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Where and when does export-led growth work? This paper estimates the importance of inter-industry productivity spillovers for the export-led growth of developing countries. My empirical strategy is based on a standard quantitative trade model that features sector-level gravity in trade flows. Applying the framework to four decades of trade data, I find clear evidence of spillovers, which are larger for skill-intensive sectors. The estimates imply that patterns of sectoral specialization play a quantitatively important role in accounting for the slow convergence of labor productivity in tradable sectors. Quantitative exercises suggest that export-led growth works for poorer countries with an initial comparative advantage in manufacturing, as these countries can use foreign demand from richer countries to reallocate labor towards sectors with high spillovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Luenberger-Hicks-Moorsteen (LHM) total factor productivity (TFP) indicator has sound theoretical properties, but its decomposition yields indeterminate components of technical change and scale efficiency change that can become infeasible. The current paper decomposes the approximating Bennet indicator, which results in determinate components of technical change, technical efficiency change, scale efficiency change and mix efficiency change that are always feasible. The application focuses on the German dairy-processing sector, an important postfarm supply chain actor. We compute 558 growth rates for the period 2011-2020. The results show that the LHMapproximating Bennet indicator decreases by on average 1.14% p.a., with substantial annual fluctuations. The underlying components of output- and input-oriented technical change also fluctuate substantially, and often conflict. Moreover, output- and input-oriented TFP efficiency change fluctuate moderately on average, which is mainly driven by scale efficiency change and mix efficiency change. The components of technical efficiency change remain relatively stable on average. Indeterminateness is a relevant problem when decomposing the original LHM indicator for the current sample: depending on the specification, the proportion of infeasibilities when decomposing the original LHM indicator ranges between 6.09% and 15.95%. Our proposed determinate decomposition is thus a valuable complement. [EconLit Citations: D24, D25, Q13]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decomposing firm productivity has been challenging for some time. We propose a flexible functional form for total factor productivity that treats misspecification and endogeneity. The model also treats heteroscedasticity. Our productivity measure nests both the input distance function and output distance function. We provide details of a novel Local Likelihood estimation, a non‐parametric technique, to estimate productivity which also has excellent finite‐sample properties. In an empirical application, we measure bank productivity at the global level. Results show that productivity is correctly identified, and the flexibility of our methodology allows to estimate the impact of equity and nonperforming loans on bank productivity. Technology has positively contributed to productivity. However, nonperforming loans, bank risk‐taking and raising capital have had the opposite effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thrust of this paper is to unravel the role of perceived motivation and workers' productivity in educational sectors. By its objectives, It will show the importance of motivation to employees, It will reveal the strategies likely to motivate employees for better work results. To achieve the purpose of this study, one research question was posed, and one null hypothesis was generated. Survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of seven hundred and ninety-two (792) respondents out of eight thousand one hundred and twelve (8112) administrative staff being the population was randomly selected from this study. The selection was done through the stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to face validation. The reliability estimate of the instrument was established using the Cronbach-Alpha reliability method. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis was the statistical analysis techniques adopted in the study. The hypothesis was subjected to testing at 0.05 level of significance with relative degrees of freedom. The results of the findings revealed that, there is a positive relationship between medical services as motivational factor and workers' productivity. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that management of all educational sectors should ensure that they build a healthy public policy, zero bills, subsided medical services as motivational package for efficient and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated high rate of inflation and adult workers' productivity in Southern senatorial district of Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the stated objectives of the study, four research questions and four research hypotheses were formulated to direct the study. The survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 225 was drawn from the population of 2.250 workers using simple random sampling technique. An instrument titled: High rate of inflation and adult workers' productivity questionnaire (HRIAWPQ). The hypotheses were analyzed using pearson product moment correlation coefficient and tested at 0.05 level of significance and 223 degrees of freedom. It was discovered that rise of food items, rise of fuel price, rise in transportation and rise in manufacture goods significantly relate to workers' productivity. Insecurity in the work place, high inflation rate are powerful factors influencing workers' productivity and performance in their workplace. It was recommended among others that the government should reduce the cost of purchasing power of people by regulating market prices to cushion the effect of buying power of the Naira. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between the log change in mobile broadband latency and total factor productivity (TFP) growth based on data for 130 countries. It finds that there is a strong negative correlation between TFP growth and one year lag of latency growth in OECD countries. The interpretation of the findings is that a 10 percentage points decrease in the growth of latency in period t-1 is associated with an increase of 0.3 percentage points in TFP growth. The findings are in accordance with the framework of General Purpose Technologies that suggests that the impact of new technologies often appear with a lag. Moreover, no relationship is found for the total sample or for non-OECD countries. One possible explanation could be that OECD countries have reached a higher maturity in digitalisation and automation in production processes and thus are able to take advantage of the benefits of lower latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine productivity trends, drivers of productivity growth and pro‐productivity policies across the G‐20 economies since 1970. While we find distinctly different productivity growth dynamics between G‐20 economies and over time, one common observation is a widely shared slowdown in labour productivity growth since the 2010s underpinned by lower (or even negative) total factor productivity growth. Moreover, the growth in capital per worker hour has also begun to level off. We develop a typology of pro‐productivity policies and argue that policies for investment and technological change need strengthening to support a revival of productivity growth. Such policies should include a balanced approach to stronger technological progress and more rapid diffusion; a strengthening of investment, especially in intangibles and public services; and greater attention for human capital. We also argue for stronger institutions and capabilities that allow for dynamic learning about pro‐productivity policies across countries and over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of digitalization on the participation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in export and import activities. Using data on Spanish manufacturing SMEs from 2001 to 2014, we construct a multidimensional firm-level index of digitalization. We then estimate a set of dynamic models analyzing the direct and indirect (via total factor productivity) effects of digitalization on firms' export and import strategies. We find evidence that firms' digitalization positively influences the probability of exporting and importing, both directly and through productivity. We find that productivity has a stronger impact on SMEs' trade behavior than the direct channel of digitalization. A one standard deviation increase in the digitalization index increases the probability of exporting and importing by 1.5 and 0.8 percentage points, respectively, while the same increase in the logarithm of productivity has a three times greater effect for exporting and nine times greater for importing. Plain English Summary: Digitalization facilitates the access of SMEs to international markets. In this study, we analyze how the use of digital technologies affects Spanish small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in their ability to access foreign markets. We find that digitization can help SMEs to export and import, both directly (by facilitating access to a larger market of customers and suppliers) and by improving their productivity. Interestingly, we also find that productivity has a greater impact on trade decisions than the direct channel of digitalization. It should be noted that not all digital technologies have the same effect on trade participation, and that automation technologies only influence trade through the productivity channel. Based on our findings, policymakers interested in helping SMEs export and integrate into global markets should support their digital transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper, the potential of mathematical optimization (MO) in enhancing innovation productivity is explored. Innovation is a process that converts new ideas and methods into products and services, MO can contribute to innovation management by improving productivity across all stages, from pre-innovation to post-innovation. This paper establishes a connection between MO and innovation productivity while demonstrating an application for a post-innovation phase problem of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Methodology: A framework for incorporating MO into the design problems of innovation processes is developed. Additionally, a MO model is developed for a case study concerning UAV border patrolling in Türkiye. Findings: Computational experiments demonstrate MO's effectiveness in optimizing UAV routes and strategies, enhancing operational efficiency, and innovation productivity. Optimal recommendations and trade-offs among different mission considerations are obtained in 18 minutes on average (with a median of 5 seconds) over 210 runs. Originality: A link is established between MO and innovation productivity. An operations research problem is introduced for UAV operations in border patrolling in Türkiye. The codebase and data are openly provided for readers to apply the model in their research.

The strive for economic sustainability in world economies, most especially Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) in recent time notably see also an unwelcome comeback of the Import-Substitution (IS) trade strategy whose efficacy established overtime has been mixed. Thus, a systematic/meta-narrative review of literature on the appropriateness of the IS trade strategy in absolute terms to world economies, more particularly LDCs in contemporary time and among policy-alternatives, bearing in mind its tenets as well as its implications was carried out. The PRISMA methodology adapted here alongside an exploration of over 100 relevant literature through salient themes aid to present a synopsis of lessons from emerging market economies, and clear-cut submissions in a bid to inform policy directions. Amidst others, this review findings identify resource deficiencies, some time-lag considerations as such that attest the limited applicability of the IS trade strategy in absolute terms, and also emphasize the notion that Developing Economies or LDCs still need give allowance for certain imports, such as capital-goods imports, into their domestic economy for industrial productivity growth. Consequently from the review presented, efforts by LDCs to accommodate Multinational enterprises (MNEs) and or attract Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to achieve technology transfer must be continually implemented. JEL Classifications: F00, F01 and F10 Keywords: Import-Substitution, Trade, Strategy, Imports, Industrialization, Less-Developed Countries (LDCs), Economic sustainability, INTRODUCTION The strive for economic sustainability in world economies, most especially Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) in these times, even so as such efforts relate to in part the realization of the [...]

• We investigate how GVC participation and centrality in the intermediate trade network are associated with firms' productivity in the MENA countries. • Using several measures of GVCs, we show that firms in GVCs are more productive. • Multi-level estimations show that country-sector intermediate trade network centrality is also positively associated with firms' productivity. • Results are confirmed using propensity score matching and shift-share instrumental variable approach. Global Value Chain (GVC) participation is typically associated with a productivity premium, yet similar firms can benefit differently depending on the possibility for creating production linkages offered by their countries' involvement in trade. We show that country-sector intermediate trade network centrality is also positively associated with firms' productivity, suggesting that the connectivity of the business environment may enhance productivity on top of direct firm-level involvement in GVCs. For a large cross-section of MENA countries included in the World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES), we find evidence of productivity premia using several firm-level GVC participation measures and network centrality indicators constructed from the EORA input-output tables. Centrality is also positively associated with firms' productivity, adding to the direct effect of GVC participation. Our results are confirmed using OLS, multi-level models, Propensity Score Matching techniques, and a Shift-Share instrumental variable approach which help addressing endogeneity issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the causal effect of regional market integration on firm productivity through the use of 2001–2008 firm-level microdata in China. The research design relies on a regression discontinuity design based on China's Pan-Pearl River Delta (PPRD) regional cooperation policy. The results indicate that the PPRD regional cooperation policy increases the total factor productivity (TFP) of firms by 6% on average. The positive impact of the PPRD regional cooperation policy on TFP is greater for private firms, large firms, and labour-intensive firms. Exploring the mechanism through which regional cooperation increases firm TFP, we find that the PPRD regional cooperation policy improves firms' productivity primarily by expanding the scale of firms, promoting technological innovation, and optimizing the allocation of factors. The study findings deepen our understanding of productivity improvement from the perspective of the market environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this study, it is aimed to rank the factors affecting the innovation productivity of enterprises. Methodology: The Pythagorean Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, which gives successful results in modelling uncertainty and uses Pythagorean fuzzy sets, is used to rank the factors affecting innovation productivity according to their importance. Findings: In the application part of study firstly, the factors affecting the innovation productivity were determined and as a result of expert evaluations, the steps of the method were applied and the factors were ranked according to their importance. Finally, the most important factors were determined by performing a sensitivity analysis. When the results obtained from the study are examined, it has been determined that the factor of preparing the technology roadmap affects the innovation productivity the most, while the sector and market structure affect the innovation productivity the least among the determined factors. Originality: It is the first study in the literature in which the factors affecting innovation productivity are determined and ranked according to their importance.

Purpose: This study analyzes the impacts of R&D expenditures on economic growth in Türkiye. Methodology: In this study, we explore the impact of R&D expenditure on economic growth in Türkiye. Annual time series from 1990 to 2021 are considered for this research examination based on the data availability. R&D expenditure, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, gross fixed capital formation, labor force, and tertiary ratio variables are used for the analysis and obtained from the World Bank. Based on machine learning, analyses were conducted using the Kernel Regularized Least Square method. Findings: The empirical analysis using KRLS shows that higher spending on research and development leads to a significant boost in economic growth. Furthermore, labor force participation, school enrolment (tertiary) ratio, and gross fixed capital formation are all significantly and positively associated with economic growth in Türkiye. Originality: The contribution of the paper is twofold: (1) it provides new scientific evidence based on the machine learning econometric method, the Kernel Regularized Least Square (KRLS); (2) many papers in the literature have only examined the relationship between R&D expenditures and economic growth, without controlling for other variables. We have used possible control variables such as labor force participation rate, school enrolment (tertiary) ratio, and gross fixed capital formation, which are also linked to economic growth models.

The observed low level of information and communication technology (ICT) usage among micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise (MSME) firms in many African countries may serve as a major constraint to their productivity. The productivity of service and manufacturing firms is impacted differently due to this low uptake of ICT. This paper seeks to examine the differential effects of ICT on MSMEs' productivity in emerging African economies, specifically Egypt and Nigeria. This study evaluates the effects of ICT on MSMEs' productivity across different sectors (services and manufacturing), by size and aggregated. The estimated results support the positive impact of MSMEs' website presence and use of email on their productivity, though the magnitude varies across different analyses and sectors. This appears to support the differential sectoral impacts of ICT on MSMEs' productivity across countries in emerging markets. Specifically, this study finds evidence for a higher impact of firms' website presence on productivity in the manufacturing sector than the services sector across emerging economies. The study, therefore, recommends that emerging markets economies that want to implement appropriate national technology policies to enhance their firms' productivity should always consider their differential effects on various sectors, as universal ICT policies may not achieve the desired objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how input trade liberalization affects manufacturing employment adjustment using highly disaggregated Chinese firm-level data. Employing a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, we find that input trade liberalization promotes firm net job growth along both the channels of increasing job creation and reducing job destruction. In addition, we explore the employment response to input trade liberalization of firms that are heterogeneous along two dimensions, i.e., initial relative productivity and import status. In particular, input trade liberalization leads to job destruction in the least productive firms, job creation in more productive firms and increases the exiting likelihood of the least productive firms; and the impact of input trade liberalization on job flows is more pronounced for importing firms than that for non-importers. We also find strong evidence that a good institutional environment strengthens the effects of input trade liberalization on both of the intensive and extensive margin of employment adjustment. As an extension, this paper further demonstrates that input trade liberalization promotes industrial productivity growth significantly, and the improvement of the job reallocation efficiency is one of the important channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the dynamic interaction of Japan's total factor productivity (TFP), GDP, stocks of domestic and foreign private and public as well as mission-oriented R&D, called GBARD in OECD statistics, in a vector-error-correction model (VECM) for Japan with stock data for the period 1987–2016. Permanent policy changes show the following main results: (i) GBARD as well as private and public R&D each encourage growth rates of the other R&D stocks and of TFP and GDP, and (ii) all have high internal rates of return; (iii) Japan's R&D policies affect and are affected by foreign R&D; in particular, Japan's public R&D has a positive impact on European private R&D, whereas other OECD countries' R&D has a negative one. Japan's R&D policies should be supported by education policies enhancing especially the number of PhDs and IT personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.K. insurance industry has a dominant international presence, suggesting strong competitiveness and performance. Yet, its efficiency and productivity has rarely being investigated. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of insurers' performance in the U.K. insurance market from 1996 to 2017, using stochastic frontier analysis to measure efficiency scores and productivity at the firm level. Results show the U.K. insurance industry could improve by about 40% in terms of cost efficiency and by 70% in terms of profit efficiency. In addition, our model reveals a higher cost efficiency score compared to profit efficiency, implying that there are higher inefficiencies on the income side of the insurance industry as measured by our profit function. In terms of total factor productivity (TFP) growth, we report a steady decline over time while on average is negative. By decomposing TFP growth into its underlying components, we reveal that the reported negative trend in TFP growth over time has mainly been driven by the enhanced competition that resulted in a drop in markup, while the scale and cost efficiency has also driven TFP growth down. However, from a positive point of view, we report evidence of both β‐convergence and σ‐convergence in cost and profit efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What determines the distribution of establishments in terms of size and life-cycle growth? How are those determinants related to aggregate productivity? We provide novel answers by developing a framework that uses price and quantity information on establishments' outputs and inputs to jointly estimate the demand and production parameters, and subsequently, establishments' quality-adjusted productivity, deriving both micro-level and aggregate implications. We find that the dominant source of variation in establishment size is variation in quality/product appeal but that variation in technical efficiency plays an important supporting role. Multiple factors dampen dispersion in establishment size including dispersion in input (quality-adjusted) prices, markups, and residual wedges. Relatively moderate dampening factors induce large aggregate allocative efficiency losses relative to their absence. We show that joint estimation of the parameters of the demand and production function crucially affects inferences on the determinants of the size distribution of firms and their implications for aggregate productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economics of business and increased focus on operating efficiencies are leading mobile telecom service providers to outsource non-core business process elements, infrastructure systems, and customer service, although the trade-off on the influence of business process outsourcing (BPO) on the firm’s productivity is still inconclusive. Few empirical studies or research have been conducted to analyze the influence of BPO on the firm’s productivity levels in the mobile telecom operators of Southern African developing countries. This research tries to redress the existing knowledge gap and the limited body of literature by providing both descriptive and empirical evidence on the influence of BPO on the firm’s productivity levels of mobile telecom operators. A structured closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect raw data from 210 employees. Descriptive and chi-square tests were conducted to establish the statistically significant relationship between business process outsourcing and the firm’s productivity levels. The results reflect a statistically significant relationship between the implementation of BPO and the firm’s productivity. The study has practical implications for service and industrial practitioners, managers, scholars, and government policymakers in that they can strategically plan their BPO practices and link those practices to the organizations' productivity performance. Further research can be conducted in other industries in order to do comparison studies confirming lessons gained across industries on the effect of BPO on a firm’s productivity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the productivity spillovers from the UK government's decision to use extensive property tax reductions as a key instrument to stimulate innovation in smaller businesses and drive local growth. To capture the complex interaction and clustering of hierarchical effects, we apply non-parametric Random Effects Expectation Maximisation algorithm that complements more standard econometric estimators, namely matching to control for endogeneity and control functions to estimate total factor productivity. These approaches enabled us to incorporate various contextual configurations in comparing the recipients of these reductions to non-recipients with regard to productivity, in which the UK has experienced a considerably worse performance than its peers since the great recession. Contrary to policy assumptions and business community expectations, we show that generic tax reductions, when significant, are mostly associated with lower productivity and thus have been unsuitably chosen as a policy mechanism to stimulate productivity growth. We further show how instruments that are not built for causality could be beneficial for policy evaluation. Plain English Summary: Reductions in small business property tax will not solve UK productivity problem. We investigate the productivity spillovers from the UK government's decision to use extensive property tax reductions as a key instrument to stimulate innovation in smaller businesses and drive local growth. We incorporate various contextual interactions in comparing the recipients of these reductions to non-recipients with regard to productivity, in which the UK has experienced a considerably worse performance than its peers since the great recession. Contrary to policy assumptions and business community expectations, we show that generic tax reductions, when significant, are mostly associated with lower productivity and thus have been unsuitably chosen as a policy mechanism to stimulate productivity growth. Thus, the principal implication of this study is that instead of generic tax incentives based on building and land value, policy should be more nuanced and targeted, enabling the inclusion of finer-grained characteristics. We also contribute to methodology development by showing how configuration approaches, centring on non-linearity and equifinality, could be enabled through the application of machine learning to study organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the causes and consequences of land misallocation based on matched Chinese firm-level data and land transaction data during 1998–2016. We employ a land misallocation index and identify significant land misallocation in China. We find that price distortion and political incentives are associated with land misallocation. Land misallocation has important implications for economic performance. We quantify the relationship between land misallocation and productivity and find that a one standard deviation decrease in land misallocation is associated with a 14.51% decrease in labour productivity and a 10.76% reduction in total factor productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global construction has been blighted by productivity inertia caused by behavioural bias for decades. While other industry sector productivity has grown more than fifteen-fold since 1960, construction has stagnated with no more than a seven to ten percent overall growth. McKinsey Global Institute's report Reinventing Construction: A Route to Higher Productivity, reported infrastructure construction amongst a small group of outperforming market sub-sectors at 15 to 20 percent. This paper, which charts the development of a unique procurement model designed for high productivity, builds on that performance using behavioural insights to counter damaging and habitual biases. The new model changes trading relationships using a nudged 'opt-out' contract structure creating a different responsibility dynamic between client and supplier. A recognisable but different infrastructure construction procurement model to improve productivity using recognised behavioural economics and construction economics. Highways England was set up to run England's strategic road network in 2015. The procurement model that resulted, Regional Delivery Partnerships can be refined for any infrastructure sector construction environment and sets up a key step forward in contracting based on integrated project delivery. Using a combination of counter bias strategies built from loss aversion and nudge theory this new construction procurement model uses 'opt-out' from lean construction to drive higher productivity. By setting up an integrator, to create an integrated project team, Regional Delivery Partnerships uses loss aversion as the motivational key to better innovation. It empowers the integrator to counter uniqueness bias and find and eradicate waste (process time and money) to enhance productivity. Reward is aligned to both optimised efficient design and high productivity working. As 100% of budget underspend can be kept rewarding the integrator, the potential of not achieving this triggers loss aversion and motivates change using the principles of escalation of commitment in favour of the client. Performance data is also used to motivate using reduced acquisition costs from secondary competition, long held as an inefficient market overhead. Using recognised pragmatic academic techniques, and constructionism; choice architectures were remodelled into a new outcome and value focused procurement model. Using applied research, the team used processes and techniques to develop, build, test, and deploy the model in open market competition. It can be used by any infrastructure sector construction client to replicate a sector specific version of Regional Delivery Partnerships that changes trading choice architecture towards higher productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We focus on the extent to which polycentric urban regions can substitute for the agglomeration economies provided by large cities. Building on an open‐source software tool that helps identifying polycentric developments in urban regions, we analyse the spatial structure (in terms of size, dispersion and polycentricity) of 94 regions across 34 European countries and link this to their level of total factor productivity. We find that both more polycentric regions and more dispersed regions are associated with lower productivity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantifies the effect of servicification on productivity using firm-level data from Indonesian manufacturing industries. The empirical strategy employed involves two procedures. The first stage is based on the estimation of productivity from the Cobb-Douglas production function using a semi-parametric method. The second stage involves regressing the derived productivity with servicification, which is proxied by the share of industrial service cost to total input and the share of service revenues to total output. The results show that servification is positively related to productivity. The study also finds evidence of the importance of firm heterogeneity, i.e., foreign ownership and participation in global value chains (GVCs) in boosting productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between environmental regulation and firm productivity has been widely debated but inconsistencies in findings across different studies. Using detailed firm-level micro-data from 2000 to 2007, this paper employs difference-in-difference combined with matching based on entropy balancing method to explore the effect of environmental regulation on firm total factor productivity (TFP) in pulp and paper industry in China. Our main findings are as following: Firstly, stricter environmental regulation, as represented by the Wastewater Discharge Standards for Pulp and Paper Industry in Shandong province, increases firm TFP significantly. Moreover, the coefficients of interest are robust to multiple robustness checks. Secondly, dynamic effects estimates reveal that when faced with this phase-in environmental regulation, firms take the foreseeably increasing strictness into account from the very beginning and prefer to take one-step adjustment to reach full compliance. Thirdly, potential mechanism analysis finds that the positive effect mainly comes from the improvement of resource allocation efficiency within firms. Fourthly, the heterogeneity test indicates that the effect of environmental regulation on firm TFP is heterogeneous across firms with different sizes, ages, ownerships, capital intensity, and export status. Finally, this paper provides convincing and insightful evidence that environmental regulation has the potential to achieve the dual goals of environmental sustainability and economic growth and is thus of broader significance for understanding the enforcement of environmental regulation in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uncovers an inverted U-shaped relationship between firm exit and total factor productivity (TFP) growth using Spanish data. At low levels of firm exit, Schumpeterian cleansing effects dominate and the effect of firm destruction on TFP is positive, but when exit rates are very high, this effect turns negative. In order to rationalize this finding, we build on Asturias et al. (Firm entry and exit and aggregate growth, Technical report, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2017) and develop a model of firm dynamics with exit spillovers calibrated to match the nonlinearity found in the data. This reduced-form spillover captures amplification effects from very high destruction rates that might force viable firms to exit, for example, due to disruptions in the production network and a generalized contraction in credit supply. Armed with the calibrated model, we perform counterfactual scenarios depending on the severity of the shock to firm's outcomes. We find that when the shock is mild and firm destruction rates at impact are similar to those observed during the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), TFP growth increases, and the recovery is faster. However, when the shock is severe and firm exit is well above that of the GFC, TFP growth decreases, since high-efficiency firms are forced out of the market, which makes the recovery much slower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Türk Hava Yolları (THY)'nın uluslararası havayolu endüstrisindeki göreceli finansal verimliliğini 2017-2021 yılları arasında değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Çalışmada 2017-2021 döneminde finansal verimlilikteki dalgalanmaların değerlendirilmesi amacıyla Malmquist Verimlilik Endeksi (MVE) yaklaşımı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada Teknik Etkinlik Değişim (TED) ve Teknolojik Etkinlik Değişim (TD) skorları belirlenerek Toplam Faktör Verimlilik Değişim (TFVD) değerleri elde edilmiş ve her bir Karar Verme Birimi (KVB) verimlilik açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: THY’nin, 2017-2021 dönemi boyunca MVE sıralamasında 11. sırada yer aldığı görülmektedir. THY, analiz süresi boyunca ortalama TED>1 puanı elde etmiş, teknik olarak verimli olmuş ve etkin üretim hattını yakalama gücünü artırmayı başarmıştır. Diğer yandan THY’nin, analiz dönemi içerisindeki Covid krizi sürecinde karar alma mekanizmasında uygun yönetsel faaliyetleri ortaya koyduğu ve kaynak israfının önüne geçmeyi başardığı belirlenmiştir. Özgünlük: Bu çalışmanın diğer çalışmalardan farkı THY’nin de aralarında bulunduğu Uluslararası Hava Taşımacılığı Birliği (International Air Transport Association-IATA) üyesi olan 19 havayolu şirketinin verimliliğini Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) tabanlı MVE ile belirlemesidir. Bu çalışmanın orijinal katkısı, THY’nin 19 küresel lider havayolu şirketleri içerisinde göreceli olarak finansal etkinliğini ölçmesidir.

This paper provides an empirical assessment of Italian firms' sourcing. Combining the international economics literature on global sourcing with the family business and international business literature on family firms (FFs)' internationalization, we build a comprehensive framework in which sourcing is shaped by location (domestic versus foreign sourcing) and ownership (integration versus outsourcing) decisions. Relying on a new firm-level, cross-sectional dataset on a stratified sample of Italian manufacturing firms, we address the relationship between sourcing and various firm-level features. Our probit and multinomial probit estimates highlight family presence in ownership and control, total factor productivity and reliance on specific inputs as the main drivers of sourcing. While playing little role in shaping the ownership decision, both FF status and total factor productivity affect location choices, fostering domestic and foreign sourcing, respectively. Conversely, reliance on specific inputs is key in orienting the ownership decision, promoting integration over outsourcing. Our study contributes to the international economics literature on global sourcing by studying factors other than productivity and input specificity that affect input procurement; moreover, it contributes to the family business and international business literature on FFs' internationalization by taking a supply-side perspective and investigating sourcing through the interplay between location and ownership choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to the oil boom in the USA, Mexico's oil production has been declining continuously for the last 15 years. Lower output in the sector has affected various aspects of Mexico's economy, one of which we found to be the real exchange rate: the decrease in productivity in the oil sector compared to the non-tradable sector, which in turn has caused a depreciation of the real exchange rate. This is an inverse Balassa–Samuelson effect, and the experience of Mexico serves as a wake-up call to countries whose economies are highly dependent on non-renewable commodities. To perform our analysis, we begin by calculating productivity by sector as total factor productivity. We then estimate the determinants of the real exchange rate by including the productivity of Mexico's oil- and non-oil tradable sectors in order to disentangle their contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The view that war benefits potential output has been influential in treatments of US mobilization for the Second World War, where it has been largely premised on the benefits of learning by doing in producing military durables. If the thesis that war benefits aggregate supply is correct, it is indeed within manufacturing that we should most likely see its effects. Total factor productivity within the sector in fact fell at a rate of −1.4 per cent per year between 1941 and 1948, −3.7 per cent a year between 1941 and 1944, and −5.1 per cent a year between 1941 and 1945. The emphasis on learning by doing has obscured the negative effects of the sudden, radical, and temporary changes in the product mix, the behavioural pathologies accompanying the transition to a shortage economy, and the resource shocks inflicted on the country by the Japanese and Germans. From a long‐run perspective, the war can be seen, ironically, as the beginning of the end of US world economic dominance in manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capital reallocation between firms is procyclical and leads to variations in measured aggregate productivity. In this paper, we ask how much of the cyclical variation in measured productivity is the consequence of capital reallocation. We build a heterogeneous‐firm model to study the effects of exogenous shocks to total factor productivity (TFP) and to the costs of reallocation. These shocks cause an endogenous cyclicality of measured aggregate productivity. Only a model driven by exogenous TFP shocks is able to generate both data‐consistent cyclical movements in reallocation and sizeable variations in measured aggregate productivity. We find that capital reallocation does not play a major role in amplifying aggregate productivity variations over the business cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between common rationality (as a factor of convergence of employees and managers), collective decision-making (as one of the important methods of participation), and productivity (as an important indicator of organizational success). Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to investigate the strength of these relationships. After the distribution of 98 questionnaires among organizational experts we used Smart PLS 2.0 to analyze the data. The results show that the indirect relationship between common rationality and productivity through a mediating variable of collective decision-making is stronger than the direct effect of common rationality on productivity. It means that common rationality as a substantial asset for an organization could be used to improve productivity but if managers want to utilize this asset, they should apply it through another mediator which is collective decision-making. Collective decision-making could facilitate the relationship between common rationality and productivity by creating synergy among employees, reducing biases, increasing decision quality, and reaching the optimal decision. Plain Language Summary: One of the goals that managers and employees of organizations pursue is the issue of productivity because productivity leads to the success of the organization. The basic questions in this field are how to create purposeful participation in practice among the employees of an organization and lead them to participate in decision-making, how to provide the basis for employee participation in decision-making, and what indicators and methods should be used. This article examines the consequences of collective decision-making on productivity in an organization. Due to the high importance and practicality of the issue of collective decision-making and its effect on productivity, a conceptual model of research on this issue was designed and analyzed by structural equation modeling. The results show that common rationality affects productivity through the mediating variable of collective decision-making. Therefore, managers must pay enough attention to collective decision-making to increase productivity in the organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper studies the productivity change of the commercial banks in the CEE countries over the post-crisis period 2013–2018. The productivity change is measured by the Malmquist Productivity Index and its sub-components, applying two approaches—the asset-oriented and profit-oriented intermediation approaches. The analysis uses data from a balanced panel of 181 commercial banks in 11 CEE countries. We find that commercial banks' productivity, measured with the asset-oriented intermediation approach, decreased in most of the CEE countries over 2013–2018, with a decline ranging, on average, from 1% to 6.9%, driven mainly by a decline in technical efficiency. Nevertheless, estimates using the profit-intermediation approach point to productivity growth in commercial banks in all CEE countries, ranging, on average, from 0.5% to 6.3%. The empirical findings imply the need for the CEE commercial banks to further digital transformation and cost rationalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning in 2020–2022 during the COVID-19 epidemic, a company experienced a lot of productivity decline, employers need to think about how productivity is maintained and increased from various existing conditions. In 2023 the COVID-19 pandemic became an endemic, and the economy began to grow from various sectors, the research aims to describe clearly and completely the collaboration of trade unions and employers on company productivity through the fulfillment of welfare for workers that have an impact on company productivity in the pandemic of Covid-19. Descriptive qualitative data collecting is the research methodology used through unstructured interviews, field research, and literature study for data analysis techniques using data reduction techniques that focus on the relationship between collaboration and productivity. The results of this research conducted at PT X, which is engaged in the electronics business for the defense and infrastructure industries, the first problem shows that trade unions take a role to encourage companies not to reduce the welfare facilities that have been provided and improve existing welfare facilities during the Covid-19 pandemic. The second problem, based on the report data from 2020 to 2022, the fulfillment and improvement of welfare is well proven and has an effect on increasing productivity for the company, besides that the pattern of harmonious industrial relations and conducive working conditions can make communication between trade unions and employers well as prevent disputes and be a factor in increasing productivity in company X. Result in this research is that companies should maintain the fulfillment of welfare and maintain the collaboration that has been implemented so that worker productivity continues to grow positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with serious environmental degradation, China under Xi Jinping has pursued a massive and sustained campaign against pollution, especially air pollution, since 2013. How much of a burden has the campaign-style escalation in environmental enforcement had on manufacturing firms? Using firm-level environmental supervision records, we directly measure the environmental regulation intensity. We combine a regression discontinuity design based on Qinling–Huaihe winter heating policy with a first difference approach to estimate the causal effect of environmental regulatory enforcement on firm performance. We find that, for high air-polluting manufacturing firms, a 1% increase in the probability of being penalized for environmental violations lowers their total factor productivity by 2.5%. We also find that the campaign-style environmental enforcement has affected larger enterprises and state-owned enterprises less while deterring the entry of new firms. While we appreciate the importance of improving air quality, our research offers a more well-rounded understanding of China's environmental enforcement initiatives and especially the costs of such enforcement on industry. Our findings suggest that the reward and punishment of local officials and of firms need to be sensitive to the costs of adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the determinants of financial crises, previous research focused on developments closely related to financial markets. In contrast, this paper considers changes originating in the real economy as drivers of financial instability. To this end, I assemble a novel data set of long‐run measures of income inequality, productivity, and other macrofinancial indicators for advanced economies. I find that rising top income inequality and low productivity growth are robust predictors of crises, and their slow‐moving trend components largely explain these relations. Moreover, recessions that are preceded by such developments are deeper than recessions without such ex ante trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: internet; market competition; multi-product exporter Abstract This study explores the impact of Internet penetration on the firm-product-level behaviour of multi-product exporters. While a substantial body of literature has explored the effect of the Internet on firm performance, especially extensive and intensive margins, few studies examine the product-level behaviour within firms. Using highly disaggregated firm-product-level data covering Chinese manufacturing industrial firms from 2000 to 2007, we provide evidence on the effects of the Internet on product mix and product switching within firms. Specifically, because of the reduction in export market entry costs, the Internet can encourage more firms to enter the export market and increase market competition, which causes multi-product exporters to skew exports towards best-performing products and drop the products furthest away from its core competence. Meanwhile, the Internet can increase multi-exporters' productivity and encourage firms to introduce new products, which are also further away from the core product. Productivity and competition cause multi-product exporters to exhibit product switching, which results in the expansion of product scope. Byline: Shuzhong Ma, Zengxi Hu

Double-sided microlens arrays (MLAs) are the key optical components of the optical component. To enhance microlens fabrication productivity, a wafer-level, double-sided MLA was designed and fabricated using injection compression molding (ICM). First, the Moldex3D simulation analysis results show that the design of the disc mold saves material and representation time than the multi-cavity mold. The 4-inch disc mold with a 4 * 4 double-sided MLA of two inserts was used to do the study. The L9 orthogonal Taguchi method was employed to find the best combination of molding parameters. For molding experiments, 2 mold inserts with 4*4 convex and concave lens arrays were machined by the ultraprecision diamond turning. They were mounted into molds in one of two locations, either close to the gate or far from the gate. The molding experiment results confirmed that the ICM-molded MIA was better than the injection molding (IM)-molded one, with higher precision and lower residual stress. The results were similar to the simulations. The ICM molded MIA has a focal length of 2.549 mm and a spot size of 50 [micro]m and the total deviation percentage is less than 1%. This study proves the feasibility of fabricating a wafer-level, double-sided MIA disc using ICM. KEYWORDS compression, injection, microstructure, molding, molding, optics, orcid.org/0000-0003-3639-4681 1 | INTRODUCTION Microlens arrays (MLAs) are widely applied in flat panel displays, Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors, biomedical procedures, and moire feature imaging. In addition, an increasing number of novel [...]

Keywords: adoption; diffusion; innovation; productivity; technological progress; technology Abstract Technological advances-for example, from hand milking to robotic milking-are at the heart of economic transformation and have significantly shaped the agri-food industry and economic growth throughout history. A look at the lead article of the first issue (and the first volume, 1952) of the Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics (CJAE) 70 years ago reveals an ongoing inquiry within the discipline about how technological progress has shaped how we manage our farms with the implications on aggregate industry productivity and food prices. The topics discussed along these lines in the first issue of the CJAE are still relevant today-for example, challenges with measuring productivity and innovation, diffusion of innovation, technological unemployment, demand for skilled workers, financing innovations, climate change and food security. Science, technology, and innovation for the 21st century hold the potential to foster resilient and sustainable intensification of farm production and productivity growth for the agri-food industry. In this address, I reflect on the past, present, and future impacts of technological innovations and productivity growth on the agri-food industry and discuss the implications for future research, welfare, and policy. Article Note: Presidential Address Byline: Getu Hailu