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Thirty-eight bilingual (Spanish-English) first graders with language delays were compared on rate of receptive acquisition of English prepositions and pronouns. Subjects who received instruction in Spanish prior to instruction in English acquired the English prepositions and pronouns twice as rapidly as subjects who received instruction in English only. (Author/JDD)

Two mnemonic devices, "4A Rule" and "PERFECT," are described to simplify the learning of two grammar points: the placement of object pronouns with respect to commands and the distinction between "por" and "para." (five references) (LB)

Language contact may have a lot of repercussions for the languages involved. Lexical or structural borrowing can be among the results of language contact. Accordingly, the present study investigates the local and borrowed prepositions and pronouns in Kalhori Kurdish due to language contact.To fulfill this goal, a researcher-made questionnaire (list) was used to determine the local and borrowed pronouns and prepositions in Kalhori Kurdish. This list included 35 items: 11 frequent Kurdish prepositions and 24 Kurdish pronouns. The data was collected through interview. Regardless of their education, all the subjects were fluent in both Kurdish and Farsi and were regarded as active bilinguals. In terms of age range, the young participants were between 20-35 years old, and the old participants were between 50-70 years old. Based on age, gender and educational background, the selected subjects were assigned to 8 groups. Each group consisted of 10 people. Totally, 80 people responded to the items in the list through a targeted interview. The data was collected in Ilam (Eyvan) province. Kalhori Kurdish is the mother language of the people. Three-way ANOWA was employed to assess the significance of the probable variations.

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The lexical-grammatical divide has been a widely addressed topic in aphasia. Speech parts are generally classified as either belonging to a lexical or a grammatical category based on the frequency of acquisition of new members in their paradigms (open vs. closed classes), thus neglecting heterogeneity within categories. Such an approach has led to contradictory findings. First, prepositions form closed classes, but are classically taken as lexical items. Pronouns, also belonging to a closed class, are analyzed as grammatical elements. Second, both within the group of prepositions and pronouns, forms with different syntactic and semantic properties co-exist. Following the theoretical notions granted by a usage-based theory of grammar, the ProGram theory, and taking focalizability as the classification criteria, we hypothesize that individuals with non-fluent aphasias will experience more severe problems with grammatical prepositions and pronouns, given that these elements are secondary and dependent, whereas informants in the fluent group will experience more severe trouble with lexical forms, potentially primary and independent. We focused on the performance of nine Spanish-speaking individuals with aphasia from the Rosell (2005) corpus. Samples of 300 words were transcribed and analyzed. As predicted, grammatical prepositions were found to be more severely compromised in the speech output of individuals with deficits of motor predominance, whereas lexical prepositions are more severely affected in individuals with deficits of sensory predominance. Although less conclusively, the same tendency holds in the case of pronouns. Our results, consistent with previous findings, confirm the heterogeneity of prepositions and pronouns, which should no longer be analyzed en bloc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Diaspora of a country presents the displaced people from their homeland to another country, who is trying to preserve their language, culture and other essential elements that identify the national authenticity. The Albanian Diaspora has spread its roots in Europe, the United States, Turkey and elsewhere, even in Russia. After the end of the Kosovo war, the situation of the Albanian Diaspora experienced the advancement of their rights and their implementation in all fields of life, such as the education in all its levels as well as the opportunities for facilitiating their daily lives. The Albanian Diaspora is present in Turkey the way the Turkish Diaspora is also present in Kosovo, concretely, in Prizren, Prishtina, Gjilan, Vushtrri and Peja. Concerning the impact of the Turkish words on the Albanian language, we should make the connection with the historical developments over the years in Kosovo. Regardless of the life hardships that the Albanians experienced, their sense for preserving the language and the care for its purification have always been present, although there have been cases when such a thing was impossible, especially with words which had no equivalents in Albanian and could not be replaced by Albanian words. The Turkish influences on Albanian are found in phonetics and morphology. The Turkish language sounds have similarities with the Albanian sound system. The Turkish language has only vowel ö different from Albanian language. While the Albanian consonants have c, q, gj, rr, while Turkish exceptionally has ğ opposite of the Albanian that does not have. Sound Differences: Tr. Ü: Y (Alb.); "Y" - reads as "j" in Turkish. While Tr. J: Zh (Alb). The Turkish language does not have the consonant "C" (in Alb. Like ts), as it has Albanian, while Ş- she, is like the "sh" of the Albanian language. Albanian language, unlike Turkish language, has the most unique consonants: th affricates, dh, alveolar c, x and sonant al. It is natural that languages of different linguistic origins differ from each other, but it is interesting when they come up with similarities, as are the Turkish / Albanian morphological similarities, such as: beshik-djep (cradle); axhami-i papërvojë (childish, inexperienced); hepisi-të gjithë (all); bezdis-mërzis, shqetësoj (disturb); bojatis-ngjyej (paint); avash-ngadalë (slowly); nejse-si do që të jetë puna (anyway, however); tamam/tamanpikërisht (precisely); hajde-eja (come). Recently linguistic influences were also observed in the field of syntax, semantics, especially in linguistics. The linguistic influence within the syntax takes the place of the order of words, so in analogous way from Turkish we have: tr. Müsafir Geldi / alb. Mysafiri erdhi / Eng. the guest came. So putting the verb at the end of the sentence, according to the Turkish scheme. While in the standard Albanian scheme is "the guest came". The semantic words from Turkish, which continue to exist in Albanian language, are already known, despite the phenomenon of linguistic globalization that indirectly puts pressure on the general linguistic evolution and at the same time development and diffusion in all languages. It is evident that Albanian dialects preserve the actual traces of Turkish words in Albanian. They still continue to be preserved among Albanians living in Turkey. Although the migration of Albanians from the Albanian lands (Kosovo, Albania, then Macedonia, East Kosovo) to Turkey has taken place many years ago and the Albanian / Turkish language contact was direct, again it can be seen that dialectal Albanian spoken in Turkey has maintained Turkish borrowings in addition to Albanian words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay discusses Rosmarie Waldrop's poetic series Nothing Has Changed, published in 1981, before the author switched her attention to the composition of poems in prose. The essay considers Waldrop's contribution to the history of the American serial poem and to the development of the short verse line. It compares her poetry with that of some of the authors with whom she seems to be in dialogue, such as George Oppen and Robert Creeley. It also reflects, with reference to Martin Heidegger and Paul Celan, on the significance of Waldrop's German provenance and the influence of the German language on her work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]