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Objective: To evaluate the technical efficiency of primary care units operating in the Basque Health Service during the period 2010-2013, corresponding to the implementation of a care integration strategy by health authorities., Methods: This study included 11 of the 12 primary care units in the Basque Health Service during the period 2010-2013. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to assess the technical efficiency of the units. In particular, we applied the extension DEA windows to analyse all units as if they were in a single period (33 observations) as well as a conditional model, which allowed incorporation of the effect of the characteristics of the population covered. The outputs considered were a quality index based on fulfilment of different requirements related to primary care delivery and the rate of avoidable hospitalizations (treated as an undesirable output). The inputs used were the number of physicians, the number of nurses and the costs of prescriptions. The morbidity index was included as an exogenous variable., Results: The results showed that the efficiency of all the units improved during the study period. However, this improvement was not greater in the units incorporated in the integrated healthcare organisation., Discussion: In a context of global transformation of care delivery in the Basque country in the study period, primary care units increased their efficiency. However, this effect was not larger in vertically integrated primary care providers., (Copyright © 2015 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Healthcare providers are often evaluated by studying variability in their indicators. However, the usefulness of this analysis may be limited if we do not distinguish the variability attributable to health professionals and organizations from that associated with their patients.Our objectives are to describe the main process and outcome indicators of primary healthcare services, analyzing the contribution to variability in these indicators from different levels: individual, health professional, health center, and health district.This is a cross-sectional study that includes all.All the individuals covered by the public Basque Health Service (children [age 0-13], n = 247,493; adults [≥14 years old], n = 1,959,682) over a 12-month period.We calculated the number of visits to primary care doctors, number of referrals, prescription costs, and potentially avoidable hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs). Using multilevel analysis, we determined the percentage of variance attributable to each level.After adjusting for the characteristics of patients (demographic, socioeconomic, and morbidity), doctors (panel size), health center (size, staff satisfaction, demographic structure of the community), and health district, the variance in the indicators was mainly attributable to differences between patients, independently of the attending health professional, the center, or the healthcare organization, both in children (94.21% for visits to the doctor; 96.66% for referrals; 98.57% for prescription costs; 90.02% for potentially avoidable hospitalizations for ACSCs) and in adults (88.10%; 96.26%; 97.92%; and 93.77%, respectively).The limited contribution of health professionals and organizations to variability in indicators should be taken into account when performing evaluations and planning quality improvement strategies.

Background: A prospective Population Risk Stratification (PRS) tool was first introduced in the public Basque Health Service in 2011, at the level of its several Primary Care (PC) practices. This paper aims at exploring the new tool's implementation process, as experienced by its potential adopters/users, ie. PC clinicians (doctors and nurses). Findings could help guide future PRS implementation strategies., Methods: Three focus groups exploring clinicians' opinions and experiences related to the PRS tool and its implementation in their daily practice were conducted. A purposive sample of 12 General Practitioners and 11 PC nurses participated in the groups. Discussions were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed by two independent researchers using thematic analysis based on Graham et al.'s Knowledge Translation Theory., Results: Exploring PC clinicians' experience with the new PRS tool, allowed us to identify certain elements working as barriers and facilitators in its implementation process. This series of closely interrelated elements, which emerged as relevant in building up the complex implementation process of the new tool, as experienced by the clinicians, can be grouped into four domains: 1) clinicians' characteristics as potential adopters, 2) clinicians' perceptions of their practice settings where PRS is to implemented, 3) clinicians' perceptions of the tool, and 4) the implementation strategy used by the PRS promoter., Conclusions: Lessons from the implementation process under study point at the need to frame the implementation of a new PRS tool within a wider strategy encouraging PC clinicians to orientate their daily practice towards a population health approach. The PRS tool could also improve the perceived utility by its potential adopters, by bringing it closer to the clinicians' needs and practice, and allowing it to become context-sensitive. This would require clinicians being involved from the earliest phases of conceptualisation, design and implementation of the new tool, and mounting efforts to improve communication between clinicians and tool promoters.Graham et al.'s Knowledge Translation Theory proved a suitable framework to explore the implementation process of a new PRS tool in the public Basque Health Service's PC practice, and hence to identify implementation barriers and facilitators as experienced by the clinicians.

Chronic conditions have an impact on individuals since they represent a restraint on quality of life, functional status, and productivity of people who suffer from them but they also compromise the sustainability of health systems. In 2010, the Strategy for Tackling the Challenge of Chronicity in the Basque Country was published. It contains policies and projects aimed at reinventing the health delivery model with the purpose of improving the quality of care for chronic patients and advancing toward a more sustainable, proactive, and integrated model. We present 3 projects here: population stratification, integrated care initiatives, and innovation from health care staff.

Objectives: To determine the completeness and accuracy of ICD-9-CM codes allocated by primary health care physicians in their computerized medical records and evaluate the effects of improvement procedures., Methods: The codes of 87,806 patients assigned to 56 primary care physicians in the Basque National Health Service in Spain, were evaluated 3 times over a 1-year period according to the following criteria: correspondence to a valid ICD-9-CM code, agreement between diagnosis and code, and the percentage of visits with an unspecified reason for consultation. Finally, the mean number of unique diagnoses and rates of diagnostic groups in the 84,136 patients that remained with the same physician for a minimum of 6 months were contrasted with another previously registered morbidity database. Two interventions were performed to improve coding: detected errors were corrected centrally and physicians were assessed and given information on their individual results., Results: Diagnoses lacking an ICD-9-DIC code decreased from 59% in the first assessment to 2% at the end of the study period. The percentage of coding mistakes (discrepancies in episode diagnosis and ICD-9-CM code) decreased from 17% to 3%. The mean annual number of diagnoses per patient was slightly lower than that in the reference database (2.26 versus 2.43). The same result was observed in the rates of some diagnostic groups., Conclusions: Primary care doctors can achieve a high degree of quality in ICD-9-CM diagnosis coding. Implementing procedures for evaluating coding, rectifying mistakes, and providing information to physicians markedly improved the initial results.

Background: Previous studies have shown the validity of Adjusted Clinical Groups (ACGs) in the primary care setting, but the absence of administrative databases is a problem for the implementation of this system., Objectives: To assess the validity of physicians' notes in computerized clinical records for the implementation of ACGs, and to determine the ability of the ACGs system to explain the use of primary care resources in real conditions of the daily practice., Research Design: Cross-sectional study., Subjects: All patients who were continuously assigned to 56 physicians from public primary health care centers in the Bizkaia Basque Country (Spain) over at least a 6-month period were included., Measures: Patients were classified by means of the ACGs system using the ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes according to three scenarios: (1) those annotated by the physicians in the computerized medical record, (2) codification of computerized medical records diagnoses by the research team, and (3) computerized medical records diagnoses complemented by hospital discharge codes., Results: The ACGs system explained more than 50% of the variance in visits made to primary care physicians, 25-40% of prescriptions, 25-30% of referrals and requests of laboratory tests, and 14-16% of radiographs. The coefficients of determination remained almost invariable after the addition of hospital diagnoses or correction of coding errors. Fifty-two physicians (93%) registered their patients' diagnosis quite acceptably, whereas only 29 (52%) included this datum in the prescriptions., Conclusions: The ACGs system is a useful tool to explain the use of primary care services in a national health care system within the European Union. The implementation of ACGs from the physician's annotations in the computerized medical records is feasible.

Background: Ambulatory Care Groups (ACGs), a US case-mix system that uses the patient as the unit of analysis, is particularly appropriate for health care systems in which physicians serve a defined list of patients., Objective: To determine the extent to which the categorization of patients according to ACGs would account for the utilization of primary care services in a national health care system within the European Union., Methods: Of all subjects continuously assigned to 9 physicians from public primary health care centers in Bizkaia, Basque Country (Spain) over a 12-month period, those visited at least once (n = 9,093) were included. According to the subject's age, sex, and ICD-9-CM diagnoses assigned during a year of patient-provider encounters, patients were classified by means of the ACGs system., Results: Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that age and sex did not explain more than 7.1% of the variance in annual visits made by adults and 25.7% by children to primary care physicians. However, the r2 adjusted to the ACGs model was 50% and 48%, respectively, and even higher, that is 58% and 64% for another component of the system, the Ambulatory Diagnostic Groups (ADGs)., Conclusions: Those results support the inadequacy of using the patient's age and sex alone to estimate physicians' workload in the primary health setting and the need to consider morbidity categories. The ACGs case-mix system is a useful tool for incorporating patients' morbidity in the explanation of the use of primary health care services in a European national health system.