students recent, frequent and severe suicide ideation might occur. Results highlighted the need for suicidality prevention/early intervention and that Health University Care Services should screen systematically suicidal ideation.

Introduction The appropriate regulation of thoughts and emotions decreases the likelihood of pathogenic activation of stress response (Gross, 2007). Stress is closely related to impaired sleep incross-sectional studies (Akerstedt, 2006) and can elicit profound and lasting effects on sleep (Hall et al., 2004). Aims To analyze the associations between perceived stress, cognitive coping strategies and sleep difficulties. Methods 549 students (80.1% females) from two Portuguese Universities filled in the Portuguese version of Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS, Cohen et al., 1983; Amaral et al., 2014), Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ, Garnefski et al., 2001; Castro et al., 2013) and three questions were used to access sleep difficulties (initiating sleep, sleep maintenance, and early morning awakening). Results In the present sample the prevalence for difficulty initiating sleep was 29,8%, of maintaining sleep was 27,9% and of early morning awakening was 30,9%. Considering stress, cognitive coping strategies and sleep, consistent and strongest positive correlations were observed between Perceived Stress and Rumination (from r=.263 to r=.486; p Conclusions Rumination, Self-blame and Catastrophizing were the cognitive coping strategies consistently associated with perceived stress and difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep.