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Introducción. El estudio fue realizado en la parroquia San Luis, del cantón Riobamba, provincia de Chimborazo, con la finalidad de determinar el comportamiento estático agroeconómico de la producción sostenible del Tomate Riñón, cultivo que se produce en la zona bajo invernadero con la finalidad dotar al cultivo de condiciones óptimas para su desarrollo, ya que este forma parte importante de los sistemas productivos de la Zona. La producción de tomate riñón (Lycopersicum esculentum mill), es una de las de mayor importancia a nivel mundial, debido a la alta demanda existente de esta hortaliza, misma que tiene mayor desarrollo al cultivarse bajo invernadero. Además, es la hortaliza de mayor consumo en fresco en el Ecuador, existiendo también una gran demanda para conservar este producto principalmente para la fabricación de pastas y salsas. Objetivo: Evaluar la sostenibilidad agroeconómica de los sistemas de producción de tomate riñón cultivados bajo invernadero en la parroquia San Luis. Metodología: La población de estudio fueron los invernaderos con una extensión menor de 0 hasta 1000m2, entre 1001 y 2000 m2 y de 2001 en adelante, para el levantamiento de información se trabajó con 34 productores de la zona y a través de encuestas estructuradas, entrevistas y talleres comunitarios. Resultados: Los tres componentes de sostenibilidad: social, ecológico y económico, son favorable en la producción de tomate riñón en invernadero en la parroquia San Luis. Conclusión: La productividad social del producto es de 2,34, la productividad ecológica es de 0,64% y los resultados de la productividad económica asciende a 1,21 dólares deduciendo que se tiene una economía sostenible. Además, los indicadores financieros de los 3 estratos son alentadores, obteniéndose resultados sobre el interés establecido para PYMEs por el Banco Central en la producción de superficies mayores a 1001 m2.

La desaceleración del crecimiento económico del Ecuador debido a la caída del precio del barril de petróleo evidencia la necesidad de impulsar la productividad económica mediante la promoción de una mayor iniciativa privada sustentada en una política internacional y diversos mecanismos de negociación. Para ello, se realizó una investigación descriptiva bajo el enfoque cuantitativo con una revisión documental de las implicaciones de las negociaciones internacionales en la economía, los indicadores de productividad en el Ecuador y la importancia de la política económica en la productividad. Tras el análisis de estos factores, se encontró que para mejorar la productividad se debe capacitar, asistir técnica y tecnológicamente y brindar acceso a mercados y negocios internacionales a las empresas, apoyar el emprendimiento con políticas económicas que promuevan la innovación y tecnología para incentivar la inversión y relaciones internacionales comerciales.

Climate change has a major impact on productivity of different economic sectors as well as different labour groups. Here we study the crucial linkage between gradual climate change and availability...

The impact of broadband access and use continues to transform the socioeconomic landscape placing this twenty-first century infrastructure at the center of current policymaking discourse. Past studies have found a relationship between infrastructure investments and economic productivity. Recent broadband-related studies, however, have focused on general availability or adoption, and do not distinguish which specific aspect of the technology is most associated with productivity. Utilizing cross-sectional county-level data from 2017 and spatial econometric models, this research looked into better understanding the impact of multiple broadband indicators on job productivity, including innovative broader measures of digital inclusion. Results indicate that broader metrics focused on adoption or digital distress had a larger positive impact on job productivity in comparison to measures focused on speed or availability. Moreover, these impacts vary across urban and rural settings. Although the relationships identified are not necessarily causal, an alternative matching technique generally supports the results. These findings suggest that the relationship between broadband and economic productivity should be viewed from a larger, more comprehensive socioeconomic perspective. Future research should focus on looking at these effects over time and assess how policies focused on specific broadband characteristics have impacted growth.

Racial social isolation within workplaces may reduce firm productivity. We provide descriptive evidence that African-Americans feel socially isolated from whites. To test whether isolation affects productivity, we estimate models of Total Factor Productivity for manufacturing firms allowing the returns to concentrated economic activity and human capital to vary by the match between each establishment’s racial and ethnic composition and the composition of local area employment. Higher own-race representation increases the productivity return from employment density and concentrations of college educated workers. Looming demographic changes suggest that this drag on economic productivity may increase over time.

Crustacean aquaculture is a multibillion-dollar industry worldwide that continues to show significant growth. Shrimp farming has been intensified for decades, and super-intensive closed culture systems have now been developed to improve productivity and reduce environmental burdens. Here, we used bio-economic approaches to investigate the mechanisms and economic productivity of shrimp farming. We used three steps: (1) path analysis by using structural equation models to determine the candidate factors associated with productivity; (2) modeling of population dynamics and profits; and (3) simulations based on the models to clarify the productive characteristics of a super-intensive closed culture system. Our findings suggest that the population dynamics of the system were limited by unidentified factors that differed from those found in many experimental studies, such as water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and nitrogenous waste. The unidentified factors were related to the number of days of rearing and cumulative biomass mortality. The production plan suggested by our simulation required frequent culture rotation to increase profits. Our case study provides important practical information about the characteristics of super-intensive shrimp farming, implications for efficient economic management, and new research subjects for the future.

We examine the distribution of economic productivity across subnational regions as a factor explaining the level and allocation of central government expenditure. As regional productivity becomes m...

Objective To estimate the annual and lifetime economic productivity loss due to adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the United States (U.S.). Methods All adult (age ≥ 18 years) non-traumatic EMS-treated OHCA with complete data for age, sex, race, and survival outcomes from the CARES database for 2013–2018 were included. Annual and lifetime labor productivity values, based on age and gender, were obtained from previously published national economic data. Productivity losses for OHCA events were calculated by year in U.S. dollars. Productivity losses for survivors were assigned by cerebral performance category score (CPC): CPC 1 and 2 = 0% productivity loss; CPC 3–5 = 100% productivity loss. Sensitivity analyses were performed assigning CPC 2 varying productivity losses (0–100%) based on CPC score and discharge location. Lifetime productivity values assumed 1% annual growth and 3% discount rate and were adjusted for inflation based on 2016 values. Results were extrapolated to annual U.S. population estimates for the study period. Results A total of 338,492 (96.5%) cases met inclusion criteria. The mean annual and lifetime productivity losses per OHCA in 2018 were $48,224 and $638,947 respectively. The total annual economic productivity loss due to OHCA in the U.S. increased from $7.4B in 2013 to $11.3B in 2018. Lifetime economic productivity loss increased from $95.2B in 2013 to $150.2B in 2018. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar findings. Per annual death, OHCA ranked third ($10.2B) in annual economic productivity loss in the U.S. behind cancer ($22.9B) and heart disease ($20.3B) in 2018. Conclusion Adult non-traumatic OHCA events are associated with significant annual and lifetime economic productivity losses and should be the focus of public health resources to improve preventative measures and survival outcomes.

In this chapter, we empirically investigate the impact of future population decline on the Japanese regional economy, using a multi-regional computable general equilibrium model. In this model, we combine forecasts of potential economic growth with a scenario of labor force reduction due to population decline. We project the labor force up to 2040. We find that unless economic productivity in Japan’s “depopulating society” improves, economic growth will be virtually zero initially and turn to negative by 2030. However, economic growth could reach 0.7–0.8% if policies are implemented to increase productivity, but such economic growth will be mainly driven by the growth in urban areas and it will increase the disparities in growth among regions. Consequently, the simulation results indicate that incorporating the impact of industrial clusters on regional areas yields growth that is on a par with that of urban areas. The construction of wide-ranging industrial clusters will be effective in preventing the exacerbation of inter-regional economic welfare disparities.

Research background: There has been an extensive process of foreign and joint ownership enterprises establishment in the Russian economy since 2006. Domestic manufacturing industry has been experiencing certain pressure on behalf of foreign direct investment bringing new technologies and higher labor requirements. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to investigate differences in employment strategies and labor indicators in the case of enterprises in foreign and joint ownership (FJO) and domestic enterprises in Russian ownership (RO). We analyze the manufacturing industry in Russia and its regions under conditions of stable and crisis periods. Methods: The study enhances the analysis of Rosstat’s statistical data for 2005–2016 and applies ANOVA method to compare the employment results for companies with different ownership patterns. The research is carried out both at the national level of the Russian Federation and at the regional level according to the regions. Findings & Value added: The study identifies significant decline in employment and in-crease in productivity for the period of 2005–2016. In contrast to the crisis of 2008–2009, in 2014–2016 there has been no sharp drop in employment. However, there is a substantial decline in real salaries which is comparable to the crisis of 2008-2009. According to ANOVA, statistically significant differences in labor indicators between FJO and RO companies are manifested. RO companies dominate in employment and payroll funds, while FJO enter-prises have better productivity results with a higher average salary. FJO companies demonstrated faster growth in employment and payroll fund in relatively stable conditions (2012–2013). However, they reacted with a significant reduction in employment for a new crisis (2014–2016), although the creation of new FJO enterprises continued in separate regions of Russia. The results can be used in social policy to regulate the employment and earnings of industrial workers in the current economic conditions.

Abstract. Cognitive capitalism theory argues that the positive effects of cognitive ability on economic productivity should increase nonlinearly, with increases in ability amplifying increases in productivity. The theory was tested using country-level indicators of cognitive ability and productivity. Cognitive ability was based on international student assessments (e.g., Program for International Student Assessment, PISA), and productivity was based on economic inputs (e.g., scientific achievements and competitiveness) and outputs (e.g., gross domestic product). As predicted, the effects of cognitive ability on all productivity measures increased nonlinearly at higher levels of ability, suggesting that higher ability levels disproportionately boost a nation’s productivity. The findings are discussed in light of standard theories of cognitive ability (e.g., Spearman’s law of diminishing returns and differentiation theories), and suggest that interventions that boost cognitive ability can have large, amplifying effects on economic productivity.

What role does computational power play in economic productivity and innovation? How will machine learning and AI change this? Building off previous work quantifying historical computational power levels, we explore the relationship of metrics for computing power with US GDP and US internet sector GDP from 1960 to today. We develop forecast scenarios incorporating machine learning development using internet data production volumes and forecasted growth of computational power. The goal of the research is not to build a full model of productivity that incorporates computational power, but to begin to get a sense of potential role and impacts of artificial intelligence on the economy. The research has three main findings. First, we find a modest, but statistically significant relationship between computational power and economic productivity, linked to approximately 0.3-0.7% of GDP per capita and to approximately 2-3% of internet sector GDP per capita. Second, and as expected, the relationship is stronger for internet sector GDP per capita, which is linked more closely to AI. Third, and as expected, when we narrow our window of analysis to more recent windows of analysis in our regressions and in robustness tests, we see a strengthening of the relationship between computational power and GDP per capita.

Much like research on the productivity paradox of the 1980s, empirical research has not provided a clear association between investments in enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and improved productivity, even though these systems were designed, developed, and marketed as productivity improvement tools. This paper explores the relationship between organizational slack and productivity improvements resulting from investments in ERP systems. The authors provide support for the proposition that during the period of time surrounding implementation, firms build organizational slack; and following implementation organizational slack is absorbed and productivity increases. Furthermore, the authors find that even though manufacturing firms drive the decrease in organizational slack during the post-ERP period, the magnitude of the increase in productivity is significantly larger for non-manufacturing firms.

This study utilized exploratory data analysis or data mining using multivariate factor, cluster and principal components analyses in order to determine the technological readiness of the ASEAN member countries based on the World Economic Forum 2013 -2014 edition. Factor analysis was able to identify three factors namely, technology competence, access to technology and technology users which were used as bases for clustering the ASEAN member Countries. The means of each cluster for each factor were further utilized to assess the extent of technological readiness of the ASEAN member states through a model obtained using the principal components analysis. With this model, Singapore, the only nation that belongs to Cluster 3, emerged as the most technologically ready among the ASEAN countries. Group 2 ASEAN nations comprising Thailand and the Philippines, are the next two countries with a very high technological readiness, respectively as compared to Cluster 1 ASEAN member states. On the other hand, ASEAN member states belonging to Cluster 1 are found to be relatively least technologically ready, except for Malaysia, Indonesia, and Vietnam that ranked fourth, fifth and sixth, respectively with a slightly competitive technological readiness. It was found out that technological readiness of an ASEAN country varies directly with the country’s technological competence, access to technology, and level of technology utilization. More specifically, technological readiness is mainly determined by access to technology which is related to both culture and economy. Meanwhile, global competitiveness highly correlates with technological readiness. Thus, while economic productivity mainly drives global competitiveness, both culture and economic productivity determines technological readiness. The high correlation between technological readiness and global competitiveness is also limited with culture as much as it is driven by economic productivity.

Information and communications technology (ICT)/cyber technologies become ever-more embedded in our economies and societies, bringing both benefits and risk-related costs. The balance between those benefits and costs, over time and across countries, remains poorly understood. This gives rise to conflicting narratives about the future of ICT: either (1) continued rapid benefit growth with new waves of ICT technology; or (2) increasing cyber-attack costs will come to swamp benefits. We explore how the balance between benefits and costs might change at the global, country-grouping, and country-level out to 2030. Because the existing literature provides little foundation for integrated analysis, we did extensive conceptual research and data gathering from diverse sources. The benefits include the growth of the ICT sector itself, its contribution to broader productivity as a general purpose technology, and its benefits for consumers as value for price rises very significantly. The costs include security spending, the impact of adverse cyber events, and opportunity foregone if the technology is underutilized. We extended International Futures (IFs), an existing multi-issue, multi-country, long-term forecasting system with formulations driving ICT/cyber advance and impact. In Base Case analysis we found that, while annual costs related to cyber-attacks and cyber-security spending do come to outweigh the annual incremental economic benefits from ICT use in high-income countries, over time the compounding nature of the benefits versus the more additive nature of the costs means that the cumulative benefits will outstrip the cumulative costs by tens of trillions of dollars over even medium-term forecast horizons. For lower-income and middle-income countries both annual and cumulative analyses suggest that benefits will continue to outweigh costs. On a global basis the cumulative net benefits could exceed $100 trillion through 2030. Four scenarios with significantly different assumptions about technological development and the unfolding of adverse events changed the total values of benefits and risk-related costs, but not the overall conclusion.

Based on a newly compiled Norwegian KLEMS database, this article investigates structural change and productivity in the market economy of mainland Norway for the 1997-2014 period. The findings largely confirm the general trends identified by many other studies. However, detailed sector analyses reveal substantial differences within both goods production and services sectors. In addition, an increased share of skilled labour in value added is found for the total market economy over the entire period, as well as for almost all the sectors, at least for the latter period (2008-2014). For the total market economy, the shares in value added of both software and R&D capital increased, while those of hardware decreased, for the whole period. With a few exceptions, this finding also holds for most of the sectors, at least for the latter period (2008-2014). Finally, test results indicate that the complementarity hypothesis between ICT capital and skilled labour is not supported, but that between Intellectual Property Products (IPP), and esp. R&D capital, and highly skilled labour is supported, implying that intangible assets combined with human capital had been playing an increasingly important role in recent economic growth in Norway. Structural Change and Productivity in the Market Economy of Mainland Norway: 1997-2014

We investigate the relationship between high-speed rail (HSR) and agglomeration economy in the scope of specialization and diversity to answer two questions: first, to determine whether specialization or diversity promotes economic productivity, and second, to determine whether HSR promotes specialization or diversity. Specialization/diversity agglomeration index based on the coefficient of variation of localization agglomeration is proposed to measure city’s specialization and diversity. Our analysis utilizes data of agglomeration across 17 industrial sectors in Japanese municipality level. Depending on the definition of agglomeration diversity, one of the results reveals a U-curve relationship as productivity is plotted in Y-axis and specialization agglomeration in X-axis. In other words, both specialization and diversity benefit to economic productivity. Yet, a city which is not specialized and not with a high level of industrial diversity will be the loser in the economy. For the second question, based on the assumption of a quadratic function, HSR could affect city’s specialization and diversity based on the distance to HSR service. From the results, HSR promotes industrial diversity in the city with HSR service, and the city located around 540 km away from HSR service, while HSR promotes city’s specialization in the city located around 270 km away from HSR service.

At the national level, two basic arguments have been made to advance the thesis that highway investment is good for the economy. First, the addition of highway capital stock is said to make it easier for goods to be delivered quickly and efficiently, thus reducing transportation costs for private companies and enhancing their productivity and presumably that of the nation. The second argument is that highway investment leads to good jobs in the highway construction and supply industries, as well as has a ripple effect through those workers participating in the goods and service economies of the nation.

Introduction: The Calera aquifer is overexploited, and irrigated agriculture uses 90.2 % of the extracted water with a use efficiency of 43.5 %. Objective: To determine the productivity of irrigation water in the main crops of the central-southern zone of the Calera aquifer to know the efficiency of its use and identify savings opportunities. Methodology: The physical and economic productivity of water for garlic, onion, alfalfa, green pepper, dry bean and corn crops was calculated using the volume of irrigated water, yield, and production costs and value. The valuation was performed using June 2012 as the base period and was expressed in constant Mexican pesos (MXN). Results: The physical and economic productivity of water was higher in onion (5.48 kg∙m-3 and 13.42 MXN∙m-3) and lower in dry bean (0.30 kg∙m-3 and 2.44 MXN∙m-3), corn (1.37 kg∙m-3 and 1.54 MXN∙m-3) and alfalfa (1.53 kg∙m-3 and 1.77 MXN∙m-3). Without subsidizing electricity for pumping, alfalfa had the lowest economic productivity (-4.23 MXN∙m-3). Study limitations: Lack of official information about water productivity in the Calera aquifer prevented studying a longer period of time and carrying out a more in-depth analysis of the results. Originality: This study updates and improves the results obtained in 2011 within the Plan de Manejo Integral del Acuifero Calera (Calera Aquifer Integrated Management Plan). Conclusions: Crop production with low efficiency in the use of water jeopardizes its availability in the Calera aquifer

There is no doubt that the redrawing of the Polish borders after 1945 had a significant impact on the Polish economy. The former eastern territories of Germany made up around one third of the new Poland. However, analysis of the productivity of the territories Poland lost in the east - the so-called Kresy - has been scarce, as have calculations showing the “economic gains” in the Polish west when parts of the former German Reich were attached to Poland. The following article attempts to conduct plausible calculations on the economic productivity of both the Kresy and the former eastern German territories. The paper argues that, while the gross domestic product (GDP) of the Kresy amounted to roughly 9.4 billion 1990 Geary- Khamis dollars (or 19 percent of Poland’s GDP; all figures for 1936), the former East Germany had a GDP of 25.4 billion Geary-Khamis dollars.

Economic productivity is shown to peak at an annual average temperature of 13 °C and decline at high temperatures, indicating that climate change is expected to lower global incomes more than 20% by 2100. Temperature, and therefore climate change, can affect a country's economic productivity, but it has not been clear if rich and poor countries, or different aspects of economic productivity, show similar relationships. These authors use economic data from 166 countries for the years 1960 to 2010 to uncover a universal nonlinear relationship that reconciles earlier results. Economic productivity peaks at an annual average temperature of 13 °C, and the authors explore the likelihood of global economic contraction under future warming scenarios. Growing evidence demonstrates that climatic conditions can have a profound impact on the functioning of modern human societies1,2, but effects on economic activity appear inconsistent. Fundamental productive elements of modern economies, such as workers and crops, exhibit highly non-linear responses to local temperature even in wealthy countries3,4. In contrast, aggregate macroeconomic productivity of entire wealthy countries is reported not to respond to temperature5, while poor countries respond only linearly5,6. Resolving this conflict between micro and macro observations is critical to understanding the role of wealth in coupled human–natural systems7,8 and to anticipating the global impact of climate change9,10. Here we unify these seemingly contradictory results by accounting for non-linearity at the macro scale. We show that overall economic productivity is non-linear in temperature for all countries, with productivity peaking at an annual average temperature of 13 °C and declining strongly at higher temperatures. The relationship is globally generalizable, unchanged since 1960, and apparent for agricultural and non-agricultural activity in both rich and poor countries. These results provide the first evidence that economic activity in all regions is coupled to the global climate and establish a new empirical foundation for modelling economic loss in response to climate change11,12, with important implications. If future adaptation mimics past adaptation, unmitigated warming is expected to reshape the global economy by reducing average global incomes roughly 23% by 2100 and widening global income inequality, relative to scenarios without climate change. In contrast to prior estimates, expected global losses are approximately linear in global mean temperature, with median losses many times larger than leading models indicate.

HIV/AIDS impacts significantly on pregnant women and on children in Ethiopia. This impact has a multiplier effect on household economies and on productivity losses, and is expected to vary across rural and urban settings. Applying the human capital approach to data collected from 131 respondents, this study estimated productivity losses per HIV-positive pregnant woman-infant pair across urban and rural health facilities in Ethiopia, which in turn were used to estimate the national productivity loss. The study found that the annual productivity loss per woman-infant pair was Ethiopian birr (ETB) 7,433 or United States dollar (US$) 378 and ETB 625 (US$ 32) in urban and rural settings, respectively. The mean patient days lost per year due to inpatient admission at hospitals/health centres was 11 in urban and 22 in rural health facilities. On average, urban home care-givers spent 20 (SD = 21) days annually providing home care services, while their rural counterparts spent 23 days (SD = 26). The productivity loss accounted for 16% and 7% of household income in urban and rural settings, respectively. These high and varying productivity losses require preventive interventions that are appropriate to each setting to ensure the welfare of women and children in Ethiopia.

Last year we pointed out an important challenge for the future of the global economy: Whereas rich countries will be challenged to increase their economic productivity to sustain current standards of living as their populations rapidly age, low-income economies will need to integrate more than two billion young adults into the world economy by 2050. Economic initiatives by enterprising individuals are likely to be key in addressing the challenges of long-term productivity in rich countries, whereas poor countries will continue to struggle to integrate their rapidly growing populations into their economies.

Applications involving radioisotopes and radiations reveal a great promise particularly for the welfare of the society. However, in the event of a nuclear accident, the direct and indirect effect of radionuclide and radiation transfers in soil–plant–air environment are envisaged on almost all the components of the food chain. It also assumes significance as we often overlook the fact that radiations, emitted by any radioisotope although cannot be seen or felt, interacts with matter and could alter its biochemical, biophysical and biological characteristics. The interaction of ionizing radiation with human body and consequent biological effects are well characterized and quantified using data derived from the radiation workers and/or the nuclear accidents around the world. However, radiation impact on agriculture viz a viz economic productivity are not well understood and available data is scanty, scattered and inconclusive. At the plant level the effects could be visualized at morphological, biochemical, physiological and/or biophysical levels, where the magnitude of the effected change depends heavily on the exposure dose, soil, farm management and other environmental variables. This review attempts to collate and critically analyze the available researches on how the ionizing radiation might interact with crops at the whole plant or tissue or cell level to affect economic yield under various edaphic variables where not only the productivity but also the quality of the agri-produce may become vulnerable.

The effects of firm size on innovative activity have been extensively debated in the literature, with generally inconclusive results. This study poses a contingent framework in which environmental dynamism moderates the effects of firm size on the returns to research and development (R&D) investments. We hypothesize that dynamic environments favor small firms, as they reward organizational flexibility and promote the development of the markets for technology. Empirical evidence obtained on a sample of Spanish manufacturing firms shows that technological, but not market, dynamism negatively moderates the effects of firm size on the economic productivity of R&D, thus contributing to the success of research efforts by small firms vis-a-vis those of larger corporations.

The relationship between productivity improvements in distributive trades and new retail business formats has received considerable policy attention among developing economies. In recent years, fast-moving consumer goods are increasingly channelled through large, non-specialized retail outlets, such as supermarkets and hypermarkets. Among developing economies, increasing economic productivity through structural re-balancing of the distributive trade subsector within the services sector requires policy prescriptions to boost domestic consumption with the help of effective retail establishments. For future development direction and strategies, a clear understanding of the changes that have been taking place with large, foreign supermarkets, superstores and hypermarkets in relation to those of small, local retailers is needed. This paper questions some productivity improvement expectations regarding the role of large, non-specialized retailers as crucial retail format innovators within the distributive trade...

Evaluating the effects of defense spending on macroeconomic performance and, in particular, on economic productivity is a critical issue. This study integrates Malmquist productivity index (MPI) with bootstrapping to establish statistical inferences that provide a complete, effective analysis of the impact of defense expenditure on economic productivity between 1993 and 2009 for Economic Co-operation and Development member countries. The findings indicate that the average MPI with defense expenditure is higher than that without defense expenditure. Additionally, region based productivity analysis indicates that the appropriate allocation of defense expenditure can increase regional economic productivity effectively across Asia, Oceania and Europe. Moreover, the results further prove that the effective defense expenditure strategies undertaken by government are important for improving economic productivity of countries. The integrated methodology approach applied in this study can be used for further similar studies.

Resumo Utilizando ferramentas da contabilidade ambiental para coleta e organização de informações, referentes ao mercado e organização do trabalho da comunidade de pescadores artesanais de Penha, SC, realizou-se a pesquisa de forma descritiva e exploratória das práticas produtivas. Esta pesquisa baseou-se em duas fontes de dados e referências bibliográficas para padronização de informações. Calcularam-se indicadores de produtividade, objetivando avaliar a possibilidade do uso deles na gestão ambiental do recurso. Foram levantados os insumos consumidos, custos, quantidades produzidas e comercializadas, destinos e valores de venda, sazonalidade de esforço e capturas. Com base neles, foi possível se calcular indicadores de produtividade ambiental e econômica, em ciclos mensais e anuais, que permitiram evidenciar o período de defeso. Tais métodos exigem muito esforço em coleta e controle de dados, sobretudo em uma comunidade tradicional de pesca artesanal desassociada de rígidos controles necessários essenciais ao estudo sistêmico da produtividade e da organização econômica.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to create a social, environmental and economic (SEE) index for countries.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology in the OECD handbook on building composite indicators is followed. The data are taken from UN data sources.FindingsAn index is created that describes each of 194 countries. The countries were clustered in three groups, i.e. high, medium and low performing. The country positions matched intuitively those expected. A more focused grouping of the 35 most populous countries was examined. The method was felt to be rigorous and successful in creating an informative measure of SEE.Research implications/limitationsFuture research could include identifying factors that determine a country's SEE productivity. A similar index could be envisaged at more local level.Practical implicationsThe SEE index offers a standard method for benchmarking the SEE productivity of countries, regions and the globe.Social implicationsIt is hoped that this research could have an important contribution to make in enabling society, government, business and policy makers to focus their discussions and actions on areas that will lead to substantial environmental improvement and improved quality of life.Originality/valueA SEE index is created using a rigorous methodology. The authors believe this to be a unique and valuable contribution.

Substantial evidence from psychology suggests that resisting temptation (exercising self-control) in one domain subsequently reduces one's capacity to regulate behavior in other domains. A reason is that people have limited self-regulatory resources, and self-regulatory failure occurs when these resources become overwhelmed. This paper provides evidence that this same mechanism can lead to reduced economic productivity subsequent to exposure to temptation. Using a design inspired by the classic "Marshmallow Test", we report data from a field experiment in which children between the ages of 6 and 13 were exposed (or not) to a consumption temptation. We use these ages to take advantage of the well-established fact that the self-regulatory resources of younger children are more easily depleted than those of older children. We find that, subsequent to exposure to temptation, productivity of younger children is significantly detrimentally impacted, while that of older children remains essentially unchanged. To our knowledge, this is the first rigorous demonstration that one need not succumb to temptation in order for it to detrimentally impact one's economic productivity.Research highlights► We provide evidence that exposure to temptation reduces economic productivity. ► We ran a field experiment with children inspired by the classic "Marshmallow Test". ► Children aged between 6 and 13 were exposed (or not) to a consumption temptation. ► Temptation exposure negatively affects the productivity of younger children only.

A number of scientists have recently conducted research that shows that tropical cyclone intensity is likely to increase in the future. This would result in an increase in the damage along with a decrease in economic productivity due to precautionary cessation of the economic activity of the affected areas during the passage of the cyclone. The economic effect of this stop in economic activity is a phenomenon that has not received much attention in the past, and the cumulative effect that it can have on the Japanese economy over the next 75 years has never been evaluated. The starting point for the evaluation of the economic risks is the change in the patterns of tropical cyclone intensity suggested by Knutson and Tuleya.(1) The results obtained show how a significant decrease in the overall productivity of the country could be expected, which could lower GDP by between 6% and 13% by 2085.

We study the sensitivity of projected economic productivity (output per worker) with respect to alternative projections of labour supply and alternative assumptions on the substitutability of workers at different ages. We show that in a pure labour economy assuming imperfect substitution of workers at different ages implies an increase in relative productivity during the next two decades. For a decreasing or hump-shaped age-specific productivity profile a negative tradeoff between an increasing labour force at older ages and aggregate productivity results. A decline in productivity can be attenuated by adjusting labour force participation rates to levels currently observed in Nordic countries.

PurposeTo explore the factors underpinning economic productivity (at a national level) and related concepts such as competitiveness and identify key lessons for governments and organisations.Design/methodology/approachAnalyses published data and identifies internal and external, contemporaneous influences which might help explain those data. Draws general conclusions from the analysis.FindingsIt is possible to identify factors acting on a nation that explain the economic performance of that nation. Some of these factors are internal, such as government policy and action; some are external and “interfere” with current government policy and action. These external factors can act as a catalyst to improved performance.Practical implicationsGovernments must be aware of their role in establishing a “climate” which offers the potential to create high productivity organisations. This is a delicate balance between providing an appropriate productivity infrastructure and over‐regulation. Organisations attempting to improve productivity must be aware of the “productivity infrastructure” and ensure that their approach maximises ways in which it can be exploited.Originality/valueShows the importance of national economic factors in creating a potential for high productivity. Demonstrates the partnership that must exist between government and organisations to ensure competitiveness.

We analyse a comprehensive panel dataset of economists working at Austrian, German, and Swiss universities and investigate how job mobility and characteristics of other researchers working at the same university affect research productivity. On aggregate, we find no influence of these local research characteristics on the productivity of researchers, if we control for their unobserved characteristics. This finding indicates that with today’s information, communication and travelling technologies knowledge spillovers are globally available rather than dependent on physical co-presence. However, we find some evidence that high-productivity researchers could be more likely to benefit from local research characteristics., Scientometrics, 104 (3), ISSN:0138-9130, ISSN:1588-2861

This paper examines the contribution of the banking sector to overall economic activity for a sample of 15 OECD countries during an 18-year period. Resorting to a recently defined global Malmquist index, we detect productivity growth in both cases and study the influence of its two components, efficiency change and technical change. We further analyze the relationship between each of the two banking productivity components and economic productivity.

Continued exponential and asymmetrical growth in both population and individual economic productivity would propel world society along a path that is environmentally unsustainable, economically inequitable, and hence socially unstable. Terrorist activity in September 2001 may be vivid evidence of that instability. Revolutionary developments in communications technologies can, however, enable partnerships among scholarly disciplines and among societal institutions to harness rapidly expanding human knowledge (broadly construed) to pursue goals in both population and individual economic productivity that would lead to a sustainable, equitable, and stable world society. Such a knowledge‐based strategy could enable us to pursue the vision of a global society in which all of the basic human needs and an equitable share of human wants can be met by successive generations while maintaining a healthy, physically attractive, and biologically productive environment. Several scenarios are presented to illustrate the promise of cooperative efforts to pursue this vision, and to highlight some obstacles to that pursuit.

ost international comparisons of economic productivity work throughaggregate calculations of labor productivity or total factor productivityat the level of the national income, or sometimes at the broad sector orindustry level (for example, Jorgenson, 1995; Wagner and Van Ark, 1996). A lot hasbeen learned in this way. Increasingly, however, there have been attempts tosupplement aggregate calculations with micro-level information about individualdepartments, firms or narrowly defined industries and their operations. A variety ofsuch studies has been done.One line of research has used data from single establishments, especially inU.S. manufacturing, to study productivity and employment patterns (Griliches,1998; Olley and Pakes, 1996; Baily, Hulten and Campbell, 1992). Another approachhas focused on the firms or plants within a particular industry (for example,Womack, Jones and Roos, 1990, on the auto industry). Still another line of researchstudies the frequency distribution of plant-level changes in output and employ-ment, revealing large gross flows even when net changes at the industry level aresmall (Davis, Haltiwanger and Schuh, 1996). The National Bureau of EconomicResearch has developed a program of “pin factory” visits as a way of bringingfirst-hand information into the analysis of economic performance ( Jaffe, Trajten-berg and Fogarty, 2000; Freeman and Kleiner, 2000; Borenstein and Farrell, 2000;Helper, 2000).We have been extensively involved, along with a group of other academicadvisers, in a series of international comparative performance studies carried out by

Intra-metropolitan shifts in the location of higher- income people increase the concentration of the poor in cities. These movements threaten the economic productivity of cities, endangering national prosperity. If we cannot utilize fully the capital, buildings, and environments that are unique to cities because of problems that arise from the concentration of the poor, then we have diminished the nation's "economic portfolio." Jobs decrease not only for city residents but for people throughout the nation, regardless of whether they live in or near a city. The author examines evidence for the premise that cities are essential to the productivity of the U.S. economy. She also examines how cities affect their suburbs. Some national policies are identified that encourage higher-income metropolitan residents to live in new suburbs. The policies include the home mortgage and property deductions from income taxes and the cost to city residents of poverty and other income redistribution programs.

The advent of modern science made possible the emergence of sustained economic growth. Without growth in scientific knowledge, the productivity growth experienced during the Industrial Revolution would have eventually diminished, as did growth from previous productivity revolutions (i.e. agriculture, expansions of trade). Yet scientific knowledge, as distinct from technology or economic productivity, is often not explicitly included in models of long run growth. Making this distinction allows for more realistic modeling of the emergence of modern growth by highlighting the importance of the scientific revolution that preceded and coincided with it. It also allows for exploration of might-have-beens: what if the classical Mediterranean world, or medieval China, had gone through something like the early Industrial Revolution? Would growth have been sustainable? This paper presents a simple model that provides a framework for analyzing these issues.

To encourage worker productivity, companies routinely adopt policies requiring employees to delay gratification. For example, offices might prohibit use of the internet for personal purposes during regular business hours. Recent work in social psychology, however, suggests that using willpower to delay gratification can negatively impact performance. We report data from an experiment where subjects in a Willpower Treatment are asked to resist the temptation to join others in watching a humorous video for 10 minutes. In relation to a baseline treatment that does not require willpower, we show that resisting this temptation detrimentally impacts economic productivity on a subsequent task. To encourage worker productivity, companies routinely adopt policies requiring employees to delay gratification. For example, offices might prohibit use of the internet for personal purposes during regular business hours. Recent work in social psychology, however, suggests that using willpower to delay gratification can negatively impact performance. We report data from an experiment where subjects in a Willpower Treatment are asked to resist the temptation to join others in watching a humorous video for 10 minutes. In relation to a baseline treatment that does not require willpower, we show that resisting this temptation detrimentally impacts economic productivity on a subsequent task.

Analysing a comprehensive panel dataset of economists working at Austrian, German, and Swiss universities, we investigate how the local environment influences a scientist’s research productivity. The research environment varies if a scientist joins another department or if the characteristics of his colleagues change. We find no influence of the research environment on the average researcher’s productivity, if we control for individual characteristics. This result indicates that with today’s communication technologies spillovers are not bounded locally., KOF Working Papers, 342

This study tests empirically the Schumpeterian premise that the incessantturbulence of an economy in motion, apart from a production function comprised of static inputs, is capable of explaining patterns of economic growth and change. Localized employment churn"registered as job creation/destruction dynamics isused to account forvariations in U.S. metro-regional economic productivity performancesduring the 1986-99 period. The empirical results suggest that employment turnover and replacementdynamics have large and significant positive effects on localized productivity growth independent of a variety of industrial restructuring processes occurring simultaneously. While employment churn effectsare robust across U.S. Census regions, they do not exert a uniform influence on metro-regional productivity performances across time. Until 1996, job creation and destruction dynamics often canceled each other out as metro-regions underwent continued industrial restructuring. Since 1996, however, the positive effects on metro-region productivity growth have been consistently strong. In addition toa strong positiveeffect on productivity of the emergence of a localized IT sector, both an expanding service sector share of regional employment and a rising public spending share of regional outputexert powerful downward pressure on productivity growth rates.

The World Bank and The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) jointly developed this report to calculate the potential human and economic benefits to be gained from increasing nutrition investments in the Kyrgyz Republic. This report provides compelling evidence of the potential to improve health and economic outcomes through scaling up effective nutrition interventions and introducing new proven interventions to reduce the direct causes of under nutrition in order to support the Kyrgyz government's commitment to the well-being and prosperous future of the Kyrgyz people. This situational analysis examines and quantifies the scope of under nutrition in the Kyrgyz Republic by presenting: (1) the epidemiology of under nutrition; (2) an estimate of the health consequences of under nutrition in terms of mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs), and the economic losses due to lost workforce and productivity; (3) the health, social protection, and agriculture and food intervention systems relevant to delivering interventions for improving nutrition; (4) the current coverage of nutrition interventions; and (5) the potential economic gains achievable by scaling up effective nutrition interventions. The current context is very favorable for scaling up nutrition interventions in the Kyrgyz Republic. Investing in nutrition has increasingly proven to have excellent development and health returns. The international development community has recognized (1) the need to scale up nutrition interventions; (2) the potential for public-private partnerships; and, (3) a growing consensus around a common framework for action. Reducing under nutrition worldwide is a priority for the World Bank and UNICEF, and also critical to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

This article reviews key findings about the long-term impact of a nutrition intervention carried out by the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama from 1969 to 1977. Results from follow-up studies in 1988-89 and 2002-04 show substantial impact on adult human capital and economic productivity. The 1988-89 study showed that adult body size and work capacity increased for those provided improved nutrition through age 3 y, whereas the 2002-04 follow-up showed that schooling was increased for women and reading comprehension and intelligence increased in both men and women. Participants were 26-42 y of age at the time of the 2002-04 follow-up, facilitating the assessment of economic productivity. Wages of men increased by 46% in those provided with improved nutrition through age 2 y. Findings for cardiovascular disease risk factors were heterogeneous; however, they suggest that improved nutrition in early life is unlikely to increase cardiovascular disease risk later in life and may indeed lower risk. In conclusion, the substantial improvement in adult human capital and economic productivity resulting from the nutrition intervention provides a powerful argument for promoting improvements in nutrition in pregnant women and young children.

Human capital estimates of labor productivity are often used to estimate the economic impact of diseases and injuries that cause incapacitation or death.Estimates of average hourly, annual, and lifetime economic productivity, both market and household, were calculated in 2007 US dollars for 5-year age groups for men, women, and both sexes in the United States.Data from the American Time Use Survey were used to estimate hours of paid work and household services and hourly and annual earnings and household productivity. Present values of discounted lifetime earnings were calculated for each age group using the 2004 US life tables and a discount rate of 3% per year and assuming future productivity growth of 1% per year.The estimates of hours and productivity were calculated using the time diaries of 72,922 persons included in the American Time Use Survey for the years 2003 to 2007.The present value of lifetime productivity is approximately $1.2 million in 2007 dollars for children under 5 years of age. For adults in their 20s and 30s, it is approximately $1.6 million and then it declines with increasing age. Productivity estimates are higher for males than for females, more for market productivity than for total productivity.Changes in hours of paid employment and household services can affect economic productivity by age and sex. This is the first publication to include estimates of household services based on contemporary time use data for the US population.

In the last 50 years, population and incomes have increased steadily throughout much of the Sunbelt. This paper assesses the relative contributions of rising productivity, rising demand for Southern amenities, and increases in housing supply to the growth of warm areas, using data on income, housing price, and population growth. Before 1980, economic productivity increased significantly in warmer areas and drove the population growth in those places. Since 1980, productivity growth has been more modest, but housing supply growth has been enormous. We infer that new construction in warm regions represents a growth in supply, rather than demand, from the fact that prices are generally falling relative to the rest of the country. The relatively slow pace of housing price growth in the Sunbelt, relative to the rest of the country and relative to income growth, also implies that there has been no increase in the willingness to pay for sun-related amenities. As such, it seems that the growth of the Sunbelt has little to do with the sun.

There is a broad consensus in the social sciences that political institutions have a strong impact on economic development. There is no such consensus, however, about the specific influence of democratic order on economic performance. Based on arguments derived from economic institutionalism, this paper shows that democracy has a positive impact on productivity growth. In contrast to autocratic systems, a democratic order can be interpreted as a competition-friendly regulation of a natural monopoly, which results in comparatively high productivity gains. This hypothesis is supported by quantitative tests for a sample of 81 countries for the period of 1975-2000, which show that increasing levels of democracy generate a productivity dividend.

In the last 50 years, population and incomes have increased steadily throughout much of the Sunbelt. This paper assesses the relative contributions of rising productivity, rising demand for Southern amenities and increases in housing supply to the growth of warm areas, using data on income, housing price and population growth. Before 1980, economic productivity increased significantly in warmer areas and drove the population growth in those places. Since 1980, productivity growth has been more modest, but housing supply growth has been enormous. We infer that new construction in warm regions represents a growth in supply, rather than demand, from the fact that prices are generally falling relative to the rest of the country. The relatively slow pace of housing price growth in the Sunbelt, relative to the rest of the country and relative to income growth, also implies that there has been no increase in the willingness to pay for sun-related amenities. As such, it seems that the growth of the Sunbelt has little to do with the sun.

According to several widely publicized and influential studies, information and communication technologies (ICTs) were a major source of productivity growth during the 1990s in many developed countries. The diffusion of ICTs has been argued to permanently change the rate of sustainable economic growth, and they have frequently been described as core technologies of the emerging knowledge–based economy. This paper examines critically the concepts and methods of ICT productivity studies. It concludes that current analytical techniques do not allow quantification of the productivity impacts of ICTs. ICT productivity studies are problematic due to three main reasons. First, the current measures of economic output miss essential parts of output in knowledge–based economies. Second, productivity calculations measure inputs and outputs in ways that are conceptually and empirically problematic. Third, the theoretical models that have been used to analyze the impacts of ICTs often make assumptions that may be unrealistic; for example, they require that innovation can be neglected as a competitive factor and as a source of growth. Although economic studies are only partially able to grasp the significance of ICTs, these technologies are transforming the foundations of economy and society. A number of important conceptual, methodological and empirical issues need to be studied. To fully analyze the socio–economic impacts of ICTs we may need a new "productivity paradigm."