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The redundancy of software and hardware components is one of the techniques to increase system availability and reliability. A redundant unit takes over if the primary unit malfunctions. The reliability and profit analysis of a system with one operational unit along with a hot standby unit and a cold standby unit has been investigated. Standby works with the same efficiency as the initially operative unit. Cold standby takes some time to become operative whenever required; however, the hot standby becomes operative instantaneously. Markov process and regeneration point technique have been used to describe mean time to system failure, availability of the system, busy period for repair and activation time of cold standby unit. Finally, numerical interpretation has been given for system profitability for a particular case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The company or industry can increase system reliability and provide stress-free operation by adding redundant equivalent subsystems to the active unit. The warm standby system is accessible if the operational unit malfunctions, and the cold standby system can take over. This paper aims to analyze a system comprised of one operative unit, cold standby unit, and one warm standby unit. Cold standby is activated to become warm standby when the operative unit fails, and warm standby becomes operational immediately. A minor defect causes the warm standby unit to fail, whereas a major fault causes the operational unit to fail. Such systems are used by many businesses, sectors, and facilities to prevent operational and reputational losses. Cut-off values for the failure rate, activation rate, revenue cost, and cost per repairman visit have been calculated to determine when the system is profitable. Various system performance measures have been defined by using the Markov process and regeneration point method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]