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The aim of this study was to examine the cost and profitability of apricot farms in Isparta province. The main material of the research; The data obtained from 138 apricot farms in the villages where apricot cultivation is intense in Yalvaç and Senirkent districts of Isparta province, which has a planting area of 91% and a production share of 87%, were obtained by the survey method. Neyman Method was used in the determination of the sample volume. As a result of the calculations, the sample volume was determined as 138 enterprises. The data obtained from the enterprises belonged to the production season of 2021. Apricot production costs per decare were calculated as 6 013.62 TRY, gross production value was 25090.66 TRY, gross profit was to be 21933.14 TRY, absolute profit was 19077.04 TRY and relative profit was calculated as 4.17 on average of farms. Production cost of 1 kg of apricot was determined as 1.84 TRY. Since the profitability of apricot production is high as of the year examined, it can be stated that the producers will continue to produce in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food security in sub-Saharan Africa is one of the major issues confronting the continent. Innovative use of fresh water, the world's scarcest food production resource, is vital for family-run small-holder agricultural systems, which supply up to 80% of the world's food. Agriculture employs 70% of Tanzania's rural population and supplies 95% of the country's food. The goal was to measure the impact of smart drip irrigation kits on smallholder farmers' resilience and rural poverty in Tanzania. A household survey was conducted using an exploratory sequential design in four districts (Babati, Hai, Kasulu, and Kilosa) in Tanzania. A total of 383 respondents (Micro-investing (MI) farmers, n = 195; control, n = 187) were randomly selected from a pool of 3444 farmers. Partial budgeting and enterprise economic analysis were used for the calculation of gross margins, and multivariate analysis was used for poverty analysis. Gross margin analysis showed that communities using drip-irrigated vegetable farming are more profitable. Partial budgeting analysis showed that micro-irrigation increased the revenue generation for most vegetable varieties. However, multivariate analysis was unable to confirm that household poverty was markedly reduced through the adoption of this technology. Half of the MI farmers could afford an education for their children due to the extra income generated from MI. This investment strategy has the potential to improve smallholder livelihoods and resilience to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the socio-economic structure of farms producing anise and analyse the cost and profitability of anise production. The marketing structure has also changed with the changing trade and agricultural policies. As a result of these changes, price instability has been experienced in the anise market. Anise is an essential source of income in the research region. The research area is Burdur province because Burdur province has an important position in Turkey's anise production. The data were obtained by survey method from 159 anise farms. The production cost in anise production was determined as 739.33 TRY per unit area (Gross Production Value (GPV) 1,224.27 TRY, gross profit 635.38 TRY, and relative profit were 1.66. The Total Cost/GPV ratio was calculated as 0.60. In recent years, significant reductions in anise production in the region and increased cultivation areas in other provinces; fluctuations and volatility in anise producer prices substantially impacted these decreases. It is essential to provide anise-specific support and carry out extension activities about anise to producers through relevant institutions. To prevent price instability, institutions such as TEKEL and the TMO, which had a decisive influence on the anise market in previous years, were significant. It seems very difficult for such institutions to operate again. It is recommended that anise producers establish organisations to act together to eliminate the problems of anise producers and eliminate price instabilities specific to anise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study empirically evaluates the profitability of small-scale plantain processing entrepreneurs in Osun State, Nigeria. Cross-sectional data were employed for the study, while a multi-stage sampling procedure was used to randomly select 120 respondents. Descriptive statistics, gross margin, and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) were used for the analysis of the data. The results showed that the enterprise was dominated by female households (70.8%) with an average age of 30 years. Majority (80%) of them were married with an average processing experience of 8 years, while many (50.8%) purchased their raw plantain from the local farmers. It was revealed that roasted plantain (67.5%) and flour (26.7%) were the main processed plantain products available in the area. The average values of gross margin (N23,592.50) and profit (N21,777.80) showed that the enterprise is profitable. The value of return on investment (1.73) implies that the processors are capable to realize N1.73k for every one naira invested. The results of OLS indicated that cost of bowl, plantain price, transport cost, and labour cost were the significant factors influencing profit accrued in the area. However, high cost of labour, lack of storage facility, and high cost of transportation were the most serious constraints faced by the processors in the area. Therefore, it can be recommended that a proactive policy that would address storage facility, good road networks and as well create enabling market environment should be put in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper was to analyze the economic and financial aspects within an agricultural commercial company named SC Spring Agroserv LLC Malu Mare, Dolj County, Romania in the period 2016-2018. The unit was established in 2011, having as object of activity "cultivation of cereals (excluding rice), leguminous plants and oilseed plants" - CAEN Code 0111. The company has facilities in the form of: agricultural land (166,752.20 lei), constructions (78,108.71 lei), technological equipment (share of about 90% of the total value of assets - 2,232,362.17 lei), surveillance devices and installations (7,620.93 lei). The inventory value of the fixed capital elements is a considerable one (2,484,844.01 lei). Some of the capital elements were depreciated (value to be depreciated - 1,652,893.97 lei). The unit grew wheat, rye, barley, oats, triticale, corn, sorghum, peas, sunflower and alfalfa. It should be noted that since the unit did not have any financial income and expenses, the operating income and expenses are equivalent to the total income and expenses. At the same time, the operating profit or loss is equal to the gross profit or loss. Regarding the calculation of the profit tax, the unit benefited from certain facilities, in 2016 and 2017 when it reinvested all or part of the realized profit. The unit registers operating profit - 96,551.34 lei and pays a tax of 13,218.07 lei, aspects that lead to a net profit of 83,333.27 lei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost of sales increases together with an increase in inflation. The firms that aims to reach a profit target, reflect the cost increases on prices. Increases in prices may be higher than those in costs. Increasing prices lead to inflation. The firms in Turkey experienced a sudden increase in the exchange rates in the period of July-September 2018, and used this depreciation as an excuse for increasing their prices. However, even those firms that were slightly affected by the increase in the exchange rates did so. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of inflation due to the increase in the exchange rates on firm profitability. The study sample consists of ten retail trade firms traded at the Borsa Istanbul equity market. Earnings, cost of sales, gross profit, operating profit and net profit data for Q2-Q3 of 2017 and 2018 are used. A paired sample t-test is conducted to determine the variables' change between 2017 and 2018 periods. The findings indicate that the variables do not change significantly from 2017 to 2018. Variables are also analyzed by using percentage method. The results show that the supermarket firms' profits are higher than the increases in their costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the presented research consisted in determining the beekeepers' behavior related to the sustainable development values and principles, based on the assessment of their acceptance level, as well as through the determination of the impact upon the apiaries' economic performances, as a result of following them. The field research occurred by questionnaires applied during the last trimester of the year 2018, on a sample of 114 subjects. The gross profit of the studied population was about 0.9 thousand euro, the profit rate 12.0%, the capital productivity 0.34% and the net income -0.9 thousand euro. The stated believes of beekeepers regarding the sustainable development have been favourable with an average score of 4.2 on a Likert scale from 1 to 7. Solid but negative correlations have been recorded between the gross profit of apiaries and the beekeeper attitude to equality, respect for nature and shared responsibility, with values of Pearson coefficient of: -0.84, -0.92 and -.84, respectively. These results reflect the necessity to strength the sustainable development values within the beekeeping from the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the relationship between expense and gross margin to retail drug store characteristics. Price policies among individual stores are limited by resale price maintenance, competition, tradition, and by similarity of purchase prices. Store pricing policies are probably a minor factor in variation of gross margins. The basic data were taken from 1,948 profit-and-loss statements from 303 drug stores, mostly service independents in most areas of the United States. Factors affecting gross margin, expense, sales volume and the impact of city size are evaluated.

Diversified farming systems are promoted as a pathway to more sustainable agricultural production. Yet widescale adoption may be slow because of uncertainty about the viability of farmer livelihoods on diversified farms and entrenched perceptions that monocultures are key to making farming profitable. Here, a global meta-analysis of 3192 effect sizes from 119 peer-reviewed articles provides evidence that diversified farming systems are at least as profitable as simplified farming systems. Our study showed that, on average, total costs, gross income and profits (net income, or gross margin) were higher in diversified systems relative to simplified ones, while the benefit-cost ratio was equivalent. These results held in developed and developing countries and across geographic regions. From a subset of 43 articles reporting labour inputs, we found that labour costs increased in diversified farming systems, but so did gross incomes leading to farm profits equivalent to those in simplified systems and dispelling myths that higher labour requirements undermine the viability of diversification. Our global meta-analysis provides compelling evidence that diversified farming systems are not only viable but actually economically preferable to simplified systems in the wide range of contexts represented in this study. Policies, markets, investments, and value chains need to align with this evidence and promote diversified farming systems for the benefit of farmers and rural economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Executives and foodservice managers are concerned about the possible adverse financial impact of menu labeling. To examine the financial impact of four menu labeling approaches, a 23-week study was conducted in a hospital cafeteria. A quasi-experimental, single group, interrupted time-series design was used to test hypotheses that mean differences in the item sales, revenue, and gross profit derived from the menu-labeled items would not differ among four menu-labeling conditions. No significant changes observed in the study provide empirical evidence that menu labeling did not significantly impact sales, revenue, or gross profit. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Maize is an important crop, produced by nearly all households in Uganda. Yet, the yield of the crop is low, mainly blamed on low use of improved technologies. In a bid to understand why farmers are reluctant to adopt modern agricultural technologies, which are hailed for enhancing productivity, this study assessed the effect of improved inputs use on maize yield and profit in Uganda. The analysis was based on the Uganda National Household Survey data of 2005/06. A graphical analysis was used to assess the yield and profit outcomes associated with use of improved seed and fertiliser. Stochastic production functions of yield and profit were estimated to assess the effect of use of improved inputs on yield and profit. Graphical results indicated that maize producers who applied fertiliser on improved seed obtained the highest yield but lower gross profit margin while farmers who never applied fertiliser on improved seed obtained lower yield but the highest gross profit margin. Regression results indicated that higher expenditure on fertiliser and traction per hectare had a significant (p<0.05) positive effect on yield. No significant effect on gross profit margin was however observed in the case of higher expenditure on fertiliser and traction per hectare in maize production. Results indicate that whereas expansion in area cultivated had a significantly (p<0.01) negative effect on yield, it was the most important (p<0.01) means of increasing profit. Education level and access to extension services are key farmer characteristics that were found to have a significantly (p<0.01) positive influence on the profit and yet no remarkable influence on yield. Notable was that maize producers that were members in the government extension agency, National Agricultural Advisory Services organization, (NAADS) had lower yield than farmers not in NAADS. These results suggest that NAADS and other agencies that are involved in promoting use of modern agricultural technologies in Uganda have an uphill task of proving and hence persuading farmers that use of these technologies not only enhances yield but also increases farm profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work measures the impact of captive supplies, or cattle procured through alternative marketing agreements (AMAs), on meatpacker costs, gross margins, and profits. Confidential profit and loss data were examined from all the individual packing plants within the four largest packing firms for a 30-month period. Alternative marketing agreement use resulted in improved beef supply chain efficiency, product demand, and plant profitability. The slaughter and processing costs were lower for plants with higher volumes of AMA cattle relative to cash market cattle. Plants that slaughter cattle from AMA sources operated at higher volumes, had less variable volumes, and had lower average total costs per head because of the substantive economies of size. Plants that slaughter cattle from AMA sources also had higher gross margins and average profits per head. The general conclusion is clear: If policies are implemented that limit AMA use then packing industry efficiency would be negatively impacted. [EconLit Citation: Q130]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose — The article seeks to assist managers in low-margin markets to grow profitability by applying principles of profit leverage. Design/methodology/approach — The paper identifies a series of principles for targeting market segments and growing profits. Findings — Gross margins are usually taken for granted by managers, but are actually key indicators of the types of marketing strategies — what the author calls "gross profit strategies" — that managers should use to leverage the growth of gross profit. Two general classes of gross profit strategies are identified — volume-driven, and price/bundling gross profit strategies. The latter is particularly applicable to managers in low-margin markets. The paper also discusses four subsidiary gross profit strategies and illustrates with examples of real-world firms and situations. Originality/value — The paper defines market-driven costing and stresses the importance of measuring "true" gross margins, by measuring costs based on the cost to serve the customer, including opportunity costs. Finally, the paper explicates the relationship between true gross margins and managers' perceptions of their competitive ability to compete in the marketplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the implementation of direct product profitability (DPP) within the optimization models for the allocation of retail shelf space. A method to refine an item's gross margin into a contribution to profit, DPP is viewed as a logical way that the wholesaler may see their activities in the context of supply chains. By going beyond the product's margin, the DPP accounts for any deals, promotions or discounts directly attributable to that Stock Keeping Unit. A nonlinear programming model was also developed to maximize profit and subject which is subject to constraints on available supply.

We address in this study the question of whether significant price increases occurring during the up-phase of the property cycle can be explained by a speculative bubble. The findings indicate that the Swedish market for income real estate may have been partly driven by a speculative bubble during the 1980's. The conclusion is based on an analysis of panel data where the state of the property cycle is mirrored by the value of the Gross Income Multiplier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model of the real estate market h developed where the rent-vacancy trade-off also embeds selections on expenses. High expenses and rents or low expenses and rents are explicit strategies, positioning properties along an efficient isoprofit frontier. Instead of a rent-vacancy trade-off, the operator can select either gross or net rent, or some combination as an offset for vacancy. This macrostructure Is more in keeping with observed real estate markets, where some managers focus on net operating income, and others on effective gross income. Empirical results for apartments in Portland, Oregon supports the hypothesis that expenses and rents are positively correlated. An aggressive expense-increasing strategy pays off in higher rents, though in not all cases is net operating income positive. There are two implications. First, incentives in management create strategies to maximize gross as opposed to net income. Second, rent-vacancy trade-offs that use gross Income may misstate the adjustment toward equilibrium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how to understand the financial implications in business. It states that profit is the result after implementing a winning strategy. It notes that profit can be defined as an improvement in the human condition. It points out that a businessman makes a profit by providing goods and services to customers which are worth more to the customer than the cost of providing the benefit . It also states that gross profit less overheads equals net profit. It adds that gross profit or gross margin is the profit made on a sale and is critical in business.

The article discusses the inaccurate uses of the terms 'gross income' and 'gross savings' by accountants. Accountants have been criticized for using such expressions as income before providing for depreciation, on the ground that until depreciation, as well as other costs, has been deducted from gross proceeds, there can be no income. The criticism is just, for to the accountant the word "income" connotes gain or profit. The tax law uses the expression gross income but its definition leaves something to be desired. It sets forth various kinds of gains, profits, and income that are included in gross income, and states that the term includes, also, gains, or profits and income derived from any source whatever. Income was not necessarily a gain or profit. In orthodox accounting circles the idea that sales produce income in the amount of their proceeds finds little countenance, though it is not uncommon to find income and sales yoked unequally together in the classification gross sales and income.

Many accounting textbooks fail to analyze completely the causes of a change in gross profit. Typically, any change is first divided into the change in sales and the change in cost of sales. Each of these is in turn split into the change due to volume and the change due to unit prices or cost. This last breakdown is pictured as clear cut, and as easily determinable. Actually, the split between volume and price, or between volume and cost is not so easily determined. A portion of the change may be due to a combination of these factors, which are impossible to separate. The failure to point this out to students, especially to good students, leaves them confused on the whole problem. They fail to see the logic of the textbook presentation, and understandably so. It is a practical short-cut which ignores the realities of the situation, and departs in a degree from a purely logical basis. It is not intended here that the traditional way is wrong from a practical analysis viewpoint. It is contended, however, that an effort should be made to show the student what the realities of the situation are, and why the practical approach is followed.