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Introduction: Private enterprises are playing an increasingly important role in production and employment in China. However, due to less regulation and a stronger profit motivation than state-owned enterprises with more standardized management, a considerable portion of these private enterprises fall short of fulfilling their basic responsibilities for government-mandated old-age insurance., Methods: This study establishes a comprehensive research framework aimed at delving into the precise factors contributing to the lax adherence of private enterprises to their basic old-age insurance obligations. This framework takes into account a range of factors, including enterprise profitability, the external environmental context (specifically the level of regional development), and internal organizational dynamics (such as the presence of labor unions and workers' congresses). To validate this framework, empirical data from a substantial sample of 3,123 private enterprises, which were part of the 10th Chinese Private Enterprise Survey (CPES), were utilized. This study employs the stepwise multiple regression analysis and conducts robustness tests to ensure the model's effectiveness., Results: Enterprise profitability, regional development levels, and the existence of labor unions all wield a positive influence on basic old-age insurance coverage that private enterprises extend to their workforce. Moreover, an intriguing aspect emerges: the developmental stage of the region, as well as the presence of labor unions exercise a negative moderating effect on the relationship between enterprise profitability and the coverage rate of basic old-age insurance. In essence, this implies that the basic old-age insurance coverage rate for private enterprises operating in well-developed regions and those with established labor unions is relatively insulated from fluctuations in profitability., Discussion: To increase the participation rate of private enterprises' basic old-age insurance, it is important to improve the overall development environment for private enterprises, enhance internal organizational mechanisms, and strengthen regulatory oversight of enterprises in various regions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Xu, Ma, Peng, Peng and Qian.)

In the context of China's increasing openness to the global market, outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has become an effective strategy for expanding overseas markets, and private enterprises have played a crucial role in driving China's economic development. This study utilizes data from the NK-GERC database of Nankai University to conduct a spatio-temporal analysis of the dynamic changes in OFDI by Chinese private enterprises from 2005 to 2020. The findings indicate that Chinese domestic private enterprises' OFDI exhibits a strong spatial pattern in the eastern regions and a weak one in the western regions. The main active investment regions include the Bohai Rim, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta. Regarding destination countries for OFDI, traditional developed European economies such as Germany and the USA remain popular choices, but countries along the "Belt and Road" have become hotspots for investment. Non-manufacturing industries account for a higher proportion of investments, with private enterprises showing a preference for investing in foreign enterprises in the service sector. From a sustainable development perspective, the study finds that environmental factors play a significant role in the development of Chinese private enterprises. Moreover, the negative impact mechanism of environmental pollution on private enterprises' OFDI varies according to the enterprises' geographical location and time period. The negative effect is more significant in coastal areas and eastern regions compared to central and western regions, with the most significant impact observed from 2011 to 2015, followed by 2005 to 2010, and the weakest impact seen from 2016 to 2019. As China's ecological environment continues to improve, the negative impact of environmental pollution on enterprises gradually decreases, contributing to the improvement of the sustainability of private enterprises., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

In the context of the "peak carbon dioxide emissions" and "carbon neutrality" strategic goals, how green finance can prompt private enterprises to achieve green upgrading has become an important issue to be solved. This paper empirically examines the effect mechanism of green credit policy on private enterprises' green innovation by using the difference-in-differences model based on the manually collected green patent data and matching financial data of Chinese listed private enterprises from 2009 to 2019. It is found that the implementation of green credit policy has a significant negative impact on the quality of green innovation of heavy-polluting private firms relative to non-heavy-polluting private firms, and this conclusion is still valid after replacing the explanatory variables, expanding the sample range, changing the model setting, and excluding the interference of other policies during the sample period. The results of the mechanism suggest that green credit policy negatively affects the quality of green innovation of heavy-polluting private firms by limiting their access to financing for loans and the capital market. Further study finds that commercial banks can reduce their non-performing loan ratio and increase their revenue growth rate by extending green credit funds to improve their business performance. It provides insights for better implementation of green credit policy and promotion of green economy development., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The objective of this study is to measure the effects of state aid distributed to private enterprises in North Macedonia on the enterprises' efficiency. We examine the governmental Plan for Economic Growth (PEG) pursued through the Financial Support of Investment Law (FSIL) and the Fund for Innovation and Technological Development (FITD). We rely on a rigorous impact evaluation method, whereby comparison groups are sourced from the pool of rejected applicants for the two programs. We pursue conditional matching on firms' observables and then apply the difference-in-differences method to isolate the effect of the subsidy. FSIL State Aid showed largely ineffective, with producing hardly any difference in sales, investment, wages, or profits among recipients, except employment. These results demonstrate the absence of the incentive effect as it relates to FSIL state aid. On the other hand, the FITD State Aid showed to be considerably effective, as the recipients were found to have increased their sales revenue and their investment in technology and profits, corroborating the presence of the incentive effect as it relates to FITD state aid. Notwithstanding the legitimacy of the policy objective to equalize domestic and foreign firms in terms of their access to state aid, these findings document partial failure of the PEG to do so due to its structural problems. JEL classification : H25, C90.

The phenomenon of corruption in the Latin American context has been expanding. One of the origins of the problem is the eagerness of private companies to expand the market and increase financial returns. Based on the search for information consulted in scientific databases, the objectives of this article were: a) analyze the modalities of corruption in the private sector, b) establish quantitative and qualitative comparisons between corruption in the public and private sectors, and c) identify the typologies of crimes and investigate the characterization of the profile of white-collar criminals who commit illicit acts in this sector. To mitigate the phenomenon of private corruption, an analysis of the multidisciplinary causes that induce corrupt individuals to divert their behavior to produce goods and services without social responsibility, putting private interests first, is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research regarding the role of state-owned shares in fostering private enterprises' green innovation has yielded ambiguous findings, sparking intense debate. This study examines this impact and considers the 2013 reform of local officials' promotion assessment mechanism to explore how officials' promotion pressure affects green innovation in private enterprises with expanding administrative boundaries. Examining a research sample of Chinese A-share listed private enterprises covering 2009–2022, the findings uncover an inverted U-shaped relationship between state-owned shares and private enterprises' green innovation. Officials' economic pressure weakens this relationship, while environmental pressure significantly enhances it. Further analyses reveal that the influence of state-owned shares is notably stronger for private enterprises with an entrepreneurial orientation and high level of environmental awareness. Our study makes valuable theoretical and practical contributions in understanding the relationship between officials' dual pressures and private enterprises' green innovation by assessing the influences of the mixed economy on private sector behavior and offering insights for advancing global private enterprises' sustainability. • Nonlinear relationship exists between state-owned shares and green innovation in private enterprises. • The transformation of officials' promotion assessment mechanism moderates state-private green innovation ties. • State-owned share's role varies with private enterprises' origin and environmental awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines state-private firm coordination in China's corporate globalization with a focus on cross-border mergers and acquisitions in Southeast Asia. The profile of China's private firms in the country's overseas economic expansion has risen dramatically over the past few years, but the controversy continues as to what extent they coordinate their overseas activities with the state. This is because Chinese private firms, not unlike state-owned enterprises, have political economy reasons to subject their corporate decision-making to state preferences. Still, the outcomes of state-firm coordination in private sector internationalization vary. In some transactions, the state and private firms form a strong partnership through elaborate policies and financing; others see some alignment that is not decisive for transaction outcomes; and still others see minimal, almost rhetorical engagement. The varied outcomes can be explained by the combination of foreign direct investment (FDI) motives and the technology intensity of the target industry. We propose a framework drawn from the international business theory of FDI motives and the literature on China's techno-industrial policy to classify different types of state-private sector coordination. We survey recent developments in China's cross-border acquisitions in Southeast Asia and provide illustrative case studies to support our argument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has been engaged with Africa since the 1956. Following the domestic economic reforms of 1978, politically and ideologically motivated engagement gave way to economically and commercially driven cooperation. Successive waves of reforms in China have made the engagement more economically and commercially driven. Initially China’s engagement with Africa in general was dominated by China’s state-owned enterprises. More recently private enterprises have entered the arena.In discussions on China–Africa, China is often presented as a single actor. In fact, there are many ‘Chinas’ in Africa. More nuanced literature has disaggregated ‘China’ in Africa into different actors. With regard to China’s economic cooperation, the literature has either focused on its state-owned enterprises or the impacts of its commercial relations on local African business and populations. This paper intends to contribute to the growing literature on Chinese private enterprises in Africa. It provides a characterization of Chinese private companies in Kampala, Uganda, based on a recent survey of 42 Chinese enterprises there. It will present the data, analysis and stories of how and when they came, what problems they encountered and how these were solved based on the in-depth interviews that were carried out. The paper will show that many of these companies are relatively small, recent entrants in Uganda, motivated by the potential of the markets and increasingly facing problems with the authorities concerning their visas and work permits. It will be concluded that life for these private enterprises in Uganda is becoming gradually more difficult. There will be a shaking out of the companies that do not provide positive contributions to the local economy and society in general. This leaves many, especially smaller, Chinese private entrepreneurs uncertain about their future in Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing literature on firm survival focuses almost exclusively on firm- and industry-level determinants. What is generally overlooked, albeit extremely important for firm survival in developing countries, is the impact of institutional quality. Using data from manufacturing firms in China for the 1998-2005 period, we find that institutional quality has a significant and positive impact on the survival of private enterprises. Specifically, a one-standard-deviation increase in the security of property rights protection leads to an 8.8 percent decrease in the hazard rate of private enterprises. Our results are robust to the inclusion of control variables and to various checks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the security market and the growing power of the private enterprises, the M&A(Mergers and Acquisition) of private enterprises is becoming increasingly popular. This article selects the M&A cases in Shanghai and Shenzhen Exchanges from 2000 to 2001 and examines the performance of private enterprises pre- and post-M&A based on the financial index method and the event study method. The research reveals that the M&A performance is mixed in China. Meanwhile, the empirical research indicates that the stock market overreacts to the M&A events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cet article évalue la part croissante du secteur privé chinois en Afrique. Actuellement l’attention se porte sur les entreprises publiques chinoises qui investissent dans le secteur minier et peu d’intérêt est accordé aux entreprises du secteur privé. Cette étude comble ce manque en évaluant les caractéristiques et les motivations des entreprises privées chinoises et leurs impacts sur le développement. Les principaux résultats montrent que les entreprises privées chinoises suivent leur propre voie et les facteurs déterminant l’investissement privé sont les opportunités offertes par les marchés africains, la concurrence intra-chinoise et un fort esprit d’entreprise. Il manque un mécanisme efficace qui pourrait relier la politique africaine de la Chine et sa mise en oeuvre par l’intermédiaire de l’engagement du secteur privé chinois. Afin de maximiser les gains en termes de développement, une approche des relations chinoises publiques-privées qui soit « top-down » et « bottom-up » et fondée sur la réciprocité est nécessaire. Il s’agit d’un processus d’apprentissage mutuel pour les relations publiques-privées chinoises ainsi que pour les relations Chine-Afrique. Ce sont des relations fluides qui se forment et s’adaptent l’une à l’autre.European Journal of Development Research (2009) 21, 570–587. doi:10.1057/ejdr.2009.21 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon a selection and analysis of the theories of development of enterprises on the part of the School of Classic Economy and the theories on the sustainable development of modern enterprises, the present paper summarizes the researches upon the issues of the development of China's private enterprises done by the national and overseas intellectuals and thus put forward the writer's advice and suggestions accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]