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La política agrícola en México ha experimentado cambios que produjeron modificaciones en el sistema de producción. El objetivo de esta investigación fue cuantificar la evolución de la producción de granos básicos (maíz, frijol, trigo y arroz), y caracterizarla según el tipo de crecimiento: intensivo, extensivo o una combinación de ambos. Las series de tiempo empleadas fueron registros de superficie cosechada, rendimiento y volumen de producción obtenidas de la base de datos de SAGARPA-SIAP. Se utilizó el método propuesto por Venezian y Gamble (1969) que explica el crecimiento de la producción por rendimientos, superficie cosechada y la interacción entre ambas variables. Los resultados mostraron que la producción de maíz, frijol y trigo evolucionó por la vía intensiva, es decir, los rendimientos se incrementaron a través del tiempo; mientras que la producción de arroz descendió debido principalmente a una disminución de su superficie cosechada. Esta caracterización orienta sobre el comportamiento de la producción; sin embargo, es necesario interpretar las numerosas causas que pueden explicarlo. La determinación de las causas de las modificaciones en la producción agrícola permitirá reforzar la capacidad productiva, mediante la aplicación de un sistema integrado de prácticas de producción, uso eficiente de insumos, tecnologías y políticas públicas, a fin de que en el mediano y largo plazo se satisfagan las necesidades de la población sin comprometer los recursos naturales, la calidad del medio ambiente y lograr la seguridad alimentaria.

Objective: To assess the economic impact of the implementation of different production systems (real, traditional, intensive and organic) on the profits of copra producing states and major coconut oil companies. Design/methodology/approach: A linear programming model was formulated which considered the main costs and production revenues, and the transport costs of the copra and coconut oil market, in order to maximize the profit of copra producers and the oil industry simultaneously. Results: The states that were most suitable in the distribution of copra were Guerrero and Tabasco, which proved to be the main suppliers in all the production systems evaluated; within production systems, the intensive system presented a higher level of profit in the scenarios raised. Limitations/implications: The model considered the sale of copra as the sole income of producers, leaving aside the marketing of other products and economic transfers, thus underestimating their total profit. Future research is required to help collecting data on alternative sources of income from producers. Findings/conclusions: Increasing copra production without taking into account installed capacity in the industry results in the creation of a copra surplus in most producing states, which would result in a fall in the prices of this producto, therefore, reducing the profit of most states.

El proceso de globalización ha forzado a los productores de aguacate en Michoacán a mejorar su competitividad, ser más eficientes y controlar sus costos de producción para adaptarse a las exigencias del mercado. La contabilidad de costos proporciona datos para monitorear las actividades de una empresa, brinda herramientas para la toma de decisiones correctivas y lograr metas, para mantener o aumentar las utilidades. Se estimaron los costos de producción, rentabilidad y competitividad de tres unidades representativas de producción (URP) de aguacate, dos de exportación y una para mercado nacional en Michoacán, en el año 2013. Se utilizó la metodología propuesta por USDA, ajustada para analizar la rentabilidad agrícola en México. Para recuperar la información directa de los coeficientes técnicos, rendimientos, precios de insumos y productos, se empleó la técnica de paneles de productores. Los resultados indican que la URP de menor escala, que destina 100% de su producción al mercado nacional, presentó los costos de producción más altos y una rentabilidad de $51 655.10 ha-1, en comparación con las URP de mayor escala, que destinan entre 80 y 90% de su producción a la exportación, con rentabilidades de $243 779.10 y $217 570.80 ha-1. Asimismo, los costos de los recursos privados confirmaron la alta proporción guardada por los costos variables, principalmente plaguicidas y fertilizantes. La producción de aguacate en Michoacán fue una actividad rentable en 2013; sin embargo, solo las URP que exportan tienen garantizada su viabilidad económica y permanencia a largo plazo.

This project looks for the relationship among variables influencing Mexican key lime supply and demand in the domestic and US market under the scenario of using a higher quantity of fertilizers as a strategy for responding against the threat of citrus greening (HLB). With the help of domestic and international databases from 2000 to 2012, a simultaneous equations model was built capturing behavioral and technical variables influencing supply and demand. The most important relationships among variables were price of the product and disposable income for the demand and use of fertilizers and exchange rate for the supply. This work gives the insight, from the economic point of view, that building a model including the right key variables will give a sense of the general structure of a market and the changes in stability due to a sanitary threat

This study examined the impact of agricultural transfers (TA) on the measured perform-ance of the agricultural sector through agricultural value added per worker (VA), for which the TA were differentiated according to their purpose. Series data for the period 1986 to 2010 were used two semi-log-arithmic models. The results indicate that the TA on public goods are the most effective for each dollar invested in this field the VA grows at 1.6 %, the categorization indirect production development recorded investment in the best impact per dollar spent, the VA grows 7.6 %.

Cultivation of natural rubber has been an effective production alternative for humid tropical regions. This work presents the results of the cost estimation for the production of natural rubber and formulates some profitability indicators for the northern region of the state of Oaxaca. Three production representative units (PRU) of 2.5, 5 and 16 ha were defined, which were worked on in panels. The methodology used adhered to standards established by the American Agricultural Economics Association. The results show that economic costs per PRU amount to $13.66, $10.95 and $11.65, financial costs per PRU amount to $7.52, $6.98 and $9.60, and the cash flow per PRU amounts to $18.94, $13.02 and $11.99 per kilogram of natural rubber. The assessed production costs reveal that the production units with similar characteristics to the PRU of 2.5 and 16 possess limited financial viability. Due to the foregoing, technological innovations that allow for cost reductions, an increase in yield, the improvement of product quality and in some cases the renewal of plantations must be incorporated.

This paper's purpose is to assess the economic viability (economic, financial and net cash flow) for two agricultural management strategies to control Huanglongbing (HLB) in Persian Lime Representative Production Units (URP) in the Municipality of Martinez de la Torre. The panel’s technique was used to build four URPs with 26 citrus growers’ collaboration. They gave all the key technical and financial information to calculate production costs, net income, total income and breakeven prices. VRLP3.5 URP was selected to model the two scenario strategies for managing HLB through improved varieties and use of a vaccine. Under the conventional scenario the URP got a positive net income, under financial, net cash flow and economic production costs. The breakeven prices are covered by the selling price in the estimated optimistic, pessimistic and most likely yield scenario. Therefore, the URP will be in business safely, for the short run, and very likely for the long run. The average yields per hectare in diseased citrus are estimated 40% less than the healthy orchards: Planting improved varieties and using the vaccine is able to recover the loss in average yields in about a year according to researchers in IPN. In both managerial strategies for controlling HLB, the increase in costs does not compensate the increase in yields. Net income is just positive applying financial costs. Breakeven prices are not covered at all applying the vaccine against HLB strategy, Therefore, adopting either the improved varieties strategy or the vaccine strategies are uncertain. To encourage the strategies implementation among producers, adopting a foster program with financial assistance for growers to pay the uncovered costs is required. Otherwise, strategies adoption for most of the growers would be unlikely.