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This study examined patients' personality traits as operationalized by the five-factor model in relation to early alliance and reduction of interpersonal distress through an intensive group treatment program for personality dysfunction. A sample of 79 consecutively admitted psychiatric outpatients with personality dysfunction who attended an 18-week intensive group treatment program completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory at pretreatment, the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems at pre- and posttreatment, and the Edmonton Therapeutic Alliance Scale, a measure of the therapeutic alliance with the program therapist, at Session 5. Results indicated that patients who were relatively extraverted tended to rate the alliance with their program therapist higher and subsequently reported more improvement of interpersonal distress. The presence of a personality disorder did not moderate this mediation. Patients' extraversion likely promotes a bonding with the therapist and facilitates the interpersonal group work necessary for improvement. Assessing patients' level of extraversion before starting intensive group treatment might indicate which intervention strategies could be useful with that patient within the program frame.

This study extended the cross-sectional therapist attachment literature by examining longitudinal changes of therapist attachment avoidance and anxiety in relation to client treatment outcome. Data consisted of 942 Outcome Questionnaire-45 assessments (Lambert et al., 1996, 2004) of 213 clients working with 30 therapists from a university clinic that provided psychodynamically/interpersonally oriented individual therapy, and yearly therapist self-report of attachment styles using the Experience in Close Relationships Scale (Brennan et al., 1998) over 2-4 years of training at a university clinic. Using multilevel growth modeling, we found that initial attachment anxiety or avoidance alone were not associated with treatment outcomes. Instead, therapists with small increases in attachment avoidance, from a low avoidance baseline, were more effective in helping clients reduce psychological distress than their peers. Findings suggest that small increases in attachment avoidance may be a beneficial development for trainees, as it may reflect a process of learning emotional boundary regulation (Skovholt & Ronnestad, 2003) and taking on the observer aspect of the participant-observer role (Sullivan, 1953). Current findings challenged the assumption that higher therapist attachment avoidance and anxiety is always associated with worse client outcome and suggested the importance of continuous self-reflection to understand how one's own attachment change impacts their clinical practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

According to attachment theory, an infant-mother attachment is universal, and infants who develop an insecure attachment relationship with their mother are likely to show mental health problems compared to those who develop a secure attachment relationship. These hypotheses have been empirically supported in Western cultures. However, the cross-cultural evidence is still insufficient. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between Japanese infants' attachment insecurity and mental health problems. We studied 81 Japanese infants (MDe acuerdo con la teoría de la afectividad, una unión afectiva infante-madre es universal y los infantes que desarrollan una insegura relación de afectividad con sus madres están propensos a mostrar problemas de salud mental, comparados con aquellos que desarrollan una relación afectiva segura. Estas hipótesis han sido empíricamente apoyadas en las culturas occidentales. Sin embargo, la evidencia entre las culturas es aún insuficiente. El propósito de este estudio fue examinar la asociación entre la inseguridad de la afectividad de los infantes japoneses y los problemas de salud mental. Estudiamos a 81 infantes japoneses (edad promedio = 14.64 meses, SD = 1.43, niñas = 54%), principalmente de familias de clase media. El Procedimiento de la Situación Extraña (SSP) y la Afectividad Q-sort (AQS) evaluaron la seguridad de afectividad del infante. Las madres, concurrentemente, les dieron un puntaje a los problemas de externalización e internalización del infante, y seis meses después los hicieron la madre y otro adulto (el padre o la abuela). La inseguridad de la afectividad de los infantes japoneses, tal como se midió por medio de AQS, se asoció con sus problemas de externalización concurrentemente y seis meses después. Los infantes con una afectividad insegura y de resistencia, tal como se midió por SSP, tenían más altos problemas de externalización comparados con aquellos con una afectividad segura concurrentemente (no a los seis meses después). La inseguridad de la afectividad no se relacionó con problemas de internalización. Estos resultados en parte apoyan la asociación entre la inseguridad de la afectividad y los problemas de salud mental. Esta investigación también recomienda observar la afectividad del infante en casa.Selon la théorie de l'attachement, l'attachement bébé-mère est universel, et les bébés qui développent une relation d'attachement insécure avec leur mère sont à même de présenter des problèmes de santé mentale comparés à ceux ayant développé une relation d'attachement sécure. Ces hypothèses ont été soutenues empiriquement dans les cultures occidentales. Cependant l’évidence transculturelle demeure insuffisante. Le but de cette étude était d'examiner le lien entre la sécurité de l'attachement des nourrissons japonais et les problèmes de santé mentale. Nous avons étudié 81 nourrissons japonais (Mâge = 14,64 mois, SD = 1.43, filles = 54%) en grande partie issues de la classe moyenne. La Procédure de Situation Etrange (SSP) et l'AQS (en anglais Attachment Q-sort) ont évalué la sécurité de l'attachement du bébé. Les problèmes d'externalisation et d'internalisation du bébé ont été évalués en même temps par la mère et six mois plus tard par la mère et un autre adulte (père ou grand-mère). L'insécurité de l'attachement des bébés japonais mesurée par le AQS était liée à des problèmes d'externalisation simultanément et six mois plus tard. Les bébés avec un attachement insécure-résistant mesuré par le SSP avaient des problèmes d'externalisation plus importants comparé à ceux avec un attachement sécure simultané (pas six mois plus tard). L'insécurité de l'attachement n’était pas liée à des problèmes d'internalisation. Ces résultats soutiennent partiellement le lien entre l'insécurité de l'attachement et les problèmes de santé mentale. Cette recherche recommande aussi d'observer l'attachement du bébé à domicile.Bindungsunsicherheit und Externalisierungs-/Internalisierungsprobleme bei japanischen Kleinkindern: Anwendung des Fremde-Situations-Tests und des Q-Sort-Verfahrens für Bindung Nach der Bindungstheorie ist die Bindung zwischen Kleinkind und Mutter universell. Kleinkinder, die eine unsichere Bindung zu ihrer Mutter entwickeln, weisen im Vergleich zu Kleinkindern, die eine sichere Bindung entwickeln, eher psychische Probleme auf. Diese Hypothesen wurden in westlichen Kulturen empirisch belegt. Kulturübergreifende Erkenntnisse sind jedoch noch unzureichend. Ziel dieser Studie war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen der Bindungsunsicherheit japanischer Kleinkinder und psychischen Problemen zu untersuchen. Wir untersuchten 81 japanische Kleinkinder (M(Alter) = 14,64 Monate, SD = 1,43, weiblich = 54%), die überwiegend aus Familien der Mittelschicht stammten. Anhand des Fremde-Situations-Tests (Strange Situation Procedure; SSP) und des Q-Sort-Verfahrens für Bindung (Attachment Q-sort; AQS) wurde die Bindungssicherheit der Kleinkinder beurteilt. Parallel dazu wurden externalisierende und internalisierende Probleme der Kleinkinder von der Mutter und sechs Monate später von der Mutter und einem anderen Erwachsenen (Vater oder Großmutter) bewertet. Die durch den AQS gemessene Bindungsunsicherheit der japanischen Kleinkinder war zum ersten und zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt mit externalisierenden Problemen verbunden. Kleinkinder mit unsicher-ambivalenter Bindung, gemessen durch den SSP, hatten mehr externalisierende Probleme als solche mit sicherer Bindung (nicht zum zweiten Messzeitpunkt nach 6 Monaten). Bindungsunsicherheit stand nicht in Zusammenhang mit internalisierenden Problemen. Diese Ergebnisse unterstützen teilweise den Zusammenhang zwischen Bindungsunsicherheit und psychischen Problemen. Aus dieser Arbeit ergibt sich außerdem die Empfehlung zu Bindungsstudien, die eine Beobachtung von Kleinkindern zu Hause beinhalten.日本人乳幼児の不安定型愛着と外在化/内在化障害:ストレンジシチュエーションとアタッチメントQソート法を用いて アタッチメント理論によれば、乳児-母親アタッチメントは普遍的であり、母親と不安定型愛着関係を構築した乳児は、安定型愛着関係を構築した乳児と比較して、精神衛生上の問題を生じる可能性が高いとされる。これらの仮説は、欧米文化圏では経験的に支持されてきた。しかし、異文化間の根拠はまだ不十分である。本研究の目的は、日本人乳幼児の不安定型愛着と精神衛生上問題との関連の検討であった。対象は主に中流家庭の日本人乳幼児81名 (年齢中央値14.64カ月、SD = 1.43、女性54％) 。ストレンジ・シチュエーション法 (SSP) とアタッチメントQソート法 (AQS) により、乳幼児のアタッチメントの安定を評価した。乳幼児の外在化障害および内在化障害は、同時期に母親が、そして半年後に母親ともう一人の大人 (父親または祖母) が評価した。AQSで測定された日本人の乳児の不安定型愛着は、同時期および6カ月後の外在化障害と関連していた。SSPによって測定された不安定抵抗型愛着の乳児は、安定型愛着の乳児と比較して、同時期に高い外在化障害を有していた (6カ月後、差はなかった) 。不安定型愛着は内在化障害とは関連がなかった。これらの知見は、不安定型愛着と精神衛生的問題との関連を部分的に支持するものであった。この研究では、家庭で乳幼児のアタッチメントを観察することも推奨している。.根据依恋理论, 母婴依恋是普遍存在的, 与建立安全依恋关系的婴儿相比, 与母亲建立不安全依恋关系的婴儿更容易出现心理健康问题。这些假设在西方文化中得到了实证支持。然而, 跨文化的证据仍然不足。本研究旨在探讨日本婴儿依恋不安全性与心理健康问题之间的关系。我们研究了81名日本婴儿 (平均年龄 = 14.64个月, SD = 1.43, 女婴 = 54%) , 大多数来自中产阶级家庭。“陌生情境程序” (SSP) 和“依恋行为分类卡片” (AQS) 被用来评估婴儿依恋安全性。婴儿外化和内化问题由母亲同步评定, 并在六个月后由母亲和另一个成年人 (父亲或祖母) 再次评定。由AQS测定的日本婴儿依恋不安全性与他们同步以及六个月后评定的外化问题有关。与同步 (而不是六个月后) 具有安全依恋的婴儿相比, 由SSP测定的不安全冲突型依恋婴儿具有更高的外化问题。依恋不安全性与内化问题无关。这些发现部分支持了依恋不安全性与心理健康问题之间的关联。本研究还建议在家中观察婴儿依恋情况。.عدم أمان التعلق عند الرضع اليابانيين ومشكلات السلوك الخارجي والذاتي (الخارجي): استخدام استراتيجية الموقف الغريب وأساليب وطرق تصنيف (Q) وفقًا لنظرية التعلق ، فإن الارتباط بين الأم والرضيع مفهوم عالمي ، حيث يُظهر الأطفال الذين يطورون علاقة ارتباط غير آمنة مع أمهم مشاكل في الصحة النفسية مقارنة بأولئك الذين يطورون علاقة ارتباط آمنة. تم دعم هذه الفرضيات تجريبياً في الثقافات الغربية. ومع ذلك ، فإن الأدلة عبر الثقافات لا تزال غير كافية. كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو دراسة العلاقة بين عدم الأمان عند الرضع اليابانيين ومشاكل الصحة النفسية. درسنا 81 رضيعًا يابانيًا (معدل العمر = 14.64 شهرًا ، SD = 1.43 ، إناث = 54٪) معظمهم من عائلات الطبقة المتوسطة. تم استخدام إجراء الموقف الغريب (SSP) ومقياس تصنيف التعلق (AQS) لتقييم أمان تعلق الرضع. وتم تصنيف مشاكل سلوك الطفل الخارجية والذاتية بشكل متزامن من قبل الأم وبعد ستة أشهر من قبل الأم وشخص بالغ آخر (الأب أو الجدة). ارتبط عدم أمان التعلق للأطفال اليابانيين الذي تم قياسه بواسطة AQS بمشاكلهم الخارجية بشكل متزامن وبعد ستة أشهر. يعاني الأطفال الذين لديهم تعلق غير آمن الذي تم قياسه عن طريق إجراء الموقف الغريب من مشاكل خارجية أعلى مقارنة بالأطفال الذين لديهم تعلق آمن في نفس الوقت (ليس بعد ستة أشهر). لم يكن عدم أمان التعلق مرتبطًا بمشاكل السلوكيات الذاتية. دعمت هذه النتائج جزئيًا الارتباط بين عدم أمان التعلق ومشاكل الصحة النفسية. يوصي هذا البحث أيضًا بمتابعة تعلق الرضع في المنزل.

Background and aims Object attachment is the emotional bond or connection that we have with possessions. Although thought to be ubiquitous, when excessive, object attachment is presumed to contribute to compulsive buying and hoarding problems. Unfortunately, our understanding of this relationship has been limited by the constraints of existing object attachment measures. In this paper, we developed and validated a new self-report questionnaire, called the Object Attachment Security Measure (OASM). Methods We developed an item pool based on previous measures and consultation with 24 experts in the field. After piloting, we administered this measure to a large sample (Final N = 365), along with self-report measures of hoarding, compulsive buying, and previous object attachment measures. Results We found that the OASM distinguished between secure and insecure object attachment. Both subscales showed excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability over a two-week period. Additionally, they demonstrated excellent convergent and divergent validity, and criterion validity with measures of hoarding and compulsive buying symptoms. We also found that insecure, but not secure object attachment, was uniquely related to hoarding and compulsive buying symptomology. Discussion and conclusion Our findings extend theoretical models, highlighting the role of insecure object attachment. Future research in both clinical and consumer behaviour fields should utilise the OASM, as reducing insecure object attachment and potentially encouraging secure object attachment could decrease maladaptive possession use and increase sustainable consumption.

A central concept of attachment theory is that early experiences with close attachment figures shape the way we interact with and relate to other social partners throughout life. As such, early experiences of childhood maltreatment (CM) have been suggested as a key precursor of adult insecure attachment representations. As CM has been linked to feelings of loneliness in adulthood, this study examines whether insecure attachment could explain the relationship between CM and loneliness. Also, the moderating role of a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is investigated, a disorder characterized by high levels of CM and loneliness.60 patients with PDD (DSM-5) and 60 gender- and age-matched non-clinical control participants (NC) completed self-report questionnaires measuring attachment, loneliness, and CM. Mediation analyses (PDD as a moderator) were performed.PDD patients reported higher levels of CM, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, and loneliness than NC. CM was positively associated with loneliness in both groups. Mediation analyses demonstrated that the relationship between CM and loneliness was mediated by avoidant, but not anxious attachment, regardless of a diagnosis of PDD.Caution when interpreting these results is crucial as the study lacked a clinical control group, relied on self-report measures, and the cross-sectional design limits the ability to draw causal inferences.All constructs studied were present to a greater degree in PDD. Above, findings provide initial evidence that avoidant attachment may explain the relationship between CM and loneliness. Potentially, adult avoidant attachment may lead to and maintain feelings of loneliness, regardless of PDD.

Early parent-child relationship and child negative emotionality have both been studied as contributors to attachment security, but few studies have examined whether negative emotionality can moderate effects of parent-child relationship on security and whether the process is comparable across mother- and father-child dyads and different security measures. In 102 community families, we observed parent-child shared positive affect and infants' anger proneness at 7 months, and attachment security at 15 months, using observer-rated Attachment Q-Set (AQS) and a continuous measure derived from Strange Situation Paradigm (SSP). For mother-child dyads, high shared positive affect and low anger proneness were associated with AQS security. Those effects were qualified by their interaction: Variations in shared positive affect were associated with security only for relatively more anger-prone children. That effect reflected the diathesis-stress model. For father-child dyads, shared positive affect was associated with security. There were no effects for SSP security with either parent.

This meta-analysis synthesized the distribution of attachment classifications as coded with the Cassidy-Marvin Preschool Attachment Coding System and the Main-Cassidy Six-Year-Old System. These systems have extended scholars' capacity to measure differences in the developing child-parent attachment relationship, and its sequelae, beyond the infancy period; however, the global distribution of the attachment categories in these systems, and the potential factors influencing this distribution, remain unknown. The meta-analysis included 97 samples (N = 8,186 children; 55% boys), mostly drawn from North American or European populations (89%; M = 76% White). Results indicated that the distribution of child-mother attachment was 53.5% secure, 14.0% avoidant, 11.0% ambivalent, and 21.5% disorganized/controlling. Moderator analyses showed that rates of security were lower, and rates of disorganization were higher, in samples of at-risk families, specifically when children were exposed to maltreatment. Variations in the procedure also moderated the distribution. The discussion calls for greater unity around methodological practices.

The current study investigates the relationship between insecure attachment and pathological personality trait domains in a sample of psychiatric outpatients. Participants ( N = 150) completed measures for attachment and personality. Bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses investigated the extent to which insecure attachment and personality pathology were associated. Insecure attachment positively correlated with overall personality pathology, with attachment anxiety having a stronger correlation than attachment avoidance. Distinct relationships emerged between attachment anxiety and negative affectivity and attachment avoidance and detachment. Insecure attachment and male sex predicted overall personality pathology, but only attachment anxiety predicted all five trait domains. Insecure attachment might be a risk factor for pathological personality traits. Assessing attachment in clinical contexts and offering attachment-based interventions could benefit interpersonal outcomes.

Understanding hostile intent attribution (HIA) seems important for prevention of problems in social adaptation. This study aimed to explore whether HIA in childhood is determined by both a cognitive factor (i.e. intellectual disability) and an affective factor (i.e. attachment representations). One hundred and eight 8- to 12-year-old children (54 with intellectual disability and 54 with typical development) passed the Attachment Story Completion Task and the Intention Attribution Test for Children. Results indicated that in ambiguous situations, attachment disorganization was associated with HIA, whereas intellectual disability was not. In nonintentional situations, both attachment hyperactivation and intellectual disability were linked with HIA. These results highlight the importance of helping children develop organized attachment representations and optimal activation of their attachment system to prevent social maladaptation.

Objective: Understanding the relationship between attachment and mental health has an important role in informing management of perinatal mental disorders and for infant mental health. It has been suggested that experiences of attachment are transmitted from one generation to the next. Maternal sensitivity has been proposed as a mediator, although findings have not been as strong as hypothesised. A meta-analysis suggested that this intergenerational transmission of attachment may vary across populations with lower concordance between parent and infant attachment classifications in clinical compared to community samples. However, no previous study has examined major depression and adult attachment in pregnancy as predictors of infant–parent attachment classification at 12 months postpartum. Methods: Data were obtained on 52 first-time mothers recruited in early pregnancy, which included 22 women who met diagnostic criteria for current major depression using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The Adult Attachment Interview was also administered before 20 weeks of pregnancy. A history of early trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and maternal sensitivity was measured at 6 months postpartum using the observational measure of the Emotional Availability Scales. Infant–parent attachment was measured using the Strange Situation Procedure at 12 months. Results: Overall, we found no significant association between the Adult Attachment Interview and the Strange Situation Procedure classifications. However, a combination of maternal non-autonomous attachment on the Adult Attachment Interview and major depression was a significant predictor of insecure attachment on the Strange Situation Procedure. We did not find that maternal sensitivity mediated parental and infant attachment security in this sample. Conclusion: While previous meta-analyses identified lower concordance in clinical samples, our findings suggest women with major depression and non-autonomous attachment have a greater concordance with insecure attachment on the Strange Situation Procedure. These findings can guide future research and suggest a focus on depression in pregnancy may be important for subsequent infant attachment.

Cel pracyJedno z ważniejszych pytań w psychologii osobowości i psychopatologii dotyczy tego, czy modele operacyjne przywiązania ulegają zmianie w ciągu życia. Przyjmuje się, że wczesnodziecięce doświadczenia dziecka wpływają na ukształtowanie się bezpiecznych bądź pozabezpiecznych wewnętrznych modeli operacyjnych przywiązania. Dominujące do niedawna przekonanie, że powstałe wówczas reprezentacje więzi są względnie trwałe nie jest już tak oczywiste, ponieważ pojawiły się doniesienia, że pod wpływem znaczących doświadczeń życiowych może dojść do zmiany stylu przywiązania – z pozabezpiecznego na bezpieczny i odwrotnie. Głównym celem niniejszego projektu było zbadanie czy i w jaki sposób pozytywne i negatywne doświadczenia życiowe powodują zmiany wewnętrznych modeli operacyjnych przywiązania.MetodaStyl przywiązania specyficzny do matki i ojca oraz aktualnych znaczących osób – partnera i przyjaciela, zbadano kwestionariuszem ECR-RS, podczas gdy globalne przywiązanie oszacowano na podstawie skali SAAM oraz wielkości wskaźnika G w ECR-RS. Pomiaru liczby i nasilenia pozytywnych i negatywnych wydarzeń życiowych oceniono przy użyciu LES-M. Analizę wyników badań przeprowadzono na grupie 151 osób dorosłych.WynikiStwierdzono istotne zależności między nasileniem pozytywnych wydarzeń życiowych a globalnym i specyficznymi stylami więzi z przyjacielem i partnerem. Nie zaobserwowano natomiast istotnych związków między nasileniem negatywnych wydarzeń życiowych i stylem więzi. Porównania międzygrupowe pokazały, że w grupie osób, w której nastąpiła zmiana stylu przywiązania z pozabezpiecznego na bezpieczny zaobserwowano istotnie silniejsze doświadczanie pozytywnych zdarzeń niż w grupie, w której zmiana nie wystąpiła. Porównywane grupy nie różniły się nasileniem negatywnych wydarzeń życiowych.WnioskiBadania potwierdzają hipotezę o wystąpieniu zmiany globalnego stylu i niektórych aspektów specyficznych pozabezpiecznych więzi na styl bezpieczny pod wpływem doświadczenia pozytywnych zdarzeń życiowych.

Attachment theory´s core hypotheses (universality, normativity, sensitivity, and competence) are assumed to be applicable worldwide. However, the majority of studies on attachment theory have been conducted in Western countries, and the extent to which these core hypotheses are supported by research conducted in Latin America has never been systematically addressed. The purpose of this systematic narrative literature review is to provide an integrative discussion of the current body of empirical studies concerning attachment theory conducted in Latin American countries. For that purpose, a search was conducted in four electronic databases (Web of Science, PsycInfo, SciELO, and Redalyc) and 82 publications on attachment and/or sensitivity met inclusion criteria. None of the studies reported cases in which an attachment relationship was absent, and a predominance of secure attachment patterns was found, mainly for non-risk samples (NRS). Sensitivity levels were generally deemed adequate in NRS, and related to attachment quality. Attachment security and caregivers' sensitivity were positively associated with child outcomes. Attachment-based intervention studies mostly showed efficacy. In conclusion, Latin American research supports the key theoretical assumptions of attachment theory, mainly in samples of urban middle-class NRS. However, the field of attachment-related research would be enriched by also investing in Latin American studies on caregiving rooted in local concepts and theories.Trasfondo: Se asume que las hipótesis centrales de la teoría de afectividad (universalidad, normatividad, sensibilidad y competencia) son aplicables en todo el mundo. La mayoría de los estudios sobre la teoría de afectividad, sin embargo, se han realizado en países occidentales, y sistemáticamente nunca se ha discutido hasta qué punto la investigación llevada a cabo en América Latina apoya las hipótesis centrales.El propósito de esta sistemática revisión de la información narrativa es aportar una discusión integrada del actual cuerpo de estudios empíricos acerca de la teoría de afectividad llevados a cabo en países de América Latina. Método: Se llevó a cabo una investigación en cuatro bases electrónicas de datos (Red de la Ciencia, PsycInfo, SciELO y Redalyc) y 82 publicaciones sobre la afectividad y/o la sensibilidad reunieron los criterios de inclusión.Ninguno de los estudios reportó casos en los cuales una relación de afectividad estaba ausente, y se encontró una predominancia de patrones de afectividad segura, principalmente en las muestras sin riesgo. Por lo general, los niveles de sensibilidad fueron considerados adecuados en las muestras sin riesgo y relacionados con la calidad de la afectividad. La seguridad de la afectividad y la sensibilidad de quienes prestan el cuidado se asociaron positivamente con los resultados en el niño. Los estudios sobre la intervención con base en la afectividad por la mayor parte mostraron eficacia.La investigación en América Latina apoya las suposiciones teóricas claves de la teoría de afectividad, principalmente en grupos muestras urbanos de clase media y muestras sin riesgo. El campo de la investigación relacionada con la afectividad pudiera, sin embargo, beneficiarse de invertir también en estudios en América Latina sobre la prestación de cuidado arraigada en conceptos y teorías locales.On assume que les hypothèses fondamentales de la théorie de l'attachement (universalité, normativité, sensibilité et compétence) sont applicables au monde entier. Cependant la majorité des études sur la théorie de l'attachement ont été faites dans des pays occidentaux et la mesure dans laquelle ces hypothèses fondamentales sont soutenues par des recherches faites en Amérique Latine n'a jamais été abordée de manière systématique. But : Le but de cette revue systématique de la littérature et des recherches est d'offrir une discussion intégrée du corpus d’études empiriques actuel concernant la théorie de l'attachement, faites dans des pays d'Amérique Latine. Méthodes : Une recherche a été faite dans quatre bases de données électroniques (Web of Science, PsycInfo, SciELO, and Redalyc) et 82 publications sur l'attachement et/ou la sensibilité ont rempli les critères d'inclusion. Résultats : Aucune des études n'a fait état de cas où la relation d'attachement était absente et une prédominance de patterns d'attachement sécure a été trouvée, essentiellement pour les échantillons sans risque. Les niveaux de sensibilité étaient généralement considérés comme étant adéquate chez les échantillons sans risque et liés à la qualité de l'attachement. La sécurité de l'attachement et la sensibilité des personnes prenant soin des enfants étaient fortement liées aux résultats de l'enfant. Les études sur l'intervention basée sur l'attachement ont dans l'ensemble démontré leur efficacité.Les recherches sur l'Amérique Latine soutiennent les hypothèses théoriques clés de la théorie de l'attachement, essentiellement dans les échantillons d’échantillons sans risque, urbains et de classe moyenne. Cependant le domaine des recherches liées à l'attachement serait enrichi si l'on investissait aussi dans des études sur l'Amérique Latine portant sur des modes de soin enracinés dans les concepts et les théories locales.Lateinamerikanische Bindungsstudien: Eine narrative Überblicksarbeit Hintergrund: Es wird angenommen, dass die Kernhypothesen der Bindungstheorie (Universalität, Normativität, Sensibilität und Kompetenz) weltweit anwendbar sind. Die meisten Studien zur Bindungstheorie wurden jedoch in westlichen Ländern durchgeführt und es wurde nie systematisch untersucht, inwieweit diese Kernhypothesen durch Forschung in Lateinamerika gestützt werden. Ziel: Ziel dieser systematischen, narrativen Literaturübersicht ist es, eine integrative Diskussion der aktuellen empirischen Studien zur Bindungstheorie zu ermöglichen, die in lateinamerikanischen Ländern durchgeführt wurden. Methode: Eine Suche in vier elektronischen Datenbanken (Web of Science, PsycInfo, SciELO und Redalyc) wurde durchgeführt. 82 Veröffentlichungen zum Thema Bindung und/oder Sensibilität erfüllten die Einschlusskriterien. Ergebnisse: In keiner der Studien wurde über Fälle berichtet, in denen eine Bindungsbeziehung fehlte, und es wurden überwiegend sichere Bindungsmuster gefunden - hauptsächlich innerhalb von Nicht-Risikostichproben. Die Sensibilitätsniveaus wurden in Nicht-Risikostichproben im Allgemeinen als angemessen angesehen und hingen mit der Bindungsqualität zusammen. Bindungssicherheit und Sensibilität der Bezugspersonen standen in einem positiven Zusammenhang mit Outcomes bei den Kindern. Studien zu bindungsbasierten Interventionen zeigten überwiegend Wirksamkeit. Schlussfolgerungen: Die lateinamerikanische Forschung unterstützt die wichtigsten theoretischen Annahmen der Bindungstheorie, vor allem in Stichproben aus der städtischen Mittelschicht, die nicht zu Risikogruppen gehören. Das Feld der Bindungsforschung würde jedoch bereichert, wenn auch lateinamerikanische Studien zur Kinderbetreuung durchgeführt würden, die auf lokalen Konzepten und Theorien beruhen.ラテンアメリカの愛着研究:ナラティブ・レビュー 背景: 愛着理論の中核的仮説(普遍性、規範性、感受性、有能性)は、世界中に通用するものと推定される。しかし、愛着理論に関する研究の大半は欧米で行われており、ラテンアメリカで行われた研究によってこれらの中核的仮説がどの程度裏付けされているかは、これまで体系的に扱われたことがなかった。 目的:この体系的なナラティブ文献レビューの目的は、ラテンアメリカ諸国で行われた愛着理論に関する現在の実証的一連の研究について統合的な議論を提供することである。 方法: 4つの電子データベース(Web of Science, PsycInfo, SciELO, Redalyc)と、選択基準を満たした愛着および/または感受性に関する82の出版物で検索が実施された。 結果:主に非リスクのサンプルについて、愛着関係が見られないケースを報告する研究はなく、安定型愛着パターンが優勢であることがわかった。非リスクのサンプルでは、感受性のレベルは概して適切であり、愛着の質に関係していた。愛着の安全性と養育者の感受性は、子どもの転帰と正の相関があった。愛着の観点に基づいた介入研究は、そのほとんどが有効性を示していた。 結論:ラテンアメリカの研究は、主に都市の中流階級の非リスクのサンプルにおいて、愛着理論の主要な理論的仮説を裏付けている。しかし、愛着に関連する研究の分野は、地域の概念や理論に根ざした養育に関するラテンアメリカの研究にも注力することによって、より深まるであろう。.研究背景:依恋理论的核心假设(普遍性、规范性、敏感性和能力)被认为是适用于全世界的。然而, 大多数关于依恋理论的研究都是在西方国家进行的, 这些核心假设在多大程度上得到了拉丁美洲研究的支持, 这一点从未得到系统的阐述。 研究目的:这篇系统的叙述性文献综述的目的是对当前在拉丁美洲国家进行的有关依恋理论的实证研究进行综合讨论。 研究方法:在四个电子数据库(Web of Science、PsycInfo、SciELO 和 Redalyc)中进行了检索, 82篇关于依恋或敏感性的出版物符合纳入标准。 研究结果:所有研究都没有报告依恋关系缺失的案例, 并且我们发现安全型依恋模式占主导地位, 研究主要针对非风险样本。在非风险样本中, 敏感性水平通常被认为是合格的, 并且与依恋质量有关。依恋安全性和看护者的敏感性与儿童发展结果呈正相关。基于依恋的干预研究大多显示了有效性。 研究结论:拉丁美洲的研究支持了依恋理论的关键理论假设, 并且研究主要是在城市中产阶级非风险样本中开展。然而, 通过加大对拉丁美洲基于当地概念和理论的护理研究, 将会丰富与依恋相关的研究领域。.دراسات التعلق بأمريكا اللاتينية: مراجعة سردية الخلفية: من المفترض أن تكون الفرضيات الأساسية لنظرية التعلق (العالمية ، المعيارية ، الحساسية ، والكفاءة) قابلة للتطبيق في جميع أنحاء العالم. ومع ذلك ، فقد أجريت غالبية الدراسات حول نظرية التعلق في الدول الغربية ، ولم يتم تناول مدى دعم هذه الفرضيات الأساسية من خلال الأبحاث التي أجريت في أمريكا اللاتينية بشكل منهجي. الهدف: الغرض من هذه المراجعة المنهجية السردية هو تقديم مناقشة متكاملة للمجموعة الحالية من الدراسات التجريبية المتعلقة بنظرية التعلق التي أجريت في بلدان أمريكا اللاتينية. الطريقة: تم إجراء بحث في أربع قواعد بيانات إلكترونية (Web of Science و PsycInfo و SciELO و Redalyc) وقد استوفى 82 منشورًا حول التعلق و / أو الحساسية معايير التضمين. النتائج: لم تذكر أي من الدراسات حالات غابت فيها علاقة التعلق ، وكانت أنماط التعلق الآمن هي السائدة ، بشكل أساسي للعينات الغير معرضة للمخاطرة. اعتُبرت مستويات الحساسية بشكل عام كافية في العينات غير المعرضة للمخاطرة ، ومرتبطة بجودة التعلق. وارتبط أمان التعلق وحساسية مقدمي الرعاية بشكل إيجابي بنتائج الطفل. أظهرت دراسات التدخل القائمة على التعلق فعالية في الغالب. الاستنتاجات: يدعم البحث في أمريكا اللاتينية الافتراضات النظرية الرئيسية لنظرية التعلق ، ولا سيما في عينات الطبقة المتوسطة الحضرية غير المعرضة للخطر. ومع ذلك ، يمكن إثراء مجال البحث المرتبط بالتعلق من خلال الاستثمار في المزيد من الدراسات في أمريكا اللاتينية حول تقديم الرعاية القائمة على المفاهيم والنظريات المحلية.

Psychoanalytic discourse on the dynamics of the terrorist mindset has been challenged by the absence of clinical work with terrorists in the literature. This paper proposes Ferenczi's concept of the unwelcome child as a dynamic construct of the terrorist mind. Unwelcome children have weak life instincts and correspondingly high death instincts. Clinical material from the analysis of an unwelcome child is presented which suggests that a sense of anomie and alienation from social ties may lead to a fundamentalist mind set which may potentially lead to a search for meaning in terrorist acts. The struggle between life and death instincts is demonstrated in the clinical material, with life instinct tipping the scales in this instance. Self-preservative survival instinct is proposed as the theoretical construct for life instinct in contrast to Freud's libido theory. The unwelcome child represents an object relations theory of the death instinct. Unwelcome children are likely a widespread phenomenon with significant social consequences.

Childhood adversity alters the relational world of the child and inhibits the development of secure attachment bonds. The purpose of this article is to survey recent evidence that attachment insecurity has the potential to impair physical health throughout the lifespan. It is proposed that attachment insecurity contributes to disease risk through a range of mechanisms which include (1) disturbances in arousal and recovery within physiological systems that respond to stress; (2) physiological links between the mediators of social relationships, stress, and immunity; (3) links between relationship style and various health behaviors; and (4) disease risk factors that serve as external regulators of dysphoric affect, such as nicotine and alcohol. The evidence for these mechanisms, particularly the evidence that has accumulated since the model was first proposed in 2000, is presented and discussed.

The present two-study investigation is the first to examine whether experimentally boosting attachment security (security priming) affects attitudes in the parenting domain for both parents and non-parents. Mothers (n = 72) and childless undergraduates (n = 82) were randomly assigned to a neutral or a secure prime condition and then completed measures of implicit attitudes (a child-focused version of the Go/No-Go Association Task) and explicit attitudes (self-reported) toward children. Following the priming manipulation, mothers in the secure prime condition had more positive implicit attitudes toward their child compared to mothers in the neutral prime condition. Security priming also increased mothers’ positive explicit attitudes toward their children, but only among mothers who scored high on self-reported attachment-related avoidance. No priming effects emerged among non-parents. These results provide the first evidence for a causal link between parental attachment security and parental attitudes toward children.

Chronic relational trauma can lead to the formation of pervasively unintegrated attachment representations in adulthood, referred to as Hostile-Helpless (HH) states of mind. Individuals with this type of attachment disorganization evidence conflicting evaluations of caregivers and have difficulty reflecting on their traumatic childhood experiences. This scoping review is the first to systematically integrate the results of all empirical studies on HH states of mind in an effort to highlight the scientific and clinical contributions of the concept and guide future research. Following Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) Methodological Framework, cross-reference keywords were searched in three databases (PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, ProQuest). In total, 19 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the synthesis. Results suggest that prevalence rates of HH states of mind increase as a function of adults' psychosocial risk status. Findings also reveal that the long-term consequences of early trauma are greater in the presence of a HH state of mind, whereas the absence of a HH state of mind acts as a protective factor against the intergenerational transmission of maladaptation. Finally, results support the discriminant validity of the HH classification against other forms of attachment disorganization in adulthood. Research gaps and future research directions are discussed.El trauma crónico de la relación puede llevar a la formación de representaciones de afectividad profundamente desintegradas en la edad adulta, conocidas como estados mentales Hostiles-Sin Ayuda. Los individuos con este tipo de afectividad desorganizada demuestran evaluaciones conflictivas de quienes les cuidan y tienen dificultades para reflexionar acerca de sus experiencias traumáticas de niñez. Este estudio de alcance comprensivo es el primero en integrar sistemáticamente los resultados de todos los estudios empíricos acerca de los estados mentales Hostiles-Sin Ayuda como un esfuerzo para subrayar las contribuciones científicas y clínicas del concepto y guiar la investigación futura. Siguiendo el Marco de Trabajo Metodológico de Arksey y O'Malley's (2005), se investigaron palabras claves con enlaces de referencia en tres bases de datos (PsycArticles, Colección de Psicología y Ciencias del Comportamiento, ProQuest). En total, 19 estudios reunieron los criterios de inclusión y se les incluyó en la síntesis. Los resultados indican que los puntajes prevalentes de los estados mentales Hostiles-Sin Ayuda aumentan como una función del riesgo sicosocial de los adultos. Los resultados también revelan que las consecuencias a largo plazo del trauma temprano son mayores en presencia de un estado mental Hostil-Sin Ayuda, mientras que la ausencia de un estado mental Hostil-Sin Ayuda actúa como un factor de protección contra la transmisión intergeneracional de mal adaptación. Finalmente, los resultados apoyan la validez discriminante de la clasificación Hostil-Sin Ayuda contra otras formas de desorganización de la afectividad en la edad adulta. Se discuten los vacíos y el futuro de la investigación.Le trauma relationnel chronique peut mener à la formation de représentations de l'attachement non intégré omniprésent à l’âge adulte, auquel on fait référence en tant qu’états d'esprit Hostile-Impuissant. Les individus avec de type de désorganisation d'attachement font état d’évaluations contradictoires des personnes prenant soin d'eux et ont des difficultés à réfléchir à leurs expériences traumatiques durant l'enfance. Ce passage en revue est le premier à systématiquement intégrer les résultats de toutes les études empiriques sur les états d'esprit Hostile-Impuissant pour essayer de mettre en évidence les contributions scientifiques et cliniques du concept et guider les recherches futures. En suivant la structure méthodologique de Arksey et O'Malley (2005) les mots clés de référence croisée ont fait l'objet d'une recherche dans trois bases de données (PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, ProQuest). Au total 19 études ont rempli les critères d'inclusion et ont été inclues dans la synthèse. Les résultats suggèrent que les taux de prévalence d’états d'esprit Hostile-Impuissant augmentent en tant que fonction du statut de risque psychologique des adultes. Les résultats révèlent aussi que les conséquences à long terme du trauma précoce sont plus grandes en présence d'un état d'esprit Hostile-Impuissant, alors que l'absence d’état d'esprit hostile-Impuissance agit en tant que facteur protecteur contre la transmission intergénérationnel de mal-adaptation. Enfin, les résultats soutiennent la validité discriminante de la classification Hostile-Impuissant par rapport à d'autres formes de désorganisation de l'attachement à l’âge adulte. Les écarts dans les recherches et des directions futures de recherches sont discutés.Feindselig-hilflose Gemütszustände: Ein Überblick über Risikofaktoren, Korrelate und Folgen Chronische Beziehungstraumata können im Erwachsenenalter zur Bildung von durchgängig unintegrierten Bindungsrepräsentationen führen, die als feindselig-hilflose Gemütszustände (Hostile-Helpless states of mind) bezeichnet werden. Personen mit dieser Art von Bindungsstörung weisen widersprüchliche Bewertungen von Bezugspersonen auf und haben Schwierigkeiten, über ihre traumatischen Kindheitserfahrungen zu reflektieren. Diese Übersichtsarbeit ist die erste, die die Ergebnisse aller empirischen Studien über feindselig-hilflose Gemütszustände systematisch zusammenfasst, um die wissenschaftlichen und klinischen Beiträge des Konzepts hervorzuheben und richtungsweisend für künftige Forschung zu sein. In Anlehnung an den methodischen Rahmen von Arksey und O'Malley (2005) wurden Querverweis-Schlüsselwörter in drei Datenbanken (PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, ProQuest) durchsucht. Insgesamt erfüllten 19 Studien die Einschlusskriterien und wurden in die Synthese aufgenommen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Prävalenzraten feindselig-hilfloser Gemütszustände in Abhängigkeit vom psychosozialen Risikostatus im Erwachsenenalter zunehmen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass die langfristigen Folgen früher Traumata bei Vorliegen eines feindselig-hilflosen Gemütszustands schwerer sind, während das Fehlen eines feindselig-hilflosen Gemütszustands als Schutzfaktor gegen die intergenerationale Weitergabe von Fehlanpassungen wirkt. Schließlich unterstützen die Ergebnisse die diskriminante Validität der Feindselig-Hilflos-Klassifikation gegenüber anderen Formen der Bindungsdesorganisation im Erwachsenenalter. Forschungslücken und zukünftige Forschungsrichtungen werden diskutiert.無力/敵対的な心性 (Hostile-Helpless States of Mind) :リスク因子、相関、結果に関するスコーピングレビュー 要旨 慢性的な関係性トラウマは、大人になってから、無力/敵対的な心性Hostile-Helpless States of Mindと呼ばれる、広範に統合されていない愛着形成につながる可能性がある。このような無秩序な愛着型をもつ成人は、養育者に対する評価が相反し、トラウマとなった幼少期の経験を振り返ることが困難であると証明されている。このスコーピングレビューは、無力/敵対的な心性に関するすべての経験的研究の結果を系統的に統合し、この概念の科学的および臨床的な貢献を明らかにし、今後の研究の指針とすることを目的とした初めてのものである。Arksey and O'Malley (2005) の方法論的枠組みに従い、3つのデータベース (PsycArticles、Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection、ProQuest) で相互参照キーワードを検索した。その結果、19の研究が対象基準を満たし、統合に含まれることになった。結果は、無力/敵対的な心性の有病率は、成人の心理社会的リスク状態の関数として増加することを示唆している。また、早期トラウマの長期的影響は、無力/敵対的な心性がある場合に大きく、一方、無力/敵対的な心性がない場合は、リスクの世代間伝達に対する防御因子として作用することが明らかになった。最後に、成人の他の愛着障害と無力/敵対的な心性分類の識別妥当性を支持する結果が得られた。研究ギャップと今後の研究の方向性について議論する。.慢性关系创伤可导致成年期普遍的不协调依恋表现的形成, 称为“敌对无助”心理状态。具有这种类型的依恋紊乱的个体, 对看护者的评价是相互矛盾的, 并且很难反思他们的创伤性童年经历。本范围综述第一次系统地整合了所有关于“敌对无助”心理状态的实证研究结果, 以突出这一概念的科学和临床贡献, 并指导未来的研究。按照Arksey和O'Malley (2005) 的“方法论框架”, 在三个数据库 (PsycArticles、Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection、ProQuest) 中搜索了交叉引用关键词。总共有19项研究符合纳入标准并被纳入综合研究。结果表明, “敌对无助”心理状态的患病率随着成年人的社会心理风险状况而增加。研究结果还表明, 当存在“敌对无助”心理状态时, 早期创伤的长期后果更大, 而没有“敌对无助”心理状态则可作为一种保护因素, 防止适应不良的代际传递。最后, 研究结果支持“敌对无助”分类对成年期其他形式依恋紊乱的区分效度。本文还讨论了研究的空白和未来的研究方向。.الحالات العقلية المعادية-العاجزة : استقصاء منهجي لعوامل المخاطرة والارتباطات والعواقب يمكن أن تؤدي الصدمة العلائقية المزمنة إلى تكوين تمثيلات تعلق غير متكاملة في مرحلة البلوغ ، ويشار إليها على أنها حالات عقلية معادية - عاجزة. الأفراد الذين يعانون من هذا النوع من عدم تنظيم التعلق يُقدمون تقييمات متضاربة لمقدمي الرعاية ويواجهون صعوبة في التعليق على تجارب طفولتهم المؤلمة. هذه المراجعة المنهجية هي الأولى التي تدمج بشكل منهجي نتائج جميع الدراسات التجريبية على الحالات الذهنية المعادية العاجزة في محاولة لتسليط الضوء على المساهمات العلمية والاكلينيكية للمفهوم وتوجيه البحث المستقبلي. ووفقاً لإطار Arksey and O'Malley (2005) المنهجي ، تم البحث عن الكلمات الرئيسية المرجعية في ثلاث قواعد بيانات (PsycArticles ، مجموعة علم النفس والعلوم السلوكية ، ProQuest). في المجموع ، حققت 19 دراسة معايير الاشتمال وتم تضمينها في التحليل. تشير النتائج إلى أن معدلات انتشار الحالات الذهنية المعادية العاجزة تزداد بالارتباط مع حالة الخطر النفسي والاجتماعي للبالغين. تكشف النتائج أيضًا أن العواقب طويلة المدى للصدمة المبكرة تكون أكبر في وجود حالة ذهنية معادية عاجزة ، في حين أن غياب الحالة الذهنية المعادية العاجزة يعمل كعامل وقائي ضد انتقال سوء التكيف بين الأجيال. أخيرًا ، تدعم النتائج الصلاحية التمييزية لتصنيف "معاد-عاجز" بالمقارنة مع الأشكال الأخرى من عدم تنظيم التعلق في مرحلة البلوغ. تناقش الدراسة الفجوات البحثية واتجاهات البحث المستقبلية.

Research shows that the subscales of the Relationship Profile Test (RPT) are related to adult attachment. Gender differences have been implicated, but findings are inconsistent in terms of replication. A limited amount of research has been conducted on ethnic differences in the context of interpersonal dependency. This study aims to bridge the gap in the literature in terms of using the RPT to predict attachment styles and to assess gender and ethnic group differences in RPT scores. Four samples from various treatment settings were combined to yield a heterogeneous group of ethnically diverse men and women (N = 470) with a mean age of 31.96. No gender differences were observed; however, ethnic differences were noted, with the RPT scales predicting unique variance in secure and insecure attachment styles. This study evidences the incremental validity of the RPT scales when predicting adult attachment style with consideration of ethnic group differences, which can help inform the treatment and assessment process.

We examined whether the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) is applicable not only for assessing children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their mothers but also with their fathers. Forty preschoolers with ASD were observed in the SSP with their mothers and 39 with their fathers. Unexpectedly, the SSP was found to be not applicable (NA) to 25% of the SSPs with fathers because levels of attachment behavior were minimal, but all SSPs with mothers were codable. NA children had lower cognitive functioning and more severe symptoms than those not so coded. Insecure children with their fathers had more severe symptoms than secure children, but were not different in their cognitive functioning. No associations between attachment with mother and severity of symptoms/cognitive functioning were found. Attachment was unrelated to parents' distress or Broad Autism Phenotype. The study raises questions regarding the applicability of the SSP with fathers of children with ASD.

Infant crying is a strong emotional stimulus that elicits caregiving responses in adults. Here we examine the role of empathy (measured with the Polish version of Interpersonal Reactivity Index) and salivary oxytocin in modulating sensitive responsiveness to a crying infant simulator in two groups of heterosexual couples: 111 expecting or 110 not expecting a baby. Sensitive responsiveness was observed during a standardized procedure using the Ainsworth Sensitivity Scale while participants took care of the infant simulator, both individually and as a couple. Other-oriented empathy predicted elevated levels of individual but not couple sensitive responsiveness. More OT reactivity to crying predicted less responsiveness in non-expecting couples, which might be explained by their stronger focus on task performance. This study uniquely combined hormonal, observational and self-report measures in couples, and showed that personality and hormonal correlates of sensitive responsiveness might be studied before the child’s birth with the use of infant simulators.

Childhood trauma is associated with greater depression severity among individuals with bipolar disorder. However, the mechanisms that explain the link between childhood trauma and depression severity in bipolar disorder remain poorly understood. The mediational role of attachment insecurity in childhood and adulthood was assessed in the current study.Participants with bipolar disorder (N = 143) completed measures of childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire), attachment insecurity (Experiences in Close Relationships Scale) and depression severity (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) as part of the Prechter Longitudinal Study of Bipolar Disorder. A sequential mediation model was tested using path analysis: the direct and indirect effects of childhood trauma on depression severity with attachment insecurity (attachment anxiety and avoidance) in childhood (mother and father) and adulthood (partner) as mediators were estimated.The final path model demonstrated an excellent fit to the data (comparative fit index = 0.996; root mean square error of approximation = 0.021 [90% confidence interval = 0.000-0.073]). Supporting the hypothesised sequential mediation model, maternal attachment anxiety in childhood and romantic attachment avoidance in adulthood partially mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and depression severity; this effect accounted for 12% of the total effect of childhood trauma on depression severity.Attachment insecurity in childhood and adulthood form part of the complex mechanism informing why people with bipolar disorder who have a history of childhood trauma experience greater depression severity. Addressing attachment insecurity represents a valuable psychotherapeutic treatment target for bipolar disorder.

This scoping review focused on parents' resolution of their reactions to receiving a diagnosis for their child, based on Marvin and Pianta's model and Reaction to Diagnosis Interview (RDI). We aimed to map the populations examined, the prevalence of parents' narrated resolution, and what is known about its outcomes and determinants. A structured search identified 47 peer-reviewed papers published between 1992-2021. All employed the RDI and most had a cross-sectional design. Studies focused on a wide range of children's health and mental health diagnoses. Days to years after receiving the diagnosis, RDI narratives of 18.43% to 72.49% of the parents (44% on average) indicated lack of resolution. Studies reported associations between unresolved narratives and children's insecure attachment, higher parenting stress, and poorer parental health. However, findings on the associations of narrated resolution with parents' representations of their child, sensitivity, and psychological symptoms were equivocal, and findings on factors that may shape narrated resolution were limited. To advance the understanding of parents' narrated resolution and its effects, we recommend researchers employ prospective and longitudinal designs, evaluate narrated resolution as a continuous phenomenon, focus on outcomes derived from attachment theory, and systematically sample families from heterogenous cultures.

Advanced stage at diagnosis and delayed presentation are common in ovarian cancer (OC). The objective of the current study was to explore the association of adult attachment pattern with delays in accessing specialist oncology care in patients with OC.A cross-sectional structured interview study of patients with OC presenting to an Indian cancer center was undertaken. Consenting patients completed Experiences of Close Relationships-Relationship Style questionnaire (ECR-RS) and Medical Outcome Survey-Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS). Multivariate linear regression with "time to presentation to cancer specialist" as the dependent variable was undertaken.In all, 132 of 155 (85%) patients with OC who were invited were interviewed. An increased ECR-RS attachment anxiety score (Among patients with OC, adult attachment may contribute to delays in presentation. It may be important for the cancer symptom awareness efforts in primary care to include educating physicians on recognizing and interacting with patients with insecure attachment styles. The association of delays in presentation for women with OC living in multigenerational extended households needs more indepth exploration.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2022.2025510 .

Understanding if maternal depression is a predictor of infant-parent attachment classification is important to furthering knowledge about the early pathways and predictors of socio-emotional development. Yet few studies that have utilised the Strange Situation Procedure, the gold standard for measurement of infant-parent attachment, have examined antenatal depression as a predictor of attachment, and none has also included a measure of maternal trauma. This study uses data on 224 women recruited in early pregnancy and followed up until 12 months postpartum. Maternal depression was measured in pregnancy using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM and repeat Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale as well as Stressful Life Events scale across pregnancy and postpartum including items on domestic violence. A past history of trauma was measured using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Attachment was measured using the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) at 12 months postpartum. We found that maternal depression was not associated with insecure or disorganized attachment. However, a maternal history of childhood trauma and current domestic violence both predicted insecure-avoidant attachment at 12 months, whereas increased number of stressful life events prior to conception and in pregnancy was associated with insecure-resistant attachment. Neither trauma, past or current, nor depression predicted disorganized attachment. In the first study to have included measures of antenatal depression, maternal childhood trauma, and current stressful events as predictors of infant attachment measured using the SSP, we found maternal experiences of past and current trauma but not depression were significant predictors of infant-parent attachment security.

Since its inception more than 50 years ago, attachment theory has become one of the most influential viewpoints in the behavioral sciences. What have we learned during this period about its fundamental questions? In this paper, we summarize the conclusions of an inquiry into this question involving more than 75 researchers. Each responded to one of nine "fundamental questions" in attachment theory. The questions concerned what constitutes an attachment relationship, how to measure the security of attachment, the nature and functioning of internal working models, stability and change in attachment security, the legacy of early attachment relationships, attachment and culture, responses to separation and loss, how attachment-based interventions work, and how attachment theory informs systems and services for children and families. Their responses revealed important areas of theoretical consensus but also surprising diversity on key questions, and significant areas of remaining inquiry. We discuss central challenges for the future.

Family risks are known to be detrimental to children's attachment development. This study investigated whether parental sensitivity plays different roles in early attachment development in the context of risk: Sensitivity was hypothesized to mediate risk effects on attachment, as well as a moderator that shapes the relation between risk and attachment. Multiple family risks, parental sensitivity (defined as responsivity and supportive presence), and children's attachment security of 197 infants and toddlers (MA los riesgos familiares se les conoce como perjudiciales para el desarrollo de la afectividad en los niños. Este estudio investigó si la sensibilidad del progenitor juega diferentes papeles en el temprano desarrollo de la afectividad en el contexto de riesgo: La hipótesis es que la sensibilidad sirve de intermediaria de los efectos del riesgo sobre la afectividad, y también como una moderadora que moldea la relación entre el riesgo y la afectividad. Los riesgos familiares múltiples, la sensibilidad del progenitor (definida como la presencia de receptividad y apoyo) y la seguridad de la afectividad del niño en 197 infantes y niños pequeñitos (M = 15.25 meses) y de quienes les cuidaban fueron evaluadas en un estudio de probabilidad con un diseño secuencial de grupo en Alemania. La sensibilidad de quien presta el cuidado sirvió como mediadora de los efectos del riesgo sobre la afectividad, así como también de moderadora que amortigua las consecuencias adversas del riesgo. La temprana sensibilidad pudiera ser relevante para sentar las bases de la fortaleza de resistencia de apoyo al desarrollo de la afectividad.Les risques de la famille sont connus comme étant préjudiciables au développement de l'attachement des enfants. Cette étude s'est attachée à étudier si la sensibilité parentale joue des rôles différents dans le développement précoce de l'attachement dans le contexte de risque: on a pris comme hypothèse que la sensibilité a servi de médiatrice aux effets de risque sur l'attachement, et a également servi de modératrice qui forme la relation entre le risqué et l'attachement. Les risques familiaux multiples, la sensibilité parentale (définie comme réceptivité et présence de soutien), et la sécurité de l'attachement de 197 nourrissons et jeunes enfants (M = 15,25 mois) et des personnes prenant soin d'eux ont été évalués dans une étude prospective avec un plan séquentiel-cohorte, en Allemagne. La sensibilité de la personne prenant soin de l'enfant a servi de médiateur pour les effets de risque sur l'attachement ainsi que de modérateur qui amorti les conséquences adverses de risque. La sensibilité précoce peut s'avérer pertinente dans la préparation du terrain pour le développement de l'attachement qui souvient la résilience.Familiäre Risiken und frühe Bindungssicherheit: Die unterschiedliche Rolle der elterlichen Sensibilität Es ist bekannt, dass sich familiäre Risiken nachteilig auf die Bindungsentwicklung von Kindern auswirken. In dieser Studie wurde untersucht, ob die elterliche Sensibilität im Kontext von Risiken bei der frühen Bindungsentwicklung eine unterschiedliche Rolle spielt: Es wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Sensibilität die Auswirkungen von Risiken auf die Bindung mediiert und als Moderator die Beziehung zwischen Risiko und Bindung beeinflusst. In einer prospektiven Studie mit kohortensequentiellem Design in Deutschland wurden 197 Säuglinge und Kleinkinder (M = 15,25 Monate) und ihre Bezugspersonen hinsichtlich mehrerer familiärer Risiken, elterlicher Sensibilität (definiert als Responsivität und unterstützende Präsenz) und der Bindungssicherheit der Kinder untersucht. Die Sensibilität der Bezugsperson diente als Mediator von Risikoeffekten auf die Bindung sowie als Moderator, der die negativen Folgen des Risikos abpuffert. Frühe Sensibilität könnte eine wichtige Rolle bei der Schaffung von Voraussetzungen für eine Bindungsentwicklung spielen, die Resilienz unterstützt.家庭リスクと幼少期のアタッチメントの安定性:親の敏感性の役割の違い 家庭リスクは、子どものアタッチメント形成に悪影響を及ぼすことが知られている。本研究では、親の敏感性が初期のアタッチメント形成において、リスクの文脈で異なる役割を果たしているかどうかを検討した。敏感性は、リスクとアタッチメントの関係を形成するモデレーター (仲介者) であると同時に、アタッチメントに対するリスク効果を媒介すると仮定した。本研究では、ドイツの197名の乳幼児 (平均月齢15.25ヶ月) とその養育者を対象に、多重家庭リスク、親の敏感性 (応答性と支援的存在として定義) 、および子どものアタッチメントの安定性を、コホート・シークエンシャル・デザインを用いて前向き研究で評価した。養育者の敏感性は、アタッチメントに対するリスク効果の媒介役割とともに、リスクの悪影響を緩和するモデレーターの役割を果たしていることがわかった。早期の敏感性は、レジリエンスを支えるアタッチメント発達の土台をつくることに関係している可能性がある。.众所周知, 家庭风险不利于儿童的依恋发展。本研究调查了父母敏感性是否在风险背景下的早期依恋发展中发挥了不同的作用:假设敏感性可以调节依恋的风险影响, 也可以调节风险与依恋之间的关系。在德国采用群组序列设计的前瞻性研究中, 对197名婴幼儿 (M = 15.25个月) 及其看护者的多重家庭风险、父母敏感性 (定义为响应性和支持性存在) 以及儿童依恋安全进行了评估。看护者的敏感性是依恋风险影响的调节因素, 也是缓冲风险不利后果的调节因素。早期敏感性或许可以为提高复原力的依恋发展奠定基础。.مخاطر الأسرة وأمان التعلق المبكر: الدور المتغير لحساسية الوالدين من المعروف أن المخاطر العائلية تضر بتطور تعلق الأطفال. استقصت هذه الدراسة ما إذا كانت حساسية الوالدين تلعب أدوارًا مختلفة في تطوير التعلق المبكر في سياق المخاطر: تم افتراض الحساسية للتوسط في تأثيرات المخاطر على التعلق ، بالإضافة إلى كونها عامل وسيط يشكل العلاقة بين المخاطرة والتعلق. تم تقييم المخاطر العائلية المتعددة ، والحساسية الأبوية (التي تُعرَّف على أنها الاستجابة والحضور الداعم) ، وأمان تعلق الأطفال عند197 رضيعًا وطفلًا صغيرًا (M = 15.25 شهرًا) ومقدمي الرعاية لهم في دراسة استطلاعية ذات تصميم مجموعات متسلسل في ألمانيا. عملت حساسية مقدم الرعاية كوسيط لتأثيرات المخاطر على التعلق وكذلك الوسيط الذي يخفف من الآثار السلبية للمخاطر. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن الحساسية المبكرة قد تكون ذات صلة في تمهيد الطريق لنمو التعلق الذي يدعم المرونة.

This report describes the development and validation of a new coding system for the Current Relationship Interview (CRI) that assesses individual differences in secure base script knowledge with respect to adult romantic partners. Drawing on data from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (

This study investigated links between maternal postnatal oxytocin, maternal sensitivity, and infant attachment security. At 3-months postpartum, participants (n=88) took part in a structured parent-infant interaction. Maternal oxytocin levels were assessed via blood, before and after the interaction. At 12-months postpartum, mother-child dyads completed the Strange Situation Procedure. Neither baseline oxytocin, oxytocin response, or maternal sensitivity were identified as significant independent predictors of infant attachment security or organisation. However, an interaction effect was identified, with higher maternal sensitivity being associated with secure infant attachment for mothers who showed an increase in oxytocin during parent-child interaction. Results indicate that maternal sensitivity, when accompanied by an increase in maternal oxytocin during parent-child interaction, is associated with the establishment of a positive early parent-child attachment relationship. This adds to the growing body of evidence highlighting maternal oxytocin response as a key adaptive process in the postpartum period.

Clinical practitioners are frequently encouraged, through literature, training, and policy, to learn, understand, refer to and use their knowledge of attachment theory and research when working to meet the needs of children and families. However, there has been very little empirical study of how practitioners understand and perceive the relevance of attachment concepts and methods. Q-methodology was used to examine the perceptions of attachment knowledge and its applications for practice among 30 UK clinicians working with children and an international group of 31 attachment researchers. Factor analysis revealed three perspectives, described as: i) pragmatic, developmental, and uncertain, ii) academic, and iii) autodidactic and therapeutic. Participants agreed on core tenants of theory, their aspirations for clinical practice and the inaccessibility of current assessment measures for practitioners. Yet they diverged on their understandings of attachment insecurity, disorganisation, and the implications of both for various aspects of child development., Wellcome; NIHR School of Primary Care Research

Highlights • Prevalence of lifetime trauma experience in a community birth cohort is 32%. • Mothers with experience of lifetime trauma have higher depressive symptoms. • Antenatal depressive symptoms are a risk factor for self-reported impaired bonding., Background Interpersonal traumas are common among expectant and new mothers and are found to have considerable impacts on women's mental health. These experiences may disrupt maternal perceptions of the mother-infant relationship, which is essential for healthy infant development, but findings are inconsistent. This study aims to explore associations between lifetime interpersonal traumas and their impact on self-reported mother-infant bonding. Methods Secondary data analysis of a representative cohort of 453 women attending at a South London maternity service. Lifetime interpersonal trauma experience and its association with self-reported mother-infant bonding (Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire) was assessed in uni- and multivariable linear regressions, the latter adjusted to account for antenatal depressive and posttraumatic symptoms, measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale, and key sociodemographic risk factors. Results Maternal lifetime trauma was not associated with perceived difficulties in mother-infant bonding at three months postnatal; however antenatal depressive symptoms, both with continuous EPDS score (0.33, 95% CI 0.17–0.50, p

Attachment-based family therapy (ABFT; Diamond G.S. et al., 2014 ) is an empirically supported treatment designed to capitalize on the innate, biologically based, caregiving instinct and adolescent need for attachment security. This therapy is grounded in attachment and emotional processing theory and provides an interpersonal, process-oriented, trauma-informed approach to treating adolescents struggling with suicide and associated problems such as depression and trauma. ABFT offers a clear structure and road map to help therapists quickly address the attachment ruptures that lie at the core of family conflict, which can fuel adolescent distress. Several clinical trials and process studies have demonstrated empirical support for the model and its proposed mechanisms of change. In this paper, we provide an overview of the theories underlying the model, the clinical strategies that guide the treatment, the outcome research that demonstrates efficacy, and the process research that explores the proposed mechanisms of change.

Individuals with personality disorders often experience romantic relationship dysfunction and have an insecure attachment style. Here, we examined attachment dynamics in dyadic interactions, focusing specifically on the role of physiological coregulation in state attachment processes in couples oversampled for personality pathology. A total of 121 couples completed a 10-minute discussion about an area of disagreement in their relationship and a 5-minute discussion in which they planned an event together. We used a dynamical model of heart rate changes to estimate coregulation. We found that (a) increases in state attachment avoidance were associated with contrarian coregulation (heart rate becoming misaligned with the partner's physiology) and (b) conversely, increases in state attachment anxiety were associated with dependent coregulation (heart rate becoming aligned with the partners' physiology). Dispositional attachment insecurity moderated the effects of state attachment insecurity on physiological coregulation. Whereas dispositional anxiety predicted individuals exhibiting dependent coregulation in response to state insecurity, dispositional avoidance predicted contrarian coregulation in response to state insecurity. This work provides insight into the role of physiological coregulation in attachment dynamics among couples oversampled for personality pathology, suggesting that disruptions to coregulation contribute to impaired emotion regulation during romantic conflicts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Background Studies have pointed to a complicated and mutual relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and attachment. In an observational follow-up study conducted in 2015 60 children from 7 years to 12 years recently diagnosed with ADHD were included and assessed according to attachment representation showing 85% of the children to be insecurely attached. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of this remarkably high frequency of insecure attachment in the same cohort of children. Methods Children previously assessed using the child attachment interview (CAI) when diagnosed with ADHD were contacted three years later for a follow-up CAI assessment. Results At follow-up, 31 children participated in the CAI-interviews. Since their diagnosis with ADHD, the children had received treatment as usual. The CAI-interviews showed a continued high rate of insecure attachment with 90% of the children classifying as insecurely attached compared to expected 38% in the normal population. Of these, the majority of children (77%) were classified as dismissing. Conclusion Our findings suggest that targeting ADHD-symptoms with our current treatment strategies does not in itself improve attachment security. Attachment security may in turn be a factor of importance when evaluating general functioning and prognosis.

One means of understanding the effect of environmental factors on psychiatric disorders is by examining perceived parenting behavior in the childhood of individuals with trichotillomania and skin picking disorder (i.e. body focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs)). We hypothesized that adults with BFRBs would show higher scores on dimensions of “care” and “overprotection”. Specifically, we predicted that adults with BFRBs would have parents in the “affectionate constraint” quadrant, based on a combination of high care and high protection scores. We assessed demographic and clinical differences in 184 adults between the ages of 18 and 65 with Trichotillomania (TTM) (n = 43) and Skin Picking Disorder (SPD) (n = 75), and both (n = 66). The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) measured “care” and “overprotection” items. Results from the PBI were compared across groups and with normal control data using independent sample t-tests. Individuals in the BFRB group had significantly lower maternal and paternal care scores compared to controls. The TTM, SPD, and TTM + SPD (combined) groups all had lower maternal care scores than controls. The TTM + SPD (combined) group had significantly lower paternal care scores and higher maternal protection scores than the normative averages. The most common parenting patterns in subjects with BFRBs were maternal and paternal affectionless control (low care/high protection). From our sample, only 27 % reported optimal maternal parenting and 28 % reported optimal paternal parenting. These preliminary data suggest that low maternal and paternal care may be associated with BFRBs. However, the nature of this relationship should be further explored, as these results do not necessarily mean that affectionless control parenting leads to a predisposition to BFRBs, and there may in fact be other environmental factors at play. Identifying how individuals perceive familial relationships may provide direction for clinicians in developing tools to address the burden caused by BFRBs.

Hypersexuality is a complex behavioral dysfunction concerning the excess of sexual activities. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of attachment styles, post-traumatic and depression symptoms in hypersexual behavior.We recruited through an online platform a snowball convenience sample of 1025 subjects (females: n=731; 71.3%; males: 294; 28.7%; age: 29.62±10.90) and we administered them a sociodemographic questionnaire, with a psychometric protocol composed by the Hypersexual Behavior Inventory (HBI) to assess hypersexuality, the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ) for the attachment styles, the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) to evaluate the trauma and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) for depression.We found a significant and predictive impact of preoccupied and fearful attachment styles on hypersexual behavior (β=.116; p.0001 and β=.121p.0001, respectively). The categorical analysis of RQ confirmed also statistically significant differences between secure attachment style with fearful and preoccupied ones in terms of HBI levels (secure=30.01±10.79; preoccupied=35.50±14.46; fearful=36.57±13.50). Moreover, we found that depression symptoms and the total score of ITQ also resulted predictive for hypersexuality (β=.323; p.0001 and β=.063; p.04). However, in our model, depression and post-traumatic symptoms played a mediation role between insecure attachment and hypersexual behavior.This study found a fundamental role of insecure attachment styles, post-traumatic and depression symptoms in the development of problematic sexuality. Hypersexual behavior is related in a causal manner with an insecure attachment style, fearful and preoccupied attachment, particularly. Nevertheless, the traumatic core of personality together with depression symptoms could play a mediation role towards the hypersexual behavior.

TARAMAWOS WOS:000698208300001 TARAMAPUBMED TARAMASCOPUS This study investigated the associations between incarcerated mothers’ sensitivity and their co-residing children’s attachment security. Furthermore, the moderating role of children’s temperament on the associations between maternal sensitivity and children’s attachment security was examined. The study sample consisted of 84 incarcerated mothers (Mage = 29.9, SD = 5.6) and their 12- to 43-month-old (M = 25.3, SD = 8.3) children who co-resided with them in prison facilities. Maternal sensitivity and child’s attachment were assessed by observation of mother-child interaction using the Maternal Sensitivity Scale and the Turkish Toddler Attachment Sort-60, respectively. Mothers reported their children’s temperamental features (i.e. negative emotionality and effortful control) using the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Results showed that maternal sensitivity was related positively to children’s secure attachment and negatively to children’s disorganized attachment. Furthermore, children’s negative emotionality and effortful control moderated the associations between maternal sensitivity and children’s attachment. Specifically, maternal sensitivity negatively predicted children’s avoidant attachment only for children with low negative emotionality and with high effortful control. Additionally, maternal sensitivity negatively predicted children’s anxious attachment only for children with low effortful control. Results are discussed in terms of sample-specific experiences, contextual factors, and the differential susceptibility hypothesis. Society for Research in Child Development

Central to attachment theory is the idea that behavior in close relationships can best be understood in context. Although decades of research have illuminated cross-cultural patterns of caregiving and attachment, there remains a critical need to increase research with African American families, examine the specific sociocultural context of systemic anti-Black racism, and integrate the rich theory and research of Black scholars. The goal of this special issue is to bring together attachment researchers and scholars studying Black youth and families to leverage and extend attachment-related work to advance anti-racist perspectives in developmental science. The papers in this special issue, highlighted in the introduction, illuminate pathways of risk and resilience in Black children, adolescents, and families and point to the protective power of relationships (and the limits of such protection) for mental and physical health. We highlight critical questions to guide ongoing dialogue and collaboration on this important topic.

Preliminary evidence suggests that people and scholars of African and/or Latin American and Caribbean origin are often under-represented in mainstream attachment scholarship. In this commentary, we highlight the difficulty of conducting attachment theory research outside of the United States, particularly in Latin American countries. We reflect on the contributions by the authors of this special issue . We also identify (a) ways in which to center the experiences of Black and Brown people and scholars to push the field toward antiracism, and (b) the challenges of attachment theory and research in becoming anti-racist by considering the structural nature of racism.

Aim This study aimed to detect how the perceived parenting practices before adolescence affect maternal-infant bonding in the perinatal period, considering factors such as depression, anxiety and parity. Methods We used the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) to examine the perceived parenting practices. Participants included 1301 pregnant women who completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) at three time points: early pregnancy (approximately 12-15 weeks), late pregnancy (approximately 30-34 weeks) and postpartum (4 weeks after childbirth). We performed a path analysis with factors including parity, PBI subscales (paternal care, paternal overprotection, maternal care and maternal overprotection), HADS and MIBS. Results Perceived paternal or maternal low care parenting predicted higher HADS and MIBS scores in early pregnancy. Moreover, perceived maternal low care parenting predicted higher HADS scores at postpartum and higher MIBS scores in late pregnancy. Perceived paternal or maternal overprotective parenting predicted higher HADS scores in the pregnancy period. Furthermore, perceived maternal overprotective parenting predicted higher MIBS scores in late pregnancy. Being primipara predicted higher HADS scores at postpartum and higher MIBS scores in early pregnancy and at postpartum. Being multipara predicted higher MIBS scores in late pregnancy. Conclusion This study suggests that perceived negative parenting before adolescence has indirect effects (via anxiety and depression) and direct effects on maternal-infant bonding in the perinatal period. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Background Several studies have investigated the relationship between emotional attachment to pets and mental health with the majority of studies finding a negative relationship between emotional attachment to pets and mental health. Interestingly, attachment to pets differs from attachment to humans with studies showing that humans with an insecure attachment style form a particularly strong emotional attachment to their companion animals. Human attachment style is also related to mental health with secure attachment being associated with superior mental health. Building on those findings, the current study aimed at exploring the role of attachment to humans in the relationship between emotional attachment to pets and mental health. Methods In this cross-sectional online survey (N = 610) we assessed the strength of emotional attachment to pets and attachment to humans. We further collected pet specific data as well as mental health burden in a sample of German dog owners (Mage=33.12; 92.79% women). We used a mediation model estimating the indirect link between emotional attachment to pets and mental health burden via human attachment and the direct link between emotional attachment to pets and mental health burden simultaneously. Results We found that attachment to humans fully mediated the positive association between emotional attachment to pets and mental health burden. A stronger emotional attachment to one’s dog was associated with lower comfort with depending on or trusting in others, whereby lower comfort with depending on or trusting in others was related to higher mental health burden. Moreover, a stronger attachment to one’s dog was also related to a greater fear of being rejected and unloved (Anxiety), which was, in turn, associated with a higher mental health burden. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the positive link between emotional attachment to pets and mental health burden is fully accounted for by its shared variance with insecure attachment to humans in a sample mostly comprising self-identified women. Future studies need to examine whether strong emotional bonds with pets may evolve as a compensatory strategy to buffer difficult childhood bonding experiences.

The impact of intergenerational transmissions of trauma and the dissociative states of mind that cross from parents to their children has become an important expansion of psychoanalytic theory. Clinical material will be discussed showing how an early death of a mother haunted the lives of many generations of mothers and daughters. Considerations of attachment rupture, trauma, envy, deadly and deadening aggression and shame are discussed as part of transgenerational transmission phenomena and how they are worked on in the analytic relationship. Envious attacks, though painful to tolerate, nonetheless need to be processed in order to transform transmissions from the past.

Attachment (mal)functioning and a history of childhood trauma (CT) are both considered psychological determinants of personality disorders (PDs). Their interaction, however, remains largely uninvestigated. In this study, the authors assessed adult and childhood attachment style in a sample of patients with diverse PDs (N = 75) and determined the relation with both occurrence and severity of CT. The authors found that the sample was characterized by severe attachment malfunctioning and high levels of CT. Using cross-tabulations and analysis of variance, the authors showed that patients with a fearful or dismissive attachment style experienced more severe CT than patients with a preoccupied attachment style. Patients reporting an affectionless control bonding style to either parent suffered frequent and severe CT. Although temporal causality cannot be determined, these findings stress the necessity to screen for CT in PDs and suggest that attachment-centered psychotherapy for these patients may benefit from preceding or concurrent trauma treatment.

This study aims at examining the possible moderating role of attachment style in the association between ADHD and psychological distress, namely, anxiety and depression symptoms. Study included ninty nine participants: Sixty adults with ADHD diagnosis and thirty nine adults without ADHD or other neurological and/or psychiatric disorders. All participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), State-Trait Anxiety (STAI) questionnaires, Emotion in Close Relationships (ECR-R) questionnaire and Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale–Version 1.1 (ASRS-v1.1). Adults with ADHD had greater symptoms of depression (p

Through three detailed clinical vignettes, the author explores the ethical undergirding of play. He defines play as a form of idiomatic responsiveness that emerges in the context of analytic inters...

Diagnosis and treatment of congenital heart disease (CHD) can present challenges to the developing parent-child relationship due to periods of infant hospitalization and intensive medical care, parent-infant separations, child neurodevelopmental delay and feeding problems, and significant parent and child distress and trauma. Yet, the ways in which CHD may affect the parent-child relationship are not well-understood. We systematically reviewed the evidence on parental bonding, parent-child interaction, and child attachment following CHD diagnosis, according to a pre-registered protocol (CRD42019135687). Six electronic databases were searched for English-language studies comparing a cardiac sample (i.e., expectant parents or parents and their child aged 0-5 years with CHD) with a healthy comparison group on relational outcomes. Of 22 unique studies, most used parent-report measures (73%) and yielded mixed results for parental bonding and parent-child interaction quality. Observational results also varied, although most studies (4 of 6) found difficulties in parent-child interaction on one or more affective or behavioural domains (e.g., lower maternal sensitivity, lower infant responsiveness). Research on parental-fetal bonding, father-child relationships, and child attachment behaviour was lacking. Stronger evidence is needed to determine the nature, prevalence, and predictors of relational disruptions following CHD diagnosis, and to inform targeted screening, prevention, and early intervention programs for at-risk dyads.

Data from a multi-method, longitudinal study involving a community sample (N = 120) of pregnant women aged 18–42 were used to examine disrupted maternal representations of the child as a mechanism ...

International audience; Within the European Research Network on BPD (EURNET-BPD; n = 85 BPD adolescents, n = 84 healthy controls, aged 13–19), this study explored the combination of three types of adversity—maltreatment, stressful life events (early separation from parents, parental suicide attempt, parental chronic disease) and parental bonding—as predictors of BPD, on a criteria-based approach. Results indicated that cumulative traumatic experiences largely characterize borderline adolescent’s history; and, in the multivariate regression models, all adversity experiences were likely to contribute to BPD symptoms. The role of emotional abuse, parental suicide attempt, and a decrease in paternal level of care were particularly prominent. Moreover, adversities combinations were different for each criterion, suggesting that specific sets of traumatic experiences are leading to BPD. These findings argue for a further criteria-based exploration of trauma in borderline patients, as well as a more accurate and efficient prevention.

Teoria przywiązania może być pomocna w wyjaśnieniu powstawania i przebiegu zaburzeń psychicznych, a także w optymalizacji procesu leczenia. Mimo rosnącego zainteresowania znaczeniem przywiązania w kontekście psychopatologii, ta problematyka nie została dotąd zgłębiona w populacji pacjentów cierpiących z powodu zaburzeń psychotycznych (ZP) w Polsce. Celem niniejszej pracy jest próba całościowego ujęcia problematyki przywiązania u osób dorosłych w kontekście ZP, tj. zintegrowania dotychczasowych doniesień na temat specyfiki przywiązania u osób dorosłych z ZP oraz roli przywiązania w etiologii ZP, ich przebiegu, funkcjonowania chorych, jak również procesie leczenia. Przywiązanie może stanowić istotną perspektywę teoretyczną, oferującą możliwości zrozumienia ZP oraz planowania strategii klinicznych w większym stopniu dostosowanych do indywidualnych potrzeb chorych. Wśród osób z zaburzeniami psychotycznymi częściej są spotykane pozabezpieczne wzorce przywiązania, co koresponduje z doniesieniami o zwiększonym rozpowszechnieniu w tej grupie traumatyzujących doświadczeń w dzieciństwie. Pozabezpieczne przywiązanie może pogarszać negatywnie wpływać na funkcjonowanie psychospołeczne osób z rozpoznaniem zaburzeń psychotycznych w sferach relacji interpersonalnych, zdolności metapoznawczych i regulacji afektu. Wykazano związki pozabezpiecznego przywiązania z nasileniem i specyfiką objawów wytwórczych, zwłaszcza omamów i urojeń. Wzorce przywiązania pacjentów mogą wpływać na interpersonalny komponent leczenia psychoz obejmujący relacje z personelem psychiatrycznym i przymierze terapeutyczne. Uwzględnienie tej perspektywy, przez dostosowanie oddziaływań do wzorców przywiązania pacjentów, a także zwiększenie bezpieczeństwa w relacji terapeutycznej może przekładać się na poprawę leczenia pacjentów.

There is strong evidence to show links between attachment security in young children and a range of positive outcomes in social, emotional, and psychological domains. The aims of this review were to provide a narrative summary of (1) the attachment-based interventions currently available for caregivers of toddlers aged 12–24 months and for which research about the impact of the program on child attachment patterns has been reported, and (2) the empirical effectiveness of these interventions at improving attachment security. A number of interventions were shown to be associated with shifts to secure and/or organized attachment, with Child-Parent Psychotherapy and Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up emerging as the interventions with the strongest evidence bases. For most interventions, evidence came from just a single research study, and in some cases from studies that were not randomized controlled trials. In order for clinicians to make informed decisions about the interventions they use with parents and toddlers, it is vital that further research be conducted to test the efficacy of all available attachment-based parenting programs using randomized controlled trial designs, in a range of settings and clinical and cultural groups, and with longitudinal follow-ups.

This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Client Attachment to Therapist Scale (CATSTR) which provides a framework for measuring and conceptualizing the relationship between the therapist and the client.The study included 191 individuals with a mean age of 24.41 years who had received a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 15 sessions of therapy for different psychological problems. All participants completed the CATS-TR, the Early Close Relationships-R (ECR-R), the Bell Object Relations Inventory (BORRTI), and the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI-SF), and a Client Information Form handed to the clients in a closed envelope by their respective therapists.Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis results indicated an acceptable fit for the CATS-TR which comprised the Secure, Fearful/Avoidant and Preoccupied/Merger subscales, with internal consistency levels ranging between 0.71 and 0.85. Criterion validity analyses showed that the scores on the CATS-TR Fearful/Avoidant and Preoccupied/Merger subscales correlated with the scores on the ECR-R Avoidance/Anxiety subdimesnions and the BORRTI Object Relations subdimension in the expected directions. Also, the mean score on the CATS-TR Secure Attachment subscale was a significant predictor of the therapeutic alliance assessed by the WAI-SF and its subscales.This study has demonstrated that the CATS-TR has an acceptable level of validity and reliability with results indicating its usefulness for research and clinical settings in Turkey investigating the common factors bringing about change in psychotherapy.